Climate Change and SDG 13 in Mizoram: Integrating Indigenous Knowledge for Sustainable Development

Climate Change and SDG 13 in Mizoram: Integrating Indigenous Knowledge for Sustainable Development

Dr Lalremruata Chhachhuak

Zo Indigenousn Forum (ZIF)

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.90500090

Received: 09 May 2025; Accepted: 17 May 2025; Published: 31 May 2025

ABSTRACT

Mizoram, a biodiversity-rich state in Northeast India, faces significant climate change challenges that threaten its ecosystems and Indigenous Peoples. This paper explores the synergy between Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG 13) – focused on urgent climate action – and the traditional knowledge systems of the Mizo people. By analyzing climate impacts, such as rising temperatures and shifting rainfall patterns, alongside the adaptation and mitigation potential of Indigenous practices like jhum cultivation and forest stewardship, the study highlights their relevance to sustainable development. Case studies from Mizoram illustrate how these practices enhance resilience. Policy recommendations advocate for institutionalizing Indigenous knowledge to bolster climate strategies, offering a model for integrating traditional wisdom with modern science. This approach not only advances SDG 13 but also preserves Mizoram’s cultural heritage amidst global environmental shifts.

Keywords: climate change, SDG 13, Mizoram, Indigenous knowledge, sustainable development, adaptation, mitigation, resilience, traditional practices, policy integration

INTRODUCTION

Mizoram, a hilly state in Northeast India, is renowned for its lush forests, steep terrain, and vibrant Indigenous cultures. However, climate change poses a formidable challenge, with rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and increasing extreme weather events threatening the state’s ecosystems, agricultural systems, and the livelihoods of its predominantly Indigenous Peoples. These challenges are compounded by Mizoram’s limited infrastructure and remote geography, making adaptation and resilience critical priorities.

Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG 13) of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda calls for urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. Achieving this goal in Mizoram requires innovative approaches that blend modern scientific methods with the traditional ecological knowledge of the Mizo people. For centuries, Mizo communities have developed practices such as jhum (shifting cultivation), community-based forest management, and bioindicator-based weather forecasting, enabling them to thrive in a variable environment. However, modernization and policy gaps often marginalize these practices, limiting their integration into formal climate strategies.

Research shows that 95.42% of college students in Mizoram demonstrate high environmental awareness, according to Lalhmangaihzuali and Zohmingliani (2021).[1]. This suggests a strong foundation for engaging the youth in climate action initiatives that incorporate traditional knowledge.

This paper examines the intersection of climate change, SDG 13, and Mizo Indigenous knowledge, with three primary objectives: (1) to assess the specific impacts of climate change in Mizoram, (2) to evaluate the role of Indigenous practices in climate adaptation and mitigation, and (3) to propose policy frameworks for integrating traditional knowledge into sustainable development strategies. By bridging Indigenous wisdom with contemporary approaches, Mizoram can pioneer a model of resilience that contributes to global sustainability goals while preserving its cultural heritage.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Climate Change Trends and Impacts in Mizoram

Mizoram’s humid subtropical climate, characterized by heavy monsoon rains, is undergoing significant changes. Studies indicate a gradual temperature increase of about 0.01°C per year, with high-emission scenarios (RCP 8.5) projecting a rise of 2.0°C to 3.7°C by 2100 (Garg et al., 2015). Rainfall patterns have also shifted, with a documented decline of 5.22 mm/year from 1986 to 2017, leading to more dry days during the monsoon season (Saha et al., 2016). These changes disrupt water availability and agricultural productivity, critical for a state where over 60% of the population depends on farming (Karuppusamy et al., 2020).

Forests, covering 86.27% of Mizoram’s land area, are vital for biodiversity and carbon sequestration but have declined by 531 square kilometers due to land-use changes, population growth, and fires, often linked to intensified jhum practices under modern pressures (Forest Survey of India, 2019). Mizoram’s climate vulnerability index of 0.71 ranks it among India’s most-at-risk regions, second only to Assam (Sharma, 2019). These trends underscore the urgent need for adaptive and mitigative strategies tailored to the state’s unique context.

