Spectral and Microscopic Investigation of Betamethasone/ Cyclodextrin Covered Ag/Co/ Nanorods
Authors
Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, India (India)
Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchy, Tamilnadu, India (India)
Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, India (India)
Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, India (India)
Article Information
DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI.2026.1303000237
Subject Category: Education
Volume/Issue: 13/3 | Page No: 2731-2743
Publication Timeline
Submitted: 2026-03-27
Accepted: 2026-04-02
Published: 2026-04-21
Abstract
Silver/cobalt/betamethasone/cyclodextrin nanoparticles are synthesized and characterized by UV-visible, fluorescence, FE-SEM, TEM, differential scanning colorimeter, FTIR, and XRD methods. Single emission was observed in α-CD and β-CD. Compared to the BEM/CD inclusion complex, a red or blue shifted absorption and fluorescence maximum was seen in Ag/BEM/β-CD and Ag/Co/BEM/β-CD nanoparticles. Nanoparticle size was measured by TEM-EDS and XRD methods. TEM images showed nanorods are formed in Ag/BEM/β-CD and Ag/Co/BEM/β-CD. Antibacterial activity results revealed that the Ag/BEM/β-CD and Ag/Co/BEM/β-CD nanomaterials show more antibacterial activity than isolated BEM drug. Further, BEM exhibits anticancer activity against the 2oh4 protein.
Keywords
Betamethasone, Cyclodextrin, Inclusion complex, Silver nano, Nanorod,
Downloads
References
1. S. Habouti, et al., Synthesis of silver nano-fir-twigs and application to single molecules detection, J. Mater. Chem. 20, 5215–5219 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/B926787H [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
2. X.H. Hu, C.T. Chan, Photonic crystals with silver nanowires as a near-infrared superlens, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1520–1522 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1786636 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
3. A.H. Alshehri, et al., Enhanced electrical conductivity of silver nanoparticles for high frequency electronic applications, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4, 7007–7010 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/am302121z [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
4. G. Chen, et al., A novel green synthesis approach for polymer nanocomposites decorated with silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity, Analyst 139, 5793–5799 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C4AN01060A [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
5. A.M. Goodman, et al., The surprising in vivo instability of near-IR-absorbing hollow Au–Ag nanoshells, ACS Nano 8, 3222–3231 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn500139f [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
6. G.B. Braun, et al., Etchable plasmonic nanoparticle probes to image and quantify cellular internalization, Nat. Mater. 13, 904–911 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3982 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
7. S.M. Ansari, et al., Cobalt nanoparticles for biomedical applications: Facile synthesis, physiochemical characterization, cytotoxicity behavior and biocompatibility, Appl. Surf. Sci. 414, 171–187 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.04.037 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
8. J.K. Lim, et al., Composite magnetic-plasmonic nanoparticles for biomedicine, Nano Today 8, 98–113 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2013.01.001 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
9. Q. Zhang, et al., A systematic study of the synthesis of silver nanoplates: is citrate a ‘magic’ reagent, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 18931–18939 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja2080345 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
10. M.V. Roldán, et al., Electrochemical method for Ag-PEG nanoparticles synthesis, J. Nanopart. Res. 2013, 524150 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/524150 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
11. G.A. Sotiriou, S.E. Pratsinis, Antibacterial activity of nanosilver ions and particles, Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 5649–5654 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/es101072s [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
12. G.A. Sotiriou, et al., Nanosilver on nanostructured silica: antibacterial activity and Ag surface area, Chem. Eng. J. 170, 547–554 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.02.025 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
13. M.M. Kholoud, et al., Synthesis and applications of silver nanoparticles, Arab. J. Chem. 3, 135–140 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.04.008 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
