Air Travel Experiences of Parents of Children with Invisible Disabilities: A Zimbabwean Perspective.

Air Travel Experiences of Parents of Children with Invisible Disabilities: A Zimbabwean Perspective.

Esther Moyo and Lilian Dzirikure

Department of Psychology, Great Zimbabwe University

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.804038

Received: 17 March 2024; Accepted: 28 March 2024; Published: 30 April 2024

ABSTRACT

The existing literature on air travelers grappling with hidden disabilities is notably scarce. When not in view, disabilities are forgotten. This paper sheds light on diverse facets of air travel pertinent to children with invisible disabilities such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who travel with their parents. Navigating through airports can be particularly challenging for families of children with these conditions. This study seeks to delve into the airport experiences of such. The objective is to aid airport staff in crafting enhanced experiences tailored to this specific passenger segment. Considering ongoing efforts by airports to institute awareness on physical disability, it is crucial to address the unique challenges faced by those with hidden disabilities. While some airports globally have implemented procedures catering to the needs of those with cognitive impairments, these initiatives are yet to be implemented in Zimbabwean airports.

INTRODUCTION

This paper seeks to explore the air travel experiences of parents of children with developmental delays that have resulted in hidden disabilities, as they pass through the airports of Zimbabwe.  The study engaged 10 parents whose children are existing with hidden disabilities in this study conducted between August 6 and December 3, 2023. Employing a qualitative methodology integrating focus groups, ethnographic techniques, and experience surveys, the study contributes to expanding the knowledge based on overseeing the process of incorporating the needs of children surviving with hidden disabilities the airport environment. The research illuminates how Zimbabwean airports can enhance the family-inclusive design of the airport experience, providing valuable recommendations to the Airport Companies of Zimbabwe stakeholders and employees.  This research will be useful to future researchers in the field of developmental delays that include ADHD and Autism, among others.

LITERATURE REVIEW

In recent years, there has been a growing global recognition of the challenges faced by individuals with hidden or invisible disabilities and their families in various aspects of life, including air travel. Hidden disabilities, encompassing conditions such as autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, sensory processing disorders, and dementia among others, present unique challenges that may not be immediately apparent to others, often requiring specific accommodations and understanding. It has been suggested that air travel in particular poses challenges for people with hidden/invisible disabilities (Hamed, 2013; Lerner-Baron, 2007; Skillicorn, 2013). Given that air travel involves unpredictability, periods of waiting, and tolerating a range of sensory stimuli, these difficulties could prevent families from participating in tourism involving air travel. Sensory stimulation may affect a child’s arousal levels (Healy, Dempsey, Lydon, Grealish, 2021) Sensory difficulties experienced by neurodivergent children and resultant heightened or suppressed arousal levels can impact his/her response to stressor stimuli presented in an environment like an airport. Consequently, arousal levels may contribute to stress and anxiety in parents with children with hidden and invincible disabilities, resulting in an unpleasant journey for the children. (Healy et al., 2021). As a result, in the future a child may want to avoid air travel (Lydon, Healy, Reed, Mulhern, Hughes, Goodwin, 2014). In the context of Zimbabwe, there is a need to explore and understand the air travel experiences of parents with children having hidden disabilities.  Sedgley, Pritchard, Morgan, Hanna (2017), did a study on hidden and invincible disabilities. Results revealed that the parents experienced stress. However, there is evidence that purports that preparing children with hidden and invisible disabilities influences anxiousness, however, it has been found that Virtual Reality (VR) has been utilized for children with hidden and invisible disabilities and declared effective for preparing them for air travel (Miller & Stephanie 2019). Video priming combined with social stories (Prabavathy, Alex & Sivaranjani 2023) can be effective in improving their air travel experiences. Each of the above interventions provide opportunities for participants to familiarize themselves with the airport and airplane and practice the skills that would be required in these contexts, either virtually or in the actual setting.

