Outcomes of Basic Competency Acquisition and Work Readiness of BTVTED Pre-Service Teachers in a Philippine State University

Authors

Joy Marie C. Lapiz

College of Education, Cebu Technological University - Main Campus, Cebu City (Philippines)

Maria Eliza A. Deang

College of Education, Cebu Technological University - Main Campus, Cebu City (Philippines)

Veronica C. Calasang

College of Education, Cebu Technological University - Main Campus, Cebu City (Philippines)

Randy C. Mangubat

College of Education, Cebu Technological University - Main Campus, Cebu City (Philippines)

Raymond C. Espina

College of Education, Cebu Technological University - Main Campus, Cebu City (Philippines)

Article Information

DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2026.100500021

Subject Category: Education

Volume/Issue: 10/5 | Page No: 274-314

Publication Timeline

Submitted: 2026-04-14

Accepted: 2026-04-20

Published: 2026-05-22

Abstract

This study determined the level of basic competency acquisition and work readiness of Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education (BTVTED) fourth-year pre-service teachers at Cebu Technological University Main Campus for School Year 2025–2026. Specifically, it examined the relationship between competency acquisition and work readiness to serve as a basis for a Technical-Vocational Skills Enhancement Plan. The study utilized a descriptive–correlational quantitative research design conducted within the university setting. Respondents consisted of BTVTED fourth-year pre-service teachers from day session, selected through total enumeration sampling. Data were gathered using an adapted survey questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, weighted mean, and Pearson product–moment correlation. Findings revealed that the respondents were predominantly 21–22 years old and mostly female, with many possessing TESDA National Certificates and having short to moderate training exposure. Results further showed that the respondents demonstrated very high acquisition of basic competencies across all domains and were very ready for work. Moreover, the analysis revealed a moderate, positive, and statistically significant relationship between basic competency acquisition and work readiness. The study concludes that stronger competency acquisition significantly contributes to higher levels of work readiness among BTVTED pre-service teachers. It is therefore recommended that the institution sustain competency-based and experiential learning approaches and implement a Technical-Vocational Skills Enhancement Plan to strengthen practicum exposure, industry alignment, and professional preparation.

