A Literature Review on the Influence of LGBTQ Films on University Students’ Attitudes Toward Gender Diversity Across Cultures

A Literature Review on the Influence of LGBTQ Films on University Students’ Attitudes toward Gender Diversity across Cultures

Gao Yuan

Angeles University Foundation

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.8120330

Received: 16 December 2024; Accepted: 05 December 2024; Published: 22 January 2025

ABSTRACT

This literature review explores the influence of LGBTQ-themed films on university students’ attitudes toward gender diversity, focusing on their cross-cultural adaptability and educational potential. The primary objective is to synthesize existing research from media studies, sociology, and education to understand how LGBTQ films shape perceptions of gender diversity and foster inclusivity among young audiences.

The study employs a comprehensive review methodology to analyze key factors such as narrative strategies, emotional resonance, and cultural contexts that mediate the effects of LGBTQ films on attitudes. Demographic variables, including gender, academic discipline, and upbringing, are examined for their role in shaping individual responses. Additionally, the review considers the accessibility of LGBTQ films through informal channels, particularly in culturally conservative settings like China, where regulatory barriers often restrict mainstream representation.

Findings indicate that positive portrayals in LGBTQ films reduce stereotypes, encourage empathy, and promote acceptance of gender diversity. These effects are more pronounced in societies with progressive social norms but are increasingly evident in restrictive cultural environments where younger audiences gain exposure through online platforms. The review also identifies a gap in longitudinal studies exploring the durability of these attitudinal shifts and their potential to influence behavior over time.

The study concludes by emphasizing the need for further research into the long-term effects of LGBTQ films and their integration into educational frameworks. By addressing these gaps, future studies can enhance understanding of how media fosters gender inclusivity and support the development of practical strategies for leveraging LGBTQ narratives in education and policy-making.

Keywords: LGBTQ-themed films, Gender diversity, University students, Cross-cultural analysis, Media influence

INTRODUCTION

Globally, issues concerning gender diversity and LGBTQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer) communities have become focal points in both social discourse and academic research. As a powerful medium of cultural dissemination, films play a pivotal role in shaping public attitudes and perceptions regarding gender diversity. LGBTQ-themed films, in particular, have not only provided an expressive platform for sexual minority groups but have also offered the audience—especially university students—opportunities to rethink gender and sexual orientation diversity (Benshoff & Griffin, 2004; Kellner, 2003; Worthen, 2014).

Existing research indicates that positive portrayals of LGBTQ characters in media significantly reduce stereotypes, foster empathy, and promote broader societal acceptance of gender diversity and equality (Calzo & Ward, 2009; Gonta et al., 2017). For instance, Kubrak (2020) demonstrates that emotional narratives in films transcend cultural and gender boundaries, allowing audiences to deeply understand the struggles of LGBTQ communities. However, cultural contexts critically mediate the impact of such films. While LGBTQ films are widely recognized as part of mainstream culture in Western societies (Dyer, 2013), their reception in Asian countries, including China, often encounters cultural conservatism and regulatory restrictions (Bao, 2020).

University students, as an educated and open-minded demographic, are key targets for the influence of LGBTQ films. They are in a crucial stage of value formation and socialization, where media can have a profound impact (Lewis, 2003). Research has shown that gender, field of study, and socio-cultural background significantly influence students’ attitudes toward gender diversity (Herek, 2002; Worthen, 2014). In China, while LGBTQ-themed films are largely absent from mainstream media due to regulatory constraints, young audiences increasingly turn to informal channels such as streaming platforms and social media to access related content. As Baudinette (2023) and Bao (2018) highlight, these platforms play a crucial role in bypassing censorship and fostering alternative spaces for LGBTQ narratives, enabling Chinese university students to engage with and develop a deeper understanding of gender diversity ( Baudinette, 2023; Bao, 2018).

Despite the increasing recognition of LGBTQ films’ societal impact, existing research often focuses on Western experiences and pays limited attention to how cultural and policy contexts shape media influence mechanisms in more conservative societies like China (Zhou, 2018). Furthermore, most studies rely on cross-sectional designs, emphasizing short-term attitudinal changes, and often overlook long-term effects on behavior and sustained attitudes (Calzo & Ward, 2009; McInroy & Craig, 2015).

This study seeks to address these research gaps by exploring the impact of LGBTQ-themed films on Chinese university students’ attitudes toward gender diversity. By integrating theoretical frameworks from sociology, media studies, and education, this study aims to analyze how films function as educational tools to enhance the understanding and acceptance of gender diversity. It also examines the moderating effects of demographic factors such as gender, age, academic discipline, and socio-cultural background. The findings are expected to contribute to the existing literature on media effects and provide practical implications for gender equality education, policy-making, and cross-cultural media dissemination.