Zimbabwe, like many other nations, is committed to upholding the rights of individuals with disabilities, as outlined in the Persons with Disabilities Act Chapter 17:01. Despite such legislation, there is limited empirical evidence on the experiences of parents and their children with hidden disabilities in the specific context of air travel within the country. Recent studies conducted in Zimbabwe indicated that attitudes and inadequate knowledge on disability by some community members and duty bearers contributing to exclusion of Persons with Disabilities in public spaces, (Ndhlovu&Mudzingwa2022). They also found out that there are unfriendly facilities in Zimbabwe for those with visible disabilities and the deaf.  Understanding the unique challenges faced by these families is crucial for fostering a more inclusive and accommodating air travel environment. In the use of the sunflower lanyard (Carr, Watson & Bowes 2020) suggests that prejudicial behaviour aimed at neurodivergent child passengers could be alleviated by simply highlighting a hidden disability, with the sunflower lanyard. Initially originating in Gatwick Airport in 2016, the sunflower scheme was set up to recognize passengers who may have hidden disabilities and may require some extra assistance or time as they move through the airport. The scheme has now been adopted by some major airports in America and Europe, Australia, Asia as well as the Middle East, but none in Africa. Key factors that may contribute to the research context in Zimbabwe include limited Research: While there is a growing awareness of disability rights in Zimbabwe (Kaputa, Hlatywayo, Munemo & Mupandasekwa 2014), there is a dearth of research specifically focusing on the experiences of families with hidden disabilities during air travel.

This study seeks to fill this gap and contribute valuable insights to the existing body of knowledge in the field of Psychology. Comparison with other global Airport Infrastructure: The study will consider the current state of infrastructure and services within Zimbabwean airports concerning accessibility for individuals with hidden disabilities and compare it to other global Airports. This includes examining the availability of sensory-friendly spaces, staff training programs, and communication strategies. Policy Implications: Zimbabwe’s commitment to international conventions and national legislation on disability rights will be explored in relation to their practical implementation within the aviation sector.  IATA, an international aviation regulation body, which Zimbabwe is part of, has emphasized that for some passengers with physical or hidden disabilities, flying may be inconvenient, worrying or even painful. IATA is committed to ensuring that safe, reliable, and dignified air travel is equally accessible to all passengers. A study on United States airports identified common challenges and ways in which U.S. airports could be improved to better serve persons living with dementia and other hidden disabilities, and their travel companions (Peterson, Robyn, Birkeland, Barsel, Tamara, Statz, Joseph, Gaugler, Jessica & Finlay 2022). The National paper of United Arab Emirates published a report on how they have introduced the Lanyard scheme which discreetly identifies and assists People of Determination (POD) guests and grants access to prioritized routes for check-in, passport control, security checkpoints, and boarding, which can be availed when wearing a sunflower lanyard. Trained Guest Experience Ambassadors and employees wearing a sunflower pin are readily available to assist POD travelers throughout their airport journey.  In India, Kempegowda International Airport in Bengaluru was the first airport to roll out the program in December 2022, followed by New Delhi Airport in November 2023.  The current study aims to provide evidence-based recommendations that can inform policy improvements and contribute to the development of more inclusive practices at Zimbabwean Airports. By conducting this research in Zimbabwe, the goal is to generate data-driven insights that can inform stakeholders, including airlines, airports, policymakers, and advocacy groups, to enhance the air travel experiences of parents with children who have hidden disabilities. Ultimately, the study aspires to contribute to the creation of a more inclusive and supportive air travel environment for families within the Zimbabwean context, not only for children with neurodevelopmental delays but also adults with Dementia, Epilepsy, those hard of hearing and many other invisible disabilities.

METHODOLOGY

A phenomenological qualitative approach was used for exploring the lived experiences of parents of children with hidden disabilities during air travel. Phenomenology is defined as the “study of the meaning of phenomena or the study of the particular” (Huston 1998) This design allows for an in-depth exploration of individual perspectives. At its core, phenomenology looks to explaining and describing experiences from the perspective of the individual (Cleland 2017).