Keywords

Technical-Vocational Education, Basic Competency Acquisition

Downloads

References

1. Aguillon, R. T., & Batac, K. I. (2020). Cooperative learning as a strategy for enhancing collaboration skills among pre-service teachers. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(9), 274–291. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. https://www.ijlter.org/index.php/ijlter/article/view/2543 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Alharbi, A., & Smith, A. (2020). The impact of social support on pre-service teachers’ confidence and instructional performance. International Journal of Education and Practice, 8(4), 724–735.https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1270475.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Al-Mugheed, K., Bayraktar, D., Othman, W., & Shibani, O. (2021). The influence of feedback and reflective skills on work readiness among university students. International Journal of Instruction, 14(2), 1045–1060. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1296539 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Becker, G. S. (1993). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Berin, M. D., & Dizon, A. F. (2020). Professional ethics and teacher behavior in pre-service education. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(4), 120–134. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. https://www.ijlter.org/index.php/ijlter/article/view/2751 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. Bowden, J., & Marton, F. (1998). The University of Learning: Beyond Quality and Competence. Routledge. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Buenaventura, E. A. (2022). Technical-vocational skills certification and teaching readiness among BTVTEd students. Journal of Vocational Education Research and Practice, 9(1), 77–92. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366987112_Technical-Vocational_Skills_Certification_and_Teaching_Readiness_among_BTVTEd_Students [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Caballero, C. L., Walker, A., & Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M. (2011). The Work Readiness Scale (WRS): Developing a measure to assess work readiness in college graduates. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 2(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2011vol2no1art546 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Caballero, C. L., & Walker, A. (2021). Work readiness in graduate recruitment and selection: A review of current assessment methods. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 12(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2021vol12no1art1199 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. CHED Memorandum Order No. 79, Series of 2017. Policies, Standards, and Guidelines for the Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education (BTVTED) Program. Commission on Higher Education. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Cahapay, M. B. (2021). Instructional communication competence of pre-service teachers in flexible learning. Learning and Teaching Review, 6(2), 45–58. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354100998_Instructional_Communication_Competence_of_Preservice_Teachers_in_Flexible_Learning [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Capuno, R., Cadiz, J., & Arcinas, M. (2021). Collaborative learning and motivation among pre-service teachers in higher education. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 41(3), 421–437. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02188791.2020.1776212 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Comia, M. (2024). Field study experiences of pre-service teachers: Challenges and coping mechanisms. Edukasiana Journal.https://ejournal.papanda.org/index.php/edukasiana/article/view/935 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Crisostomo, M. L., & Andal, E. R. (2022). Conflict management styles and practicum experiences of pre-service teachers. Journal of Education and Learning Studies, 3(1), 25–36. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368221457_Conflict_Management_and_Practicum_Experiences_of_Pre-service_Teachers [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. David, A., & Malindog, R. (2021). Adaptive problem-solving skills and teaching performance in flexible learning environments. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(8), 15–29.https://www.ijlter.org/index.php/ijlter/article/view/3448 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Deneen, C., & Brown, G. T. L. (2021). The impact of adaptive learning dispositions on pre-service teacher readiness. Teaching and Teacher Education, 100, 103284.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0742051X21000552 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Darling-Hammond, L., Flook, L., Cook-Harvey, C., Barron, B., & Osher, D. (2020). Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development. Applied Developmental Science, 24(2), 97–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2018.1537791 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Darling-Hammond, L., Schachner, A., & Edgerton, A. (2021). Restarting and reinventing school: Learning in the time of COVID and beyond. Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E., & Gardner, M. (2022). Effective teacher professional development. Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Darling-Hammond, L., & Oakes, J. (2023). Preparing teachers for deeper learning. Harvard Education Press. https://www.hepg.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Espino, V. S., & Cabalquinto, E. (2024). Short-term TVET training and its impact on skill retention and work readiness. Philippine Journal of Workforce Development, 6(1), 44–61. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. https://ejournal.workdev.ph/article/view/2024-short-term-training [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Fajardo, M. T. (2020). Critical thinking development among pre-service teachers: Basis for instructional enhancement. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 8(4), 103–112. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. https://www.apjmr.com/critical-thinking-development-preservice-teachers [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Ferrer, J. C., & Robles, M. A. (2022). Professional boundaries and ethical practice among pre-service teachers: Implications for practicum success. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, 9(1), 47–55.https://apjeas.apjmr.com/professional-boundaries-ethics-preservice-teachers [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Fiel, S. S., & Sermona, N. L. D. (2024). Assessing pre-service teachers’ level of technical-vocational and pedagogical competencies in Southern Philippines. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR).https://www.researchgate.net/publication/386219694_Assessing_Pre-Service_Teachers%27_Level_of_Technical-Vocational_and_Pedagogical_Competencies_in_Southern_Philippines [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. García, C. G., & Ocampo, C. D. (2020). Teacher communication skills and their impact on learner understanding in higher education. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 9(3), 660–667.https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1261615 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Gatchalian, P. R., & Dizon, R. J. (2023). National Certificate levels as predictors of field performance in TVET teacher education. Philippine Journal of Technical Education and Training, 12(3), 113–129. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370221450_National_Certificate_Levels_as_Predictors_of_Field_Performance_in_Technical_Teacher_Education [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Hanafi, I., Suwandi, S., & Wibowo, A. (2021). Work habits and classroom organization in vocational teacher education. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 13(2), 58–70. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/jtet/article/view/9074 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Ismail, M., & Abdullah, S. (2023). Collaborative practices and pedagogical performance among pre-service teachers. Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, 25(1), 89–103.https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/jtes-2023-0008 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Jirasatjanukul, K., & Jeerungsuwan, N. (2023). Predictors of readiness in technical and vocational education students: Safety, responsibility, and learning environment. International Journal of Instruction, 16(1), 345–362.https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1380193 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Kay, J., Benz, M., & Brook, C. (2020). Linking competency development with employability outcomes in teacher education. Journal of Education and Work, 33(5–6), 421–438. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13639080.2020.1820960 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. International Labour Organization. (2021). Skills for a greener future: A global view. https://www.ilo.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. International Labour Organization. (2022). Global employment trends for youth. https://www.ilo.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Kolb, D. A. (2022). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development (2nd ed.). Pearson Education. https://www.pearson.com [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Girgin, D., & Akcanca, N. (2021). Pre-service teachers’ readiness for digital learning and collaboration: A Turkish perspective. Education and Information Technologies, 26, 5475–5492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10558-3 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Prentice Hall. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. Leal, E., & Rodriguez, F. (2023). Mentor support and the development of professional competencies among pre-service teachers. Journal of Teacher Professional Development, 12(1), 55–70. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370897659_Mentor_Support_and_Professional_Competencies [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Legaspi, J., & Ballesteros, K. (2021). Training duration and competency outcomes in Philippine TVET programs. Journal of Technical Education and Skills Studies, 5(2), 33–47. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360987112_Training_Duration_and_Competency_Outcomes_in_Philippine_TVET_Programs [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Llego, M. A. (2023). Technology integration and critical thinking among teacher education students. Journal of Education and E-Learning Research, 10(1), 45–54. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368765197_Technology_Integration_and_Critical_Thinking_among_Teacher_Education_Students [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Lomeda-Junio, M. M. (2025). Readiness of Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education Pre-Service Teachers of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/389164724_Readiness_of_Bachelor_of_Technical-Vocational_Teacher_Education_Pre-Service_Teachers_of_Camarines_Sur_Polytechnic_Colleges [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Lucas, M., & Tan, J. (2022). Professional competencies and readiness for teaching among pre-service educators. Teaching Education, 33(3), 319–334. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10476210.2021.1888784 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. Malabanan, L., Briones, M., & Madrideo, J. (2022). Online-learning readiness and 21st-century pedagogical skills among pre-service teachers in the Philippines. Journal of Education and Learning Studies, 6(2), 89–99. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Manasia, L., Ianos, M., & Chicioreanu, T. (2020). Pre-service teacher preparedness for classroom diversity: The role of training and reflective practice. Sustainability, 12(20), 8444. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208444 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. Mamaril, M. R. (2022). Quality work habits and practicum performance among pre-service teachers. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences, 9(4), 22–30. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. https://apjeas.apjmr.com/quality-work-habits-practicum-performance [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