THE EVOLUTION AND CROSS-CULTURAL REPRESENTATION OF LGBTQ FILMS

Historical Development of LGBTQ Films on a Global Scale

The evolution of LGBTQ films has undergone significant historical transformations, progressing from implicit and often negative portrayals to nuanced and diverse representations of sexual minorities. Early films, such as Hollywood’s portrayal of homosexuality in The Children’s Hour epitomizes the stigmatization of LGBTQ identities in mid-20th-century American cinema, as extensively discussed by Russo (1987).With time, movies like Philadelphia (1993) marked a turning point, presenting a sympathetic narrative of a homosexual man facing societal marginalization, thereby opening a dialogue about LGBTQ rights and acceptance in mainstream cinema (Dyer, 2013).

In the 21st century, LGBTQ films have expanded their scope to address complex themes such as love, identity, and systemic oppression, establishing themselves as vital tools for promoting inclusivity. Iconic films like Brokeback Mountain (2005) challenged traditional gender norms and the portrayal of masculinity, while Moonlight (2016) examined the intersectionality of race, class, and sexual identity, demonstrating the multifaceted challenges faced by LGBTQ individuals (Herek, 2000; Kubrak, 2020). These films not only garnered critical acclaim but also resonated deeply with audiences worldwide, fostering empathy and social awareness.

LGBTQ Films in Asia: Challenges and Progress

While LGBTQ films have become part of the cultural mainstream in many Western societies, their development in Asia reflects the region’s diverse socio-cultural landscapes, showcasing both significant challenges and remarkable progress. Thailand and Taiwan, for instance, have emerged as regional leaders in LGBTQ cinematic production. Thai “BL” (Boys’ Love) series, such as I Told Sunset About You and SOTUS, leverage soft narratives to explore same-sex relationships and have gained immense popularity, particularly among younger audiences across Asia. Taiwan, on the other hand, has been recognized for groundbreaking works such as Your Name Engraved Herein (2020), which delves into the struggles of LGBTQ individuals during Taiwan’s post-martial law era. This film became Taiwan’s highest-grossing LGBTQ-themed movie, highlighting the growing acceptance of gender diversity in its society.

Beyond Thailand and Taiwan, Japan and South Korea have also made notable contributions to LGBTQ representation. In Japan, the rise of BL films and dramas, such as The Cornered Mouse Dreams of Cheese (2020), reflects the increasing use of fictional same-sex relationships to explore LGBTQ themes. BL media, though primarily targeting female audiences, often foster discussions on gender and sexual diversity within popular culture. Similarly, South Korea has made strides with internationally acclaimed films like The Handmaiden (2016), which weaves a complex tale of same-sex love and social oppression in a historical setting. The annual Seoul Queer Culture Festival, alongside related film screenings, provides LGBTQ narratives with platforms to reach broader audiences, though societal resistance persists.

In contrast, LGBTQ films in mainland China face unique challenges due to regulatory restrictions and societal conservatism. Films like Lan Yu and the web series Addicted achieved significant popularity but were removed from domestic platforms due to their LGBTQ themes. However, despite these limitations, young Chinese audiences increasingly access LGBTQ content through informal channels, such as VPNs and fan-subtitled media. This phenomenon reflects not only a growing interest in gender diversity but also highlights the creative strategies employed by queer communities to bypass censorship and build alternative networks for cultural engagement. As Bao (2018) discusses, such informal channels are integral to the development of queer identities and narratives in post-socialist China, enabling audiences to critically engage with LGBTQ representations and reinterpret them within their local cultural contexts.

These examples from Asia demonstrate the dynamic interplay between cultural norms, regulatory frameworks, and audience engagement, highlighting how LGBTQ films navigate diverse social landscapes. They underscore the potential for media to foster empathy and inclusivity, even in environments where LGBTQ representation remains a contested issue.

Narrative Strategies and Audience Engagement

The success and impact of LGBTQ films are deeply rooted in their evolving narrative strategies, which have transitioned from tragic archetypes to multidimensional and empowering depictions. Implicit storytelling has emerged as a critical strategy, especially in culturally conservative societies where explicit representations often face regulatory or social barriers. For example, The Untamed (陈情令) employs subtle hints and subtext to depict non-heteronormative relationships, enabling it to achieve widespread popularity in China and across Asia. By avoiding overt depictions of romantic intimacy, the series maintains compliance with regulatory constraints while fostering deep audience engagement through nuanced character dynamics and narrative ambiguity.

