Parental Mediation Strategies and Junior High School Students’ Online Exposure: Implications for Values Education

This study investigates the relationship between parental mediation, online content exposure, and values development among Filipino junior high school students. Using a quantitative descriptive-correlational design, 324 Grade 7–10 students from a public high school in Bulacan were surveyed. Findings revealed a significant positive relationship between parental mediation and values development, while online exposure showed a weak but significant correlation. Results highlight the crucial role of parental mediation in adolescent values formation within the digital ecosystem. A Digital Parenting and Values Integration Program is recommended to strengthen active mediation strategies.

parental mediation, online exposure, values development, junior high school

1. Ahn, J. (2023). How do adolescents' intrinsic and extrinsic values develop? ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104118 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Alam, M. H., et al. (2022). Towards analyzing the bias of news recommender systems using sentiment and stance detection. arXiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2203.05824 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Almerino, P. M., et al. (2020). Evaluating the academic performance of K-12 students in the Philippines. Education Research International. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Bandura, A. (2018). Toward a psychology of human agency. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 130-136. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Benish-Weisman, M. (2024). The contribution of peers to adolescents' values. Child Development Perspectives. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Berk, L. E. (2022). Development through the lifespan (7th ed.). Pearson. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Branje, S. (2021). Adolescent identity development in context. Journal of Adolescence, 89, 1-10. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Bushman, B. J., & Huesmann, L. R. (2022). Media violence effects on aggressive behavior. In Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives. Springer. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Carnovalini, F., Rodà, A., & Wiggins, G. A. (2025). Popularity bias in recommender systems. Information, 16(2), 151. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Chen, Y., et al. (2025). How parental mediation affects adolescents' problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior Reports. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Cieciuch, J., Kwiatkowska, M., Kindschi, M., Davidov, E., & Algesheimer, R. (2024). Peers and value preferences among adolescents. Journal of Adolescence. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Cinelli, M., et al. (2021). The echo chamber effect on social media. PNAS, 118(9). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Council of Europe. (2024). The protection of children against online violence. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Crone, E. A., & Konijn, E. A. (2021). Media use and brain development during adolescence. Nature Communications, 9(1), 588-602. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Del Cerro, C., et al. (2024). The power of social networks and social media's filter bubble in shaping polarisation. Applied Network Science, 9, 25. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Fanti, K. A., Konishi, C., & Demetriou, C. A. (2022). Media violence exposure and moral disengagement in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51(5), 892-907. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Franco, L., & Boniel-Nissim, M. (2024). Adolescents' exposure to violent content on social media. IntechOpen. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Gibbs, J. C., Basinger, K. S., & Fuller, D. (2019). Moral judgment development in adolescence. Journal of Moral Education, 48(3), 291-308. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Iqbal, S., Qureshi, I. A., & Khan, M. A. (2021). Predictors of parental mediation in teenagers' internet use. BMC Public Health, 21, 10349. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and gratifications research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509-523. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Kohlberg, L. (1984). The psychology of moral development. Harper & Row. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Li, J., & Yoo, Y. (2024). Adolescents' short-form video addiction and sleep quality. BMC Psychology, 12, 369. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Li, Q., & Li, N. (2024). Social media and adolescents' prosocial behavior. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 17, 2145-2162. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Li, X., Ding, Y., Bai, X., & Liu, L. (2022). Associations between parental mediation and adolescents' internet addiction. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1061631. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Liu, J., Chen, X., & Wang, Y. (2023). Active parental mediation and adolescent problematic internet use. Behavioral Sciences, 13(8), 679. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Liu, X., Zhang, Y., & Li, W. (2025). The lagged effects of parent-child relationship on internet addiction. BMC Public Health, 25, 1123. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2008). Parental mediation of children's internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(4), 581-599. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., & Ólafsson, K. (2011). EU Kids Online: Final report. LSE. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Livingstone, S., Stoilova, M., & Nandagiri, R. (2021). Children's data and privacy online. Information, Communication & Society, 24(12), 1751-1768. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Magno, C. (2023). Digital citizenship and values education in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Education, 102(1), 45-67. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Meeus, A., Beyens, I., & Geusens, F. (2021). The active mediation of harmful media content. Journal of Children and Media, 15(4), 487-504. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Nadarajan, S., Hengudomsub, P., & Wacharasin, C. (2023). Academic procrastination and internet addiction. Belitung Nursing Journal, 9(4), 384-390. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Ofcom. (2024). Understanding pathways to online violent content among children. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Parent, N. (2023). Basic need satisfaction through social media engagement. Human Development, 67(1), 1-18. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Ren, W., Zhu, X., & Yang, J. (2022). Parental mediation and adolescents' internet use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9245. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Ross, M. Q., Crum, J., Wang, S., & Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2023). Mobile selective exposure. Journal of Media Psychology, 45(2), 89-103. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Sala, A. (2024). Social media use and adolescents' mental health. Computers in Human Behavior, 152, 108-125. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Shodiq, M. (2024). Social media use and online prosocial behaviour among high school students. Integration of Education, 28(3), 345-362. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. Skutor, M. (2025). Disturbing internet contents among high school students. TEM Journal, 14(2), 1650-1656. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Sonck, N., Nikken, P., & de Haan, J. (2013). Determinants of internet mediation. Journal of Children and Media, 7(1), 96-113. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Stoilova, M., Livingstone, S., & Nandagiri, R. (2023). Do parental control tools fulfil family expectations? Information, Communication & Society, 26(15), 3011-3030. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Uhls, Y. T., Ellison, N. B., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2022). Benefits and costs of social media in adolescence. Pediatrics, 149(4). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. UNESCO. (2022). Global education monitoring report 2022: Technology in education. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. UNICEF. (2025). Childhood in a digital world (Innocenti Report). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Valkenburg, P. M., Krcmar, M., Peeters, A. L., & Marseille, N. M. (1999). Three styles of television mediation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43(1), 52-66. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Valkenburg, P. M., Beyens, I., Pouwels, J. L., van Driel, I. I., & Keijsers, L. (2020). Social media use and adolescents' well-being. Nature Communications, 11, 5609. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Vossen, H. G. M., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2022). Media use and empathy in adolescence. Media Psychology, 25(3), 345-378. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Wang, J., Chen, J., Wang, P., Zhang, S., Li, Q., Lu, S., & Xiao, J. (2024). Internet addiction profiles among adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 359, 78-85. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. World Health Organization. (2024). Teens, screens and mental health. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Youssef, M., El Sayed, S., & Hassan, N. (2025). Parental mediation and adolescent exposure to indecent online content. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 34(2), 456-472. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• Assessment of the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Repositioning TVET for Economic Development in Nigeria
• Teachers’ Use of Assure Model Instructional Design on Learners’ Problem Solving Efficacy in Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya
• “E-Booksan Ang Kaalaman”: Development, Validation, and Utilization of Electronic Book in Academic Performance of Grade 9 Students in Social Studies
• Analyzing EFL University Students’ Academic Speaking Skills Through Self-Recorded Video Presentation
• Major Findings of The Study on Total Quality Management in Teachers’ Education Institutions (TEIs) In Assam – An Evaluative Study