Indigenous Knowledge and Climate Resilience

Indigenous knowledge systems globally are recognized for their contributions to climate resilience. Practices such as traditional weather forecasting, which rely on bioindicators like animal behavior and plant phenology, provide locally relevant insights for adaptation (Academia.edu, 2011). Mizo communities have historically employed agroecological techniques, including intercropping, rotational farming, and community-managed forests, to maintain ecological balance and support livelihoods (Sahoo et al., 2018).

A study by Chinlampianga (2011)[2] documents 15 bioindicators used by Mizo communities for weather prediction, demonstrating the depth of traditional ecological knowledge. These practices align with SDG 13’s goals of building resilience and adaptive capacity.

Comparative studies highlight similar systems elsewhere. For example, Australian Aboriginal fire management practices prevent large-scale wildfires, offering lessons for Mizoram’s fire-prone forests (Springer, 2024). Similarly, the Inuit’s knowledge of sea ice dynamics informs navigation in changing Arctic conditions, suggesting potential for Mizo weather forecasting to enhance scientific predictions (UNDP, 2024). These examples illustrate the value of integrating Indigenous knowledge with modern science to create robust climate solutions.

Gaps in Research and Policy

Despite its potential, Mizo Indigenous knowledge remains under-documented and poorly integrated into formal climate strategies. The Mizoram State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) acknowledges traditional practices but lacks clear mechanisms for their implementation (Sharma, 2019). This gap highlights the need for research to validate and scale Indigenous systems, as well as policy frameworks to ensure their inclusion in sustainable development efforts.

METHODOLOGY

This study adopts a desk-based research approach, synthesizing data from academic journals, government reports, and other relevant sources. Key sources include climate trend analyses (Garg et al., 2015; Saha et al., 2016), ecological studies (Forest Survey of India, 2019), and global reviews of Indigenous knowledge in climate adaptation (Springer, 2024). The analysis integrates these findings with historical Mizo practices, ensuring a culturally grounded perspective on climate resilience and mitigation. Case studies are constructed to reflect real-world applications, drawing on documented practices in Mizoram.

THEMATIC DISCUSSIONS

Climate Change Impacts in Mizoram

Mizoram’s climate is changing, with significant impacts on its environment and socio-economic systems. Historical data indicate a gradual temperature increase of about 0.01°C per year in the northeastern region, including Mizoram (INCCA, 2010). This translates to about 0.1°C per decade, though some studies suggest higher rates (Garg et al., 2015). Local observations confirm shorter winters and extended dry periods.

Rainfall patterns have also shifted, with a documented decline of 5.22 mm/year from 1986 to 2017 (Saha et al., 2016). This reduction, coupled with more frequent dry days during the monsoon season, strains water resources and agriculture. Extreme weather events, such as flash floods and landslides, have become more frequent, further exacerbating the challenges (Government of Mizoram, 2019).

Agriculture, sustaining over 60% of Mizoram’s population, is particularly vulnerable. Jhum cultivation, a traditional practice, faces challenges from shortened crop cycles, declining soil fertility, and rising pest infestations, leading to lower yields (Tiwari et al., 2018; Karuppusamy et al., 2020). Studies note declines in staple crops like rice and maize, threatening food security (ICAR, 2018).

Forests, covering 86.27% of Mizoram’s land area, are crucial for biodiversity and carbon sequestration but have declined by 531 square kilometers due to land-use changes, population growth, and fires, often linked to intensified jhum practices under modern pressures (Forest Survey of India, 2019). Climate change has contributed to this loss, altering species distributions and endangering biodiversity. Bamboo forests, culturally and economically significant, are increasingly vulnerable to pests and diseases (Lalramnghinglova, 2019).

With a climate vulnerability index of 0.71, Mizoram is among India’s most at-risk regions, second only to Assam (Sharma, 2019). These trends underscore the urgent need for adaptive and mitigative strategies tailored to the state’s unique context.