Implicit storytelling also creates opportunities for grassroots cultural shifts. In the case of The Untamed, its popularity has sparked widespread fan discussions and creative reinterpretations, such as fan fiction, fan art, and online communities. These fan-driven activities contribute to a grassroots-level normalization of non-heteronormative relationships, demonstrating the long-term cultural influence of implicit narratives. Research suggests that such strategies allow audiences to engage with LGBTQ themes on their own terms, fostering gradual attitudinal shifts without directly challenging dominant cultural norms.

In addition to implicit strategies, explicit narratives in LGBTQ films have also made significant strides in shaping audience perceptions. Films like Call Me by Your Name transcend cultural and gender boundaries by focusing on universal themes of love and self-discovery, inviting audiences to connect emotionally with LGBTQ experiences. Similarly, Moonlight employs intersectional storytelling to explore the interplay of race, class, and sexual identity, demonstrating how LGBTQ films can address complex social issues while resonating with diverse audiences.

The rise of streaming platforms and social media has further transformed how audiences engage with LGBTQ films. Platforms like Netflix and Bilibili (B站) have enabled Chinese audiences to access global LGBTQ-themed content, fostering discussions and peer-led learning about gender diversity. These platforms also popularize transnational narratives, such as Thailand’s Boys’ Love series, creating unique spaces where fans across Asia engage in shared consumption and reinterpretation of queer media.

The long-term societal and educational impacts of these strategies warrant further exploration. Implicit storytelling, in particular, serves not only as a workaround for regulatory constraints but also as a tool for fostering gradual cultural transformation. By introducing non-heteronormative themes subtly and progressively, these narratives help create an environment where audiences become more receptive to LGBTQ representation. Moreover, they lay the groundwork for future media to address LGBTQ issues more explicitly, paving the way for greater acceptance and inclusivity in mainstream culture.

The Role of Cultural Context in LGBTQ Film Reception

Cultural context plays a critical role in shaping the reception of LGBTQ films. In Western societies, where cultural norms are generally more inclusive, LGBTQ films are often celebrated as symbols of diversity and progress (Dyer, 2013; Benshoff & Griffin, 2004). Conversely, in conservative societies such as China, traditional family values and regulatory frameworks pose significant barriers to the acceptance of LGBTQ narratives (Zhou, 2018). However, even within restrictive environments, LGBTQ films can find innovative ways to connect with audiences. For instance, the popular Chinese web series The Untamed uses implicit storytelling to navigate regulatory limitations while fostering widespread audience engagement and discussions on gender diversity. This approach reflects broader trends in the narration and representation of LGBTQ identities within restrictive cultural contexts, as highlighted in cross-cultural analyses (Tárraga Arias, 2018).

Despite these challenges, research shows that themes of universal appeal, such as love and identity, enable LGBTQ films to resonate with audiences across cultural boundaries. For example, Your Name Engraved Herein garnered acclaim not only in Taiwan but also in other Asian countries, highlighting the potential of LGBTQ films to foster empathy and understanding in diverse cultural contexts .

THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH MEDIA SHAPES ATTITUDES TOWARD GENDER DIVERSITY

Application of Media Effects Theory

The role of media in shaping public attitudes and behaviors, particularly on sensitive social issues, is well-documented (Kellner, 2003; Sparks , 2006). Media effects theory posits that prolonged exposure to specific media content can influence audiences’ perceptions, leading to the internalization of the values and narratives portrayed (Calzo & Ward, 2009). LGBTQ films exemplify this phenomenon by presenting authentic and diverse depictions of sexual minorities, which reduce stereotypes and promote empathy (Kubrak, 2020).

One notable media effect is the process of “mainstreaming,” where consistent positive portrayals in media help align audience attitudes with the values conveyed (Calzo & Ward, 2009). For instance, studies have shown that frequent exposure to LGBTQ-themed television series or films significantly reduces prejudice among heterosexual viewers (Bond & Compton, 2015). Young audiences, who are in a critical stage of value formation and socialization, are particularly susceptible to these effects, making media a powerful tool for shaping their attitudes toward gender diversity (Worthen, 2014; McInroy & Craig, 2015).

Additionally, films as a narrative medium are uniquely positioned to foster emotional connections between viewers and characters. By showcasing the struggles and triumphs of LGBTQ individuals, films like Moonlight evoke empathy, encouraging audiences to reconsider biases and recognize the humanity of marginalized communities (Herek, 2000; Kubrak, 2020).