Stratified purposive sampling was used because it is rational in terms of being the most informative.  This involves identifying and selecting individuals or groups of individuals that are especially knowledgeable about or experienced with a phenomenon of interest (Cresswell & Plano Clark, 2011). The socioeconomic status of parents was taken into consideration looking at available financial resources.  Parents selected were those who have traveled by air with their children who have invisible disorders within the past 12 months.  Sample size was relatively small, totaling 10 local Zimbabweans and expatriates who travel to Zimbabwe at least twice a year.

Qualitative research involved several techniques including interviews, focus groups, direct observation, and surveys conduction on Microsoft forms. Data obtained on Microsoft forms was organized in Excel and reviewed inductively for themes guided by the research question.  Interviews were semi-structured having a specific number of appropriate open and close-ended questions that every participant was asked. These allowed participants to share their air travel experiences related to check in, processing through security checkpoints, during flight and upon disembarking. 5 virtual focus groups were held monthly, between August and December 2023, with the 10 parents.  These were useful when collective views on a topic were desired. Researcher was a participant-observer in these focus groups, mainly providing Psychoeducation.

Interview transcripts as well as survey forms were analyzed using thematic coding to identify recurring patterns, themes, and variations in participants’ air travel experiences.  Thematic analysis involves the identification of themes through careful reading and re-reading of the transcribed data (King, 2004). A rigorous thematic analysis approach can produce insightful and trustworthy findings (Nowell, Norris, White & Moules, 2017). Both authors EM and LD met to discuss consensus on findings. Member checking helped to verify authenticity and credibility.  Members comprised of professional and caregivers of children with hidden disabilities and other researchers in the field.  Researcher constantly and systematically compared data across participants and hidden disability categories, refining and validating emerging themes.  Preliminary findings were shared with participants to ensure accuracy and validate interpretations. Peer debriefing sessions enhanced the credibility and dependability of the study.

Informed consent is the process in which a researcher educates a participant about the risks, benefits, and alternatives of a given procedure or intervention (Shah, Thornton & Turrin 2023).  Informed consent was obtained from all participants, clearly outlining the purpose of the study, confidentiality measures, and the voluntary nature of participation.  Anonymity of participants was guaranteed, and pseudonyms were used to avoid the disclosure of identifiable information.

Debriefing sessions for participants were held by researcher to address any emotional impact resulting from their involvement in the study.

This research methodology captured the diverse experiences of parents of children with hidden disabilities during air travel, providing valuable insights for improving the inclusivity and support offered by the aviation industry in Zimbabwe.

RESULTS

Overall, there were 3 overarching themes collated from surveys and discussions. Below are narratives of the themes and recommendations given directly by the participants to improve air travel experiences for their children and themselves.

T1

Theme 1Barriers faced by parents of children with invisible disabilities

Air travel with children who have hidden disabilities poses unique challenges, and understanding the experiences of parents in this context is crucial for creating a more inclusive and accommodating air travel environment. This research contributes valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of these challenges and offers implications for improving the overall travel experience. The findings reveal a range of challenges faced by parents, from navigating airport facilities to embarking and disembarking the aircraft.

The study echoes the findings of Johnson (2020), indicating that inadequate pre-boarding preparation exacerbates the stress for parents. The lack of information about available accommodations on the part of the airport staff and the absence of dedicated resources for planning contribute to the overall dissatisfaction with the pre-boarding experience. The findings align with previous research, such as Johnson(2020), highlighting the significant challenges parents face during pre-boarding preparations. Insufficient information and support contribute to heightened stress levels, emphasizing the need for improved resources and assistance.  Another challenge faced by parents is preparing the child psychologically on the process ahead.  Travelling is a change for the child, therefore, taking a child on a trip triggers all sorts of uncertainties and negative reactions.  Pre-boarding check-in involves queuing and waiting is something a child with hidden disabilities finds difficult to do.  Either the child becomes fidgety or wants to sit down and do some worthwhile activity.  Other shorter check-in desks are for business or first-class passengers only.  Several parents said children separating with a comfort blanket or toys for security scanning purposes provoked anxiety.  It is a Civil Aviation rule, and parents find it difficult and almost impossible to negotiate with security personnel.  Parents then must soothe and appease child who usually cries as a result.