Mizo Indigenous Knowledge Systems

Mizo Indigenous knowledge systems, deeply embedded in Mizoram’s cultural and ecological fabric, provide sustainable solutions to contemporary climate challenges. These practices, honed over centuries, reflect a sophisticated understanding of the state’s mountainous terrain, subtropical climate, and rich biodiversity. Rooted in principles of ecological harmony, they encompass a diverse array of techniques, including agricultural practices, resource management, predictive systems, and community governance. This section explores key components – jhum cultivation, forest stewardship, traditional weather forecasting, water management, biodiversity conservation, and socio-cultural governance – highlighting their contributions to climate resilience and mitigation. It also examines challenges to their continuity, such as modernization and insufficient institutional support, and underscores their potential for integration into modern climate strategies to advance Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG 13).

Jhum Cultivation

Jhum, or shifting cultivation, is a cornerstone of Mizo agricultural practice, characterized by rotational farming that alternates cultivation with extended fallow periods. This method promotes soil regeneration, maintains fertility, and minimizes environmental degradation when practiced traditionally. Typically, a plot is cleared through controlled burning, cultivated for one to two years with crops like rice, maize, millets, and vegetables, and then left fallow for 5–10 years to restore nutrients and vegetation (Choudhury et al., 2016). The polyculture approach in jhum fields enhances agro-biodiversity, reducing the risk of crop failure under variable climatic conditions. For example, Mizo farmers often interplant nitrogen-fixing legumes, such as beans, alongside staple crops to enrich soil health, a practice that aligns with modern principles of sustainable agriculture (Singh et al., 2020).

Historically, jhum was sustainable due to longer fallow periods and lower population pressures, which allowed ecosystems to recover fully. However, modern challenges, including population growth and land scarcity, have shortened fallow cycles, leading to soil degradation and reduced yields in some areas (Tiwari et al., 2018). Despite these pressures, jhum remains adaptable to climate variability. Traditional Mizo farmers select crop varieties resilient to drought and pests, adjusting planting schedules based on ecological cues, such as rainfall patterns or soil moisture levels (Sahoo et al., 2018). These adaptations demonstrate jhum’s potential to contribute to climate-resilient agriculture, particularly when supported by policies that balance traditional practices with modern innovations, such as agroforestry or soil conservation techniques.

Forest Stewardship

Mizo communities have long practiced community-based forest stewardship, which involves collective management of forest resources to ensure sustainability. This includes enforcing fallow periods, selective harvesting, and protecting sacred groves – designated forest patches preserved for cultural and ecological reasons. These groves, known as ngaw humhalh or Safety Forests in Mizo tradition, serve as biodiversity hotspots and carbon sinks, supporting ecosystem health and mitigating climate change (Lalramnghinglova, 2019). For instance, sacred groves in villages like Lunglei and Aizawl harbor rare plant and animal species, contributing to conservation efforts while maintaining spiritual significance (Chakraborty & Ray, 2021).

Rotational forest use, another key practice, involves designating specific areas for temporary use (e.g., for timber or non-timber forest products) while allowing others to regenerate. This approach minimizes deforestation and maintains forest cover, which is critical in Mizoram, where forests cover over 86% of the land but have lost 531 square kilometers due to land-use changes and fires (Forest Survey of India, 2019). Community-enforced rules, such as prohibiting overharvesting or unauthorized clearing, ensure compliance and foster a collective sense of responsibility. These practices align with global Indigenous Forest management models, such as those of the Karen people in Thailand, who use rotational systems to preserve forest ecosystems (Trakansuphakon, 2020). In Mizoram, forest stewardship not only supports biodiversity and carbon sequestration but also provides resilience against climate-induced threats like landslides and soil erosion.

Traditional Weather Forecasting

Traditional weather forecasting, based on bioindicators, is a hallmark of Mizo ecological knowledge. Mizo farmers and elders observe natural phenomena – such as bird migrations, insect behavior, plant phenology, and celestial patterns – to predict weather changes with remarkable accuracy. For example, the early blooming of the Vaube flower (Bauhinia variegata) signals the onset of the monsoon, while the erratic movement of ants indicates impending heavy rain (Academia.edu, 2011). Similarly, the migratory patterns of birds like the Vahlah (Mizo cuckoo) are used to anticipate seasonal shifts, guiding planting and harvesting schedules (Zote & Lalremsanga, 2022).