Integration of Gender and Cultural Perspectives

Gender theories, particularly the concept of gender as a social construct, highlight that gender roles and identities are not fixed but are shaped through cultural, social, and media influences (Lorber, 1994; Connell, 2013). LGBTQ films challenge traditional gender norms by presenting complex and diverse narratives. For example, Call Me by Your Name employs universal themes of love and self-discovery to transcend cultural boundaries, encouraging viewers to engage with LGBTQ experiences on a deeply personal level (Kubrak, 2020).

Cross-cultural studies reveal significant variations in the reception of LGBTQ films based on societal and cultural contexts.In conservative societies such as China, LGBTQ narratives often face regulatory and social barriers. Nonetheless, films like The Untamed employ implicit storytelling and subtextual relationships to navigate these constraints, fostering meaningful audience engagement and discussions on gender diversity. Such strategies highlight the creative ways in which LGBTQ identities are represented and understood within restrictive cultural frameworks (Tárraga Arias, 2018). By contrast, in more inclusive Western societies, LGBTQ films are often celebrated as symbols of diversity and progress (Bao, 2020).

LGBTQ Films as Educational Tools

Emotional resonance is a pivotal mechanism by which LGBTQ films influence audience attitudes toward gender diversity. By creating deep emotional connections between viewers and characters, films can evoke empathy and encourage the reevaluation of preexisting biases. According to Kubrak (2020), emotional storytelling enables audiences to experience the struggles and triumphs of LGBTQ individuals vicariously, making abstract social issues more relatable and personal.

From a psychological perspective, emotional resonance operates through processes such as emotional contagion and narrative transportation. Emotional contagion refers to the phenomenon where viewers adopt the emotions displayed by characters, leading to increased empathy. For instance, films like Moonlight allow audiences to feel the intersecting struggles of race, class, and sexual identity, breaking down stereotypes and fostering a sense of shared humanity (Herek, 2000). Narrative transportation, on the other hand, involves the cognitive and emotional immersion of viewers into a story, which can reduce resistance to new perspectives and promote attitude change (Green & Brock, 2000).

Sociological studies also support the transformative power of emotional resonance. Bond and Compton (2015) found that frequent exposure to emotionally compelling LGBTQ narratives in media significantly reduced prejudice among heterosexual viewers, particularly when the narratives highlighted universal themes of love and acceptance. By tapping into fundamental human experiences, such as love, loss, and identity, LGBTQ films transcend cultural and societal boundaries, enabling diverse audiences to connect with the characters and their stories on a deeply personal level.

In culturally conservative societies, emotional resonance plays an even more critical role. Implicit storytelling strategies, as seen in films like The Untamed, use subtle yet emotionally impactful narratives to navigate regulatory and societal constraints. These narratives often focus on themes like friendship and loyalty while embedding subtextual LGBTQ elements, enabling audiences to engage with these themes without overt confrontation of cultural norms. Over time, these emotionally resonant experiences can contribute to incremental shifts in societal attitudes toward gender diversity, creating a pathway for broader acceptance of LGBTQ representation.

Positive Representation and Emotional Resonance

While many studies emphasize the short-term attitudinal shifts induced by LGBTQ films, the long-term effects of such media exposure remain underexplored. Longitudinal research offers a valuable framework for understanding whether these attitudinal shifts translate into sustained beliefs and behavioral changes over time. For example, repeated exposure to LGBTQ narratives during formative years may lead to greater advocacy for gender equality or increased participation in LGBTQ-supportive initiatives later in life.

To measure the long-term impact of LGBTQ films, researchers could design longitudinal studies incorporating mixed methods. Quantitative approaches, such as self-reported surveys using validated scales like the Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Scale (ATHS), can track changes in beliefs over extended periods. These can be complemented by qualitative methods, such as in-depth interviews or focus groups, to capture the nuanced ways in which individuals integrate these narratives into their worldview.

Behavioral observations can also provide valuable insights. For instance, tracking audience engagement with LGBTQ-related activities, such as participation in pride events, online advocacy, or policy support, can help evaluate whether media-driven attitudinal changes manifest in tangible actions. Social media analytics could also be employed to assess changes in discourse and sentiment related to LGBTQ topics following the release of popular films or series.