14. D. Tien, et al., Discovery of ionic silver in silver nanoparticle suspension fabricated by arc discharge method, J. Alloys Compd. 463, 408–411 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jallcom.2007.08.083 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
15. A. Kosmala, et al., Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and fabrication of aqueous Ag inks for inkjet printing, Mater. Chem. Phys. 129, 1075–1080 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.matchemphys.2011.05.065 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
16. P. Asanithi, et al., Growth of silver nanoparticles by DC magnetron sputtering, J. Nanomater. 2012 (2012) 963609. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/963609 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
17. S. Shivaji, et al., Extracellular synthesis of antibacterial silver nanoparticles using psychrophilic bacteria, Process Biochem. 46, 1800–1807 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j. procbio.2011.06.009 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
18. G. Li, et al., Fungus-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Aspergillus terreus, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13, 466–476 (2012). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13010466 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
19. A. Mourato, et al., Biosynthesis of crystalline silver and gold nanoparticles by extremophilic yeasts, Bioinorg. Chem. Appl. 2011, 546074 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/546074 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
20. L. Ge, et al., Nanosilver particles in medical applications: synthesis, performance, and toxicity, Int. J. Nanomed. 9, 2399–2407 (2014). https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S55015 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
21. L. Wei, et al., Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, properties, and therapeutic applications, Drug Discov. Today 20, 595–601 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2014.11.014 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
22. A. Mani, P. Ramasamy, A.A. Muthu Prabhu, N. Rajendiran, Investigation of Ag and Ag/Co bimetallic nanoparticles with naproxen cyclodextrin inclusion complex, J. Mol. Struct. 1284, 135301 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135301 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
23. A. Mani, G. Venkatesh, P. Senthilraja, N. Rajendiran, Synthesis and Characterisation of Ag Co Venlafaxine Cyclodextrin Nanorods, Eur. J. Adv. Chem. Res. 5, 9–16 (2024). https://doi.org/10.24018/ejchem.2024.5.1.147 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
24. A. Mani, P. Ramasamy, A.A. Muthu Prabhu, P. Senthilraja, N. Rajendiran, Synthesis and Analysis of Ag/Olanzapine/Cyclodextrin and Ag/Co/Olanzapine/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Nanorods, Phys. Chem. Liq. 62, 196–209 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1080/ 00319104.2023.2297223 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
25. A. Mani, P. Ramasamy, A.A. Muthu Prabhu, P. Senthilraja, N. Rajendiran, Synthesis and Characterisation of Ag/Co/Chloroquine/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Nanomaterials, J. Sol Gel Sci. Technol. 115, 844–856 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-024-06620-5 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
26. G.M. Morris, D.S. Goodsell, R.S. Halliday, R. Huey, W.E. Hart, R.K. Belew, A.J. Olson, Automated docking using a Lamarckian genetic algorithm and an empirical binding free energy function, J. Comput. Chem. 19, 1639–1662 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-987X(19981115)19:14 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
27. R. Huey, G.M. Morris, A.J. Olson, D.S. Goodsell, Software news and update a semiempirical free energy force field with charge based desolvation, J. Comput. Chem. 28. 1145–1152 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20634 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
28. T.A. Halgren, Merck molecular force field. I. Basis, form, scope, parameterization, and performance of MMFF94, J. Comput. Chem. 17, 490–519 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096 987X(199604)17:5/6<490: [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
29. O. Trott, A.J. Olson, AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading, J. Comput. Chem. 31, 455–461. (2010) https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.21334 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
30. A.D. Hill, P.J. Reilly, Scoring Functions for AutoDock, Methods Mol. Biol. 1273, 467–474 (2015). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
31. T.A. Halgren, Merck molecular force field. VII. Characterization of MMFF94, MMFF94s, and other widely available force fields, J. Comput. Chem. 20, 730–748 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096 987X(199905)20:7<730::AID JCC8>3.0.CO;2 T [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