These bioindicators, documented across 15 distinct categories in Mizo tradition, reflect centuries of empirical observation and experimentation (Academia.edu, 2011). They offer localized, cost-effective alternatives to modern meteorological tools, particularly in remote areas with limited access to technology. Globally, similar practices – such as the use of animal behavior by Maasai herders in East Africa to predict droughts – demonstrate the reliability of Indigenous forecasting (UNDP, 2024). In Mizoram, integrating traditional forecasting with scientific data could enhance early warning systems, improving preparedness for extreme weather events like flash floods or droughts, which are increasing due to climate change (Guhathakurta et al., 2020).

Water Management

Water management is a critical component of Mizo Indigenous knowledge, particularly in a region prone to erratic rainfall and steep topography. Historically, the communities constructed bamboo-based irrigation channels, known as Tui Zau, to divert water from streams to agricultural fields, ensuring access during dry spells (Sahoo et al., 2018). These channels, made from hollowed bamboo segments, are biodegradable and locally sourced, minimizing environmental impact. In areas like the East Kawlchaw Watershed in Saiha, communities also use bamboo stakes to regulate water flow and prevent soil erosion, complementing terrace cultivation practices (Sahoo et al., 2018).

Additionally, Mizo villages maintain community-managed water sources, such as springs or small reservoirs, protected by customary laws that restrict overuse or contamination. These practices ensure equitable access and sustainability, even under changing climatic conditions. For example, in Lawngtlai District, traditional water harvesting techniques have sustained agriculture despite reduced rainfall, demonstrating resilience in areas lacking modern infrastructure (Sahoo et al., 2018). These methods can mitigate water scarcity exacerbated by climate change, particularly when scaled through community-led initiatives.

Biodiversity Conservation

Mizo Indigenous knowledge extends to biodiversity conservation, with practices that protect both flora and fauna integral to the ecosystem. Traditional seed preservation, for instance, involves storing heirloom crop varieties in bamboo containers or woven baskets, ensuring genetic diversity and resilience to climate variability (Lalramnghinglova, 2019). These varieties, such as drought-tolerant rice strains, are often better suited to local conditions than commercial hybrids, offering a buffer against crop failures (Singh et al., 2020).

Hunting and fishing practices are governed by customary norms that prohibit overexploitation. For example, certain species, like the Saza (Hoolock gibbon), are protected due to cultural taboos, contributing to their conservation (Zote & Lalremsanga, 2022). Seasonal restrictions on harvesting non-timber forest products, such as medicinal plants or wild fruits, further prevent resource depletion. The practice of maintaining Lal Puan? (village reserve forests) ensures that areas remain untouched for ecological and cultural purposes, serving as refuges for biodiversity (Chakraborty & Ray, 2021). These conservation strategies align with global Indigenous approaches, such as the Andean Quechua’s protection of native potato varieties, which bolster food security under climate stress (Springer, 2024).

Socio-Cultural Governance

At the heart of Mizo Indigenous knowledge is a robust system of socio-cultural governance that underpins environmental stewardship. Village councils, led by chiefs or elders, enforce customary laws (Hnatlang) that regulate resource use, resolve disputes, and promote collective action. For instance, the Zawlbuk system, a traditional community institution, historically facilitated collaborative labor for tasks like forest clearing or water channel maintenance, fostering social cohesion and environmental management (Lalthangliana, 2020). While modernization has diminished Zawlbuk’s prominence, its principles of participatory governance persist in village-level decision-making.

Cultural beliefs also reinforce sustainable practices. The Mizo concept of Tlawmngaihna, a code of selflessness and community welfare, encourages individuals to prioritize collective needs, such as preserving forests or sharing water resources (Lalthangliana, 2020). Rituals and festivals, like Kut (harvest festivals), are tied to ecological cycles, reinforcing awareness of seasonal rhythms and resource conservation (Zote & Lalremsanga, 2022). These governance structures ensure that Indigenous knowledge is not only practiced but also transmitted across generations, maintaining its relevance in the face of climate change.

Challenges to Continuity

Despite their efficacy, the Indigenous knowledge systems face significant challenges. Modernization, including the shift to cash-crop monoculture and urban migration, has eroded traditional practices. For example, the adoption of permanent agriculture over jhum, driven by government policies, has reduced fallow periods and strained soil health (Tiwari et al., 2018). The influx of modern technology and education systems that prioritize Western knowledge often sidelines traditional ecological wisdom, leading to a generational knowledge gap (Lalramnghinglova, 2019).