Furthermore, longitudinal research could explore the mediating and moderating factors influencing the durability of these effects. Mediators, such as the depth of emotional engagement or the frequency of exposure, could explain why certain individuals are more influenced by LGBTQ narratives than others. Moderators, such as cultural context, age, or gender, could help identify the conditions under which these narratives are most effective. For example, individuals in conservative societies may require repeated exposure to LGBTQ narratives to overcome entrenched biases, whereas those in progressive societies may experience quicker and more pronounced attitude shifts.

Long-Term Effects and Cultural Adaptation

The interplay between emotional resonance and long-term impact underscores the transformative potential of LGBTQ films. Films that successfully evoke strong emotional responses are more likely to create lasting impressions, shaping not only attitudes but also behaviors over time. For example, a study by McInroy and Craig (2015) demonstrated that LGBTQ youth who frequently engaged with inclusive media reported feeling more empowered and accepted, effects that persisted into adulthood.

To maximize the long-term societal impact of LGBTQ films, future research should focus on integrating these narratives into educational and policy frameworks. For instance, LGBTQ films could be incorporated into school curricula or community outreach programs to promote awareness and acceptance of gender diversity. By leveraging the emotional and educational power of these films, such initiatives could foster a more inclusive and equitable society.

FACTORS INFLUENCING UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARD GENDER DIVERSITY

Demographic Factors and Their Impact on Gender Attitudes

Demographic characteristics play a significant role in shaping university students’ attitudes toward gender diversity. These factors, including gender, academic discipline, and upbringing environment, influence perceptions and levels of acceptance toward LGBTQ issues.

Gender Differences

Gender is a critical determinant of attitudes toward gender diversity. Studies consistently show that women exhibit more positive and accepting attitudes toward LGBTQ communities compared to men, likely due to socialization processes that emphasize empathy and inclusivity in women. Herek (2002) noted that women are more likely to support LGBTQ rights and challenge traditional gender norms. Conversely, men are often more influenced by traditional gender roles, which may limit their acceptance of non-heteronormative behaviors (Worthen, 2014).

Academic Discipline

The academic field of study significantly impacts students’ attitudes toward gender diversity. Students in the humanities and social sciences tend to demonstrate greater awareness and acceptance of LGBTQ issues compared to those in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields. This difference is attributed to the curricular focus in humanities and social sciences on topics such as social justice, diversity, and critical thinking, which expose students to discussions about gender and sexuality (Worthen, 2014). By contrast, STEM curricula often lack such content, leading to comparatively lower levels of exposure and understanding of gender diversity.

Recent surveys provide quantitative support for these differences. For instance, a study by Yost et al. (2020) revealed that over 70% of humanities students expressed positive attitudes toward LGBTQ rights, compared to only 45% of STEM students. Similarly, a study conducted across multiple universities in the United States found that students majoring in fields like psychology and sociology were twice as likely to advocate for LGBTQ inclusivity than their peers in computer science or engineering (Smith et al., 2018). These findings underscore the importance of integrating diversity-focused content into STEM curricula to foster more inclusive attitudes among students in these fields.

Upbringing Environment

The upbringing environment, particularly urban-rural differences, also plays a crucial role in shaping attitudes toward gender diversity. Students from urban areas, where exposure to diverse cultures and progressive social norms is more prevalent, are generally more supportive of LGBTQ rights. In contrast, students from rural areas, shaped by conservative cultural traditions and limited access to information, often exhibit lower levels of acceptance (Lewis, 2003; Zhou, 2018). For example, a comparative study in China found that urban university students were 1.5 times more likely to support same-sex marriage compared to their rural counterparts, reflecting the impact of environmental and cultural influences (Bao, 2020).

The Role of LGBTQ Film Exposure in Attitude Formation

The frequency and mode of exposure to LGBTQ films are critical factors influencing students’ attitudes toward gender diversity. Media exposure theory suggests that repeated interaction with LGBTQ-themed narratives can significantly reshape audience perceptions by reducing biases and stereotypes (Kubrak, 2020; Calzo & Ward, 2009).

Exposure Frequency and Attitude Shifts

Research consistently shows that frequent exposure to LGBTQ-themed films is associated with more inclusive attitudes toward gender diversity. Kubrak (2020) demonstrated that individuals who regularly engage with LGBTQ content are more likely to show empathy and reduced prejudice compared to those with limited exposure. McInroy and Craig (2015) further emphasized that consistent media exposure serves as a crucial factor in fostering progressive attitudes, particularly among younger audiences.

Impact of Viewing Platforms

The rise of digital streaming platforms and social media has dramatically expanded access to LGBTQ-themed films, enabling broader engagement and deeper discussions. Platforms like Netflix and Bilibili (B站) play a pivotal role in shaping university students’ attitudes by providing diverse LGBTQ narratives in accessible formats.