32. J. Prema Kumari, A.A. Muthu Prabhu, G. Venkatesh, V.K. Subramanian, N. Rajendiran, Effect of solvents and pH on β cyclodextrin inclusion complexation of 2,4 dihydroxy azobenzene and 4 hydroxy azobenzene, J. Solution Chem. 40, 327–347 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-010-9639-1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
33. T. Stalin, P. Vasantharani, B. Shanthi, A. Sekar, N. Rajendiran, Inclusion complex of 1,2,3 trihydroxybenzene with α and β cyclodextrins, Indian J. Chem. A 45A, 1113–1120 (2006). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
34. K. Sivakumar, T. Stalin, N. Rajendiran, Dual fluorescence of diphenyl carbazide and benzanilide: effect of solvents and pH on electronic spectra, Spectrochim. Acta A 62, 991–999 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2005.04.033 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
35. N. Rajendiran, T. Balasubramanian, Dual fluorescence of syringaldazine, Spectrochim. Acta A 68, 894–904 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2007.01.004 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
36. A. Antony Muthu Prabhu, R.K. Sankaranarayanan, S. Siva, N. Rajendiran, Intra molecular proton transfer effects on 2,6 diaminopyridine, J. Fluoresc. 20, 43–54 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-009-0520-9 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
37. N. Rajendiran, M. Swaminathan, Spectral characteristics of 4 aminodiphenyl ether in different solvents and various pH, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 93, 103–108 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(95)04189-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
38. G. Venkatesh, R.K. Sankaranarayanan, N. Rajendiran, Azo dye/cyclodextrin: new findings of identical nanorods through 2:2 inclusion complexes, Carbohydr. Polym. 106, 422–431 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.030 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
39. N. Rajendiran, G. Venkatesh, J. Saravanan, Encapsulation of sulfa pyridine with α and β cyclodextrins: spectral and molecular modeling study, J. Mol. Struct. 1054–1055, 215–222 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.09.035 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
40. M.J. Jude Jenita, A.A. Muthu Prabhu, N. Rajendiran, Theoretical study of inclusion complexation of tricyclic antidepressant drugs with β cyclodextrin, Indian J. Chem. A 51A, 1686–1694 (2012). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
41. A.A. Muthu Prabhu, N. Rajendiran, Encapsulation of labetalol and pseudoephedrine in β cyclodextrin cavity: spectral and molecular modeling studies, J. Fluoresc. 22, 1461–1474 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-012-1083-8 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
42. V. G. Venkatesh, A.A. Muthu Prabhu, N. Rajendiran, Azo hydrazo tautomerism in 1 phenyazo 2 naphthol dyes in various solvents, pH and β CD, J. Fluoresc. 20, 961–972 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-010-0642-0 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
43. G. Venkatesh, R.K. Sankaranarayanan, A.A. Muthu Prabhu, N. Rajendiran, Azonium ammonium tautomerism and inclusion complexation of 1 (2,4 diaminophenylazo) naphthalene and 4 aminoazobenzene, J. Fluoresc. 21, 1485–1497 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-011-0835-1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
44. J. Venkatesh, R.K. Sankaranarayanan, N. Rajendiran, Cyclodextrin covered organic micro rod and micro sheet derived from supramolecular self assembly of 2,4 dihydroxy azobenzene and 4 hydroxy azobenzene inclusion complexes, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 87, 283–293 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.20130255 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
45. J. Prema Kumari, A. Antony Muthu Prabhu, G. Venkatesh, V.K. Subramanian, N.Rajendiran, Effect of solvents and pH on β-CD Inclusion complexation of 2,4-dihydroxy azobenzene and 4-hydroxy azobenzene. J. Solution Chemistry, 40 (2011) 327–347. doi.org/10.1007/s10953-010-9639-1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Metrics
Views & Downloads
Similar Articles
- Assessment of the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Repositioning TVET for Economic Development in Nigeria
- Teachers’ Use of Assure Model Instructional Design on Learners’ Problem Solving Efficacy in Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya
- “E-Booksan Ang Kaalaman”: Development, Validation, and Utilization of Electronic Book in Academic Performance of Grade 9 Students in Social Studies
- Analyzing EFL University Students’ Academic Speaking Skills Through Self-Recorded Video Presentation
- Major Findings of The Study on Total Quality Management in Teachers’ Education Institutions (TEIs) In Assam – An Evaluative Study