63. Manlangit, R., & Orense, J. (2021). TESDA National Certification and its impact on competency development among pre-service TVET teachers. International Journal of Technology, Innovation and Skills Development, 5(2), 44–58.https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3849204 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

64. Nguyen, T. H. (2023). Lifelong learning attitudes and work readiness among TVET graduates. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 15(1), 14–27.https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/jtet/article/view/12286 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

65. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

66. OECD. (2021). Teachers at the heart of education recovery. https://www.oecd.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

67. OECD. (2022). Building skills for the future. https://www.oecd.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

68. Pascual, L. G., & Mendoza, T. A. (2023). Practicum readiness and the role of training duration among BTVTEd pre-service teachers. International Review of Technical and Teacher Education, 9(3), 99–115. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

69. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372201450_Practicum_Readiness_and_Training_Duration_among_BTVTEd_Pre-Service_Teachers [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

70. Pitaloka, I., & Prihatsanti, U. (2022). Social support and decision-making skills among teacher education students. Psychology, Evaluation, and Technology in Educational Research, 4(2), 87–98.https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1369347 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

71. Ramos, F., & Cheng, A. (2024). Competency-based training and work readiness in technical and vocational education. International Journal of Training Research, 22(1), 45–60.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14480220.2023.2268809 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

72. Ramos, M. M., & De Guzman, A. B. (2023). Challenges in academic writing among pre-service teachers: Implications for teacher education programs. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 11(1), 56–67.https://www.apjmr.com/challenges-in-academic-writing-pre-service-teachers [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

73. Robinos, J. R. (2025). Exploring work readiness of graduating teacher education students. JIP Publication.https://jippublication.com/index.php/jip/article/view/1398 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

74. Santos, A. M., & Adriano, J. R. (2024). Barriers to work readiness among TVET pre-service teachers without TESDA certification. Asian Journal of Skills and Workforce Development, 7(1), 51–66. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

75. https://www.asianjswd.org/articles/2024-barriers-pre-service-tvet [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

76. Serrano, A. L., & Ponce, L. G. (2020). Safety compliance and instructional productivity in technical-vocational education. International Journal of Vocational Education and Training Research, 6(2), 25–34. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

77. https://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo?journalid=341&doi=10.11648/j.ijvetr.20200602.11 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

78. Smith, L., & Muldoon, R. (2021). Predictors of workplace readiness among pre-service teachers: The role of core competencies. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 49(4), 456–470. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

79. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1359866X.2020.1783086 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

80. Suwannasri, N. (2021). Teamwork and collaborative learning: Effects on communication and shared responsibility among future teachers. Education and Research Review, 6(4), 112–122.https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1294327 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

81. Torres, J. P., & Hermosura, M. A. (2022). Reflective decision-making and instructional improvement among pre-service teachers. Philippine Social Science Journal, 5(2), 112–120.https://philssj.org/index.php/main/article/view/530 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

82. Trilling, B., & Fadel, C. (2020). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. Jossey-Bass. https://www.wiley.com [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

83. UNESCO. (2022). Reimagining our futures together: A new social contract for education. https://www.unesco.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

84. UNESCO. (2023). Global education monitoring report. https://www.unesco.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

85. UNESCO. (2024). Global education outlook. https://www.unesco.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

86. Villalba, M. A., & Magallanes, M. M. (2022). Communication responsiveness and teaching performance of pre-service teachers. Journal of Education and Human Development Studies, 4(2), 1–12. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

87. https://jehdsonline.com/communication-responsiveness-pre-service-teachers [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

88. Villanueva, M. C. (2024). Commitment to lifelong learning and teaching readiness among pre-service teachers. Journal of Educational Foundations and Research, 7(2), 89–102. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

89. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380112345_Lifelong_Learning_and_Teaching_Readiness [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

90. Villanueva, R. M. (2022). Length of skills training as a predictor of technical proficiency among TVET learners. Asian Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 14(1), 58–73. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

91. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4198732 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

92. World Bank. (2022). Improving employability through skills development. https://www.worldbank.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

93. World Bank. (2023). World development report: Jobs. https://www.worldbank.org [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

Metrics

Views & Downloads

Similar Articles