In Western societies, platforms such as Netflix have popularized LGBTQ-themed content through global hits like Heartstopper and Sex Education, which directly address issues of sexual identity, coming out, and acceptance. These shows not only resonate with young audiences but also foster discussions about gender diversity in schools and communities. A survey by GlobalWebIndex (2022) revealed that 60% of Netflix users aged 18-24 reported feeling more empathetic toward LGBTQ individuals after watching such content.

By contrast, in China, platforms like Bilibili serve as alternative channels for accessing LGBTQ narratives, often featuring user-generated subtitles and fan edits to navigate censorship. For example, Thai Boys’ Love series have gained immense popularity among Chinese students, with fan-driven communities actively discussing themes of love, acceptance, and identity on social media. These platforms provide informal yet impactful learning spaces where students can explore LGBTQ topics in culturally sensitive ways.

The comparison between these platforms highlights key differences in how LGBTQ narratives are consumed and interpreted across cultures. While Netflix offers globally standardized content aimed at fostering direct conversations about LGBTQ issues, Bilibili relies on grassroots engagement to subtly introduce these themes within restrictive cultural contexts. This divergence underscores the importance of tailoring LGBTQ narratives to fit the socio-cultural and regulatory environments of their target audiences.

Specific Effects of LGBTQ Films on Gender Attitudes

LGBTQ films influence gender attitudes through their narrative strategies and emotional resonance. By challenging stereotypes, fostering empathy, and encouraging critical reflection, these films serve as powerful tools for social change.

Reducing Stereotypes

LGBTQ films challenge traditional stereotypes by presenting complex, multidimensional characters. For instance, Brokeback Mountain and Call Me by Your Name disrupt heteronormative narratives by showcasing the depth and authenticity of same-sex relationships, prompting audiences to reconsider preconceived notions about LGBTQ individuals (Kubrak, 2020).

Fostering Empathy

Emotional storytelling in LGBTQ films enhances empathy by allowing viewers to experience the challenges faced by marginalized communities. Films such as Moonlight depict the intersectionality of race and sexual identity, encouraging audiences to connect deeply with the struggles of LGBTQ characters (Herek, 2000; Bond & Compton, 2015). This emotional engagement is critical for breaking down prejudices and fostering a more inclusive mindset.

Encouraging Cross-Cultural Conversations

The global availability of LGBTQ-themed films has facilitated cross-cultural conversations about gender diversity. For instance, Your Name Engraved Herein sparked widespread discussions across Asia about same-sex relationships and societal acceptance, demonstrating how LGBTQ films can transcend cultural boundaries to promote inclusivity and understanding.

The Moderating Role of Cultural Context

Cultural context significantly influences the reception and impact of LGBTQ films. In Western societies, where progressive attitudes toward gender diversity are more entrenched, LGBTQ films are widely embraced as symbols of inclusivity and equality (Dyer, 2013; Bao, 2020). Conversely, in culturally conservative regions like China, traditional family values and regulatory frameworks often hinder the acceptance of such narratives. However, recent studies suggest that evolving societal attitudes and the creative strategies employed in media representation are gradually reshaping perceptions of LGBTQ identities in these contexts (Meyer et al., 2024; Tárraga Arias, 2018).

However, LGBTQ films have demonstrated adaptability in navigating restrictive environments. For instance, the Chinese web series The Untamed employed subtle storytelling techniques to depict non-heteronormative relationships, allowing the narrative to resonate with audiences while adhering to regulatory standards. This illustrates how LGBTQ films can creatively balance cultural sensitivity with advocacy for gender diversity, fostering meaningful engagement even within restrictive contexts (Tárraga Arias, 2018).

RESEARCH GAPS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Existing Research Limitations

Despite the growing body of literature highlighting the impact of LGBTQ films on attitudes toward gender diversity, several critical gaps remain, particularly regarding cultural contexts, target populations, and methodological approaches.

Influence of Cultural Contexts and Social Norms

Most existing studies predominantly focus on Western societies, where LGBTQ films are widely accepted as part of mainstream culture (Dyer, 2013; Bao, 2020). Conversely, research on the role of LGBTQ films in non-Western or culturally conservative regions, such as China, remains limited. In these contexts, traditional family values and stringent regulatory environments significantly shape the reception and interpretation of LGBTQ films. However, recent studies have begun to explore how adaptive storytelling strategies and shifting societal attitudes enable these films to resonate with audiences, even in restrictive settings. A deeper understanding of how cultural factors mediate the influence of LGBTQ films is essential for advancing cross-cultural media studies and fostering more inclusive narratives (Tárraga Arias, 2018; Meyer et al., 2024).