Nursing mothers and parents whose children need meals cited the absence of a room for privacy.  Chitsidzo had this to say, ‘My child is reserved and suffers development delays.  He finds it difficult to eat with too many people watching. While focusing on one child, I worry about my other child wandering off to other corners of the airport.’ Participants pointed out how difficult it is to navigate the airport because of the long distance they walk from check in to the departure gates while trying to control their children and carrying bags or pulling trolly bags.  Other parents said they have more than one child under their care, and this is exhausting for them.  The last barrier brought up is having to deal with children who are startled by the  frequent loud audio passenger announcements as well as engines running in the runway.  Children with Autism find it challenging to withstand startling sounds.  They react emotionally and cover their ears.

Theme 2 Comparison of Airport experiences

Participants reiterated the need for identification. Chitsidzo pointed out the need of a Disabilities Desk whereby she can identify her child (6 years) as neurodivergent and in need of support. Unique identifiers that signal need for assistance would make is easier and quicker to avail assistance.  Participants suggested training on the unique, but discreet identifier in the form of the ‘Sunflower lanyard, wristband or badge,’ could alert airport staff to a passengers’ hidden disability. Zororo (parent of a 4-year-old) explained, ‘If my son had a lanyard, they could identify her and offer help since I was also travelling with 2 other children aged 6 and 2.’ ‘At Dubai International Airport, I am offered a double stroller the moment they recognize the lanyard on my son.  After all it is globally recognized as the “Sunflower movement,”’ said Susan (parent of a 9-year-old).  Another participant suggested to put up announcements in the form of written texts on screens around the airport, like they do in most European airports.  This would be a quieter alternative to loud announcements occurring every 5-10 minutes or so.  While flying from a United States Airport with her child, Chengeto said, ‘I started walking towards the information desk but before I could request for special assistance, the Staff member spoke first after glancing at my child’s lanyard, offering to help me.  Though it was the only lanyard in sight at his point, I was grateful for the support.’

The importance of collaboration between airports, advocacy groups, and policymakers is recognized. By working together, stakeholders can develop and implement standardized practices that prioritize the unique needs of this demographic. This aligns with the recommendations of Johnson et al. (2022) for fostering a more inclusive and accessible air travel experience. In accordance with the provisions of Article 37 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation, this study advocates for inclusion (ICAO, 1944 ‘Any person whose mobility is reduced due to a physical incapacity (sensory or locomotor), an intellectual deficiency, age, illness or any other cause of disability when using transport and whose situation needs special attention and the adaptation to the person’s needs of the services made available to all passengers’ (ICAO, 2018 1-2).

Theme 3 Recommendations from participants to alleviate their challenges for a comfortable travel experiences

As highlighted by Smith et al. (2013), parents emphasized the importance of increased awareness and understanding among airport staff about hidden disabilities to facilitate a smoother journey. Consistent with the suggestions by Miller (2020), the study has looked at the importance of implementing inclusive policies and comprehensive training programs for airport staff. These measures can enhance sensitivity and responsiveness, ultimately contributing to a more supportive environment for parents and their children with hidden disabilities. Participants wrote that airport staff who could better recognize and respond to persons with hidden disabilities would be helpful.  This necessitates the introduction of the sunflower lanyard at Zimbabwean Airports. Mason (parent of 4-year-old) explained, ‘Training of airport staff and security on meeting the affected children’s needs sensitize them to be aware that the identified child may have problems processing directions and may be startled when touched.’ Therefore, identification is key.