Lack of Targeted Research on Specific Demographics

The majority of studies focus on general audiences or adult populations, with limited attention given to specific demographic groups such as university students. As a transitional and formative demographic, university students represent a critical audience for understanding the impact of LGBTQ films on attitude formation and socialization (Worthen, 2014). Variations in gender, academic discipline, and geographic upbringing within this group warrant closer examination to better understand the nuances of their responses to LGBTQ content.

Insufficient Analysis of Long-Term Impacts

Most research adopts cross-sectional designs, emphasizing immediate or short-term changes in attitudes following exposure to LGBTQ films (Calzo & Ward, 2009). However, there is a lack of longitudinal studies exploring whether repeated exposure to such films leads to sustained attitudinal changes or behavioral shifts over time. Understanding the durability of media effects is critical for evaluating the broader societal impact of LGBTQ narratives (McInroy & Craig, 2015).

Methodological Limitations

Existing studies often rely heavily on quantitative surveys, such as the Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Scale (ATHS), which capture broad trends but lack the depth to explore underlying mechanisms of attitude formation. A mixed-methods approach, incorporating qualitative techniques such as interviews or narrative analysis, may provide richer insights into how audiences interpret LGBTQ narratives, particularly in complex cultural settings (Kubrak, 2020).

Future Research Directions

Expanding Cross-Cultural Comparative Studies Future research should prioritize cross-cultural comparisons to investigate how LGBTQ films are received and interpreted in diverse cultural contexts. For instance, exploring the reception of LGBTQ films in Western and Asian societies could provide valuable insights into the influence of cultural norms, policies, and societal attitudes on audience responses. Additionally, such studies could identify effective strategies for adapting LGBTQ narratives to resonate with different cultural audiences while navigating regulatory and societal constraints, thereby enhancing their impact and accessibility (Tárraga Arias, 2018; Meyer et al., 2024).

In-Depth Focus on University Students University students are uniquely positioned as future societal leaders and agents of change. Future studies should explore how factors such as gender, field of study, and upbringing influence their attitudes toward LGBTQ content. For instance, comparative studies of students in STEM fields versus those in humanities and social sciences could reveal how disciplinary perspectives shape responses to LGBTQ themes (Worthen, 2014). Similarly, examining the urban-rural divide could provide insights into how environmental factors impact openness to gender diversity (Lewis, 2003).

Exploring Narrative Strategies and Emotional Resonance Further research should investigate the narrative elements that contribute to the effectiveness of LGBTQ films in shaping attitudes. This includes analyzing the role of emotional resonance, character complexity, and universal themes in engaging diverse audiences (Bond & Compton, 2015; Kubrak, 2020). Comparative studies of explicit storytelling (e.g., Call Me by Your Name) and implicit narratives (e.g., The Untamed) could provide valuable insights into how different narrative strategies operate in varying cultural contexts.

Examining Long-Term Effects on Attitudes and Behavior Future studies should adopt longitudinal designs to assess whether repeated exposure to LGBTQ films reinforces progressive attitudes and translates into behavioral changes, such as supporting gender equality initiatives or participating in LGBTQ advocacy. This approach would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the societal impact of LGBTQ films ( Worthen, 2014; McInroy & Craig, 2015).

Integrating LGBTQ Films into Educational Frameworks Given the educational potential of LGBTQ films, future research should examine how these films can be effectively integrated into formal curricula to promote awareness and acceptance of gender diversity. For instance, studies could evaluate the impact of using LGBTQ films as teaching tools in schools or universities, particularly in culturally conservative environments. This direction offers significant potential for both theoretical and practical contributions (Sherry, 2004).

Practical Implications

LGBTQ films hold significant potential as educational tools, particularly in settings where formal education on gender diversity is limited. Incorporating these films into curricula can foster awareness and acceptance of LGBTQ issues among students.

Case Study: University Courses

Incorporating LGBTQ films into gender studies or diversity courses has proven effective in fostering critical discussions on gender and sexual diversity. For example:

1. Case 1: A university in the United States integrated Philadelphia into its curriculum for courses on human rights and social justice. Classroom discussions highlighted the intersection of homosexuality and societal discrimination, encouraging students to critically analyze prejudice and equality (Dyer, 2013).
2. Case 2: A Taiwanese university employed Your Name Engraved Herein as part of its media studies curriculum. According to Wu (2021), the film was instrumental in promoting empathy and inclusiveness among students by highlighting the struggles of LGBTQ individuals in a conservative sociocultural environment. Through reflective writing and group discussions, students explored themes of love, discrimination, and personal identity, leading to an increased understanding of gender diversity and the challenges faced by LGBTQ individuals.