To help increase predictability for affected children in an otherwise unfamiliar process, telling and showing them visual social stories prepares them psychologically for what is ahead and the process they are engaging in. Sara (parent of a 4-year-old) said if friendly airport staff take time to do this, it will reduce her anxiety especially coming from someone else not her.  Another parent Josiah (parent of a 6-year-old said, ‘My daughter is not flexible when it comes to change. So, preparing her in advance helps her to focus on the schedule ahead and follow the sequence.’  Most participants told of the tedious lining up at the check in counters.  Michael (parent of an 11-year-old) recommended a check in counter designated for those with special conditions because a child who struggles with sensory overload becomes restless and uncomfortable while waiting for too long. Participants were concerned about how their children are not willing to separate with a parent who is required to go through the regular security screening.  Chengeto (parent of 8-year-old) relived her experience, ‘My child cried and screamed as they held her back while I went through screening.’  All this could have been avoided if security agents were trained to accommodate neurodiverse needs. Participants mentioned that when the procedure has been explained in advance to the children, they will know what to expect.  Reassurance from the staff and security agents will keep children calm with reduced anxiety and fear of separation.

Ndodana (parent of 4-year-old) suggested alternative forms of physically checking a child’s bag in her/his arms instead of insisting that she/he lets it go through the security scanner. He went on to say once upset, the rest of the child’s journey may be affected negatively. He added that, ‘the hustle of opening cabin bags, removing shoes and belt is tedious and at the same time watching that my child does not wander off makes it even more frustrating.  A separate counter would be appreciated.’  Female participants recommended setting up a room for nursing mothers. Nursing a child requires privacy, therefore, there is need for a room to accommodate them.  This room is needed as a quiet and private place for changes instead of using the bathrooms or open spaces.  In addition, they suggested that the room be set as a sensory room to accommodate their children post-security as a hideaway from the hustle and bustle of busy areas at the airport.  Sensory overload is common when children are in an unfamiliar place, and this necessitates a quiet room with dimmable lighting to calm them.  Mason said, ‘While waiting to board, it would be ideal for affected children to find activities to distract them and keep them busy.’

The long distance to boarding gates could be made bearable if provided with strollers instead of having to handle bags and children at the same time.  These would be handed over upon embarking the aircraft.  On arrival passengers would best access these up disembarking. Finally, ‘noise cancelling headphones’ would help affected children.  ‘Sometimes I just hide in the bathroom with my child where 3 people will stare rather than have 100 people gazing at my son who has been agitated by stimuli,’ said Susan.

LIMITATIONS AND STRENGTHS

This study faced sampling bias as participants were drawn purposely and some of them were recruited from a support group.  Therefore, they did not represent the broader population of parents of children with hidden disabilities.  Generalizability is limited because this study is specific to Zimbabwe.  Another limiting factor is that air travel experiences can be influenced by external factors such as airline policy changes, economic conditions, or global events. Several strengths are observed from this study, one of which is that this research benefits from the firsthand experiences of parents, providing an authentic understanding of the challenges and successes they face during air travel with their children with hidden disabilities. Utilizing interviews or open-ended surveys, allows for a deep exploration of parents’ narratives, offering rich and detailed insights into their unique experiences and perspectives. This study offers practical recommendations for Airports Companies of Zimbabwe and policymakers to improve their services and accommodations for parents of children with hidden disabilities, contributing to positive changes in the air travel industry. Lastly, this study serves as a foundation for future research, guiding the development of more extensive studies with diverse samples and perspectives to further refine our understanding of air travel experiences for this specific demographic.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this research sheds light on the unique challenges faced by parents of children with hidden disabilities during air travel. The findings emphasize the need for increased awareness, empathy, and targeted support from airport authorities in designing improved experiences for this specific passenger segment. Enhancing training programs for airport staff, implementing inclusive policies, and providing resources such as designated quiet spaces and sensory-friendly amenities can significantly contribute to creating a more accessible and accommodating air travel experience for these families. As air travel continues to be an integral part of modern life, addressing the specific needs of parents and children with hidden disabilities ensures a more inclusive and enjoyable journey for all passengers. Future research and collaborative efforts within the aviation industry are crucial to fostering an environment that prioritizes the diverse needs of every traveler, promoting a more inclusive and compassionate travel experience.

FUNDING

No funding was accessed for the study and was solely at the expense of the researchers.

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