Case Study: Informal Learning Platforms

Streaming platforms and social media also serve as informal yet impactful educational spaces. In China, Bilibili hosts fan-subtitled LGBTQ films, enabling students to engage with global narratives despite regulatory constraints. User-driven discussions on these platforms provide opportunities for peer-led learning, fostering acceptance through shared experiences (Bao, 2018).

Practical Guidelines for Implementation

1. Film Selection: Choose films with strong emotional resonance and cultural relevance to maximize engagement.
2. Facilitated Discussions: Pair film screenings with guided discussions led by educators or facilitators trained in gender diversity topics.
3. Assessment: Use pre- and post-screening surveys or reflective assignments to evaluate the impact of films on students’ attitudes and understanding of LGBTQ issues.

CONCLUSION

LGBTQ films serve as a powerful cultural medium that not only document the lived experiences of sexual minority groups but also play a pivotal role in shaping public attitudes toward gender diversity. Through diverse narrative strategies and emotionally resonant storytelling, these films effectively challenge stereotypes, foster empathy, and promote broader acceptance of gender equality and diversity at both individual and societal levels (Dyer, 2013; Kubrak, 2020).

University students, as an important demographic undergoing socialization and value formation, are particularly influenced by LGBTQ films. Factors such as gender, academic discipline, and upbringing significantly affect their attitudes toward gender diversity, while the frequency of exposure to LGBTQ films and the platforms through which these films are accessed further mediate this influence (Herek, 2002; Worthen, 2014). By portraying multidimensional characters and leveraging universal themes, LGBTQ films provide university students with a lens through which to critically evaluate societal norms and develop more inclusive perspectives (Bond & Compton, 2015).

The Long-Term Societal Impact of LGBTQ Films

Despite the increasing recognition of LGBTQ films’ immediate attitudinal effects, their long-term societal influence remains underexplored. Evidence from longitudinal studies in media psychology suggests that repeated exposure to emotionally resonant LGBTQ narratives can reinforce progressive attitudes and foster behavioral changes, such as increased advocacy for gender equality and participation in LGBTQ-supportive initiatives (McInroy & Craig, 2015; Green & Brock, 2000). These findings underscore the potential of LGBTQ films to effect lasting social transformation by embedding values of empathy and inclusiveness within audience perceptions.

In culturally conservative contexts, where regulatory constraints and traditional values often limit open discussions about gender diversity, LGBTQ films have demonstrated their adaptability through implicit storytelling and transnational media platforms. Films such as The Untamed and Your Name Engraved Herein have shown how emotionally engaging narratives can bypass cultural resistance and gradually reshape societal norms. Over time, these narratives can contribute to incremental cultural shifts, fostering a more accepting environment for LGBTQ individuals.

Policy and Advocacy Implications

LGBTQ films also have significant implications for policy-making and advocacy. Governments and educational institutions can leverage the transformative power of LGBTQ films to promote diversity and inclusion through targeted media campaigns and curriculum integration. For example:

Policy Integration: Policymakers could incorporate LGBTQ films into public awareness campaigns aimed at combating discrimination and promoting equality, using their emotional appeal to connect with diverse audiences.

Educational Initiatives: LGBTQ films can be systematically integrated into school and university curricula to encourage critical discussions about gender and social justice, as demonstrated by successful case studies in Taiwan and the United States (Wu, 2021; Dyer, 2013).

By strategically utilizing LGBTQ films as tools for education and advocacy, societies can create environments that support the normalization of gender diversity and empower marginalized communities.

Future Directions

Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies to explore the durability of media-driven attitudinal shifts and their translation into actionable support for gender equality. Expanding cross-cultural comparisons will also be critical to understanding how LGBTQ films are received in diverse socio-political contexts and identifying strategies for adapting narratives to resonate with different audiences. Furthermore, interdisciplinary collaborations between media producers, educators, and policymakers will be essential to fully harness the transformative potential of LGBTQ films.

In conclusion, LGBTQ films are more than just artistic expressions; they are vital tools for fostering empathy, challenging societal prejudices, and advancing social inclusion. By addressing existing research gaps and exploring their long-term societal impacts, future studies and initiatives can unlock the full potential of LGBTQ films to contribute to a more inclusive and equitable world.

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