Institutional support for Indigenous practices is limited. The Mizoram State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) acknowledges traditional knowledge but lacks mechanisms to integrate or scale it effectively (Sharma, 2019). Land tenure issues, where community-managed forests are reclassified for commercial use, further threaten practices like forest stewardship (Chakraborty & Ray, 2021). Additionally, climate change itself – through altered rainfall patterns and increased forest fires – challenges the applicability of some traditional methods, necessitating adaptations (Guhathakurta et al., 2020).

Potential for Integration

Mizo Indigenous knowledge systems hold immense potential for addressing climate change and achieving SDG 13. Jhum cultivation, when supported by agroforestry or soil conservation techniques, can enhance food security and carbon sequestration. Forest stewardship practices can inform reforestation and wildfire prevention strategies, drawing on global models like Aboriginal fire management in Australia (Springer, 2024). Traditional weather forecasting can complement meteorological data, improving early warning systems, while water management techniques can address scarcity in rural areas.

To realize this potential, policies must prioritize documentation, validation, and co-production of knowledge with Mizo communities. Establishing platforms for knowledge exchange, such as an Indigenous Practices Research Centre, could bridge traditional and scientific approaches (UNDP, 2024). Educational curricula should incorporate Mizo ecological knowledge to ensure its transmission, while climate financing for Indigenous-led initiatives – like bamboo enterprises or organic farming – can promote sustainable livelihoods (UNESCO, 2025). By integrating these systems into formal climate strategies, Mizoram can pioneer a model of Indigenous-led resilience that resonates globally.

Case Study: Resilience in Lawngtlai District

In Lawngtlai District, the communities have adapted jhum cultivation to erratic rainfall by diversifying crops and using traditional seed varieties resilient to drought. Bamboo water channels, a historical technique, mitigate water scarcity, sustaining yields where modern irrigation systems are absent (Sahoo et al., 2018). Community-managed forests in the region further support resilience by maintaining soil health and water retention. This case demonstrates the practical value of Indigenous knowledge in addressing local climate challenges, offering scalable lessons for broader application.

Case Study: East Kawlchaw Watershed, Saiha

In the East Kawlchaw Watershed, Saiha, local communities employ traditional water conservation techniques, such as bamboo stakes to manage water flow, and practice terrace cultivation to prevent soil erosion. These methods have sustained agricultural productivity despite shifting rainfall patterns (Sahoo et al., 2018). The case highlights the effectiveness of Indigenous technologies in localized climate adaptation, underscoring the need for policy support to amplify their impact.

Integration with SDG 13

Integrating Mizo Indigenous knowledge with SDG 13 targets – strengthening resilience, improving education, and enhancing capacity-building – can enhance climate action. Traditional weather forecasting can improve early warning systems, complementing scientific meteorological data. Agroecological practices, such as intercropping, support sustainable agriculture by improving crop resilience to climate variability. Community involvement in policy design aligns with SDG 13’s emphasis on participatory governance, ensuring solutions are locally relevant (UNDP, 2024). The Mizoram SAPCC could serve as a platform for this integration by prioritizing Indigenous-led initiatives.

CONCLUSION

Climate change poses a significant threat to Mizoram’s ecological stability and socio-economic well-being, but the state’s rich Indigenous knowledge systems offer a pathway to resilience. By integrating traditional practices – such as jhum cultivation, forest stewardship, and weather forecasting – with modern scientific approaches, Mizoram can achieve SDG 13 while preserving its cultural heritage. The proposed policy recommendations address existing gaps by institutionalizing Indigenous knowledge, fostering community participation, and promoting sustainable livelihoods. With its strong Indigenous identity, Mizoram can serve as a global model for Indigenous-led climate action. Future research should explore the scalability of these approaches and their applicability across other Indigenous regions, ensuring their contributions resonate globally.

Policy Recommendations

To harness Mizo Indigenous knowledge for SDG 13, the following policy actions are proposed:

1. Establish an Indigenous Knowledge Research Hub: Create a dedicated institution to document, validate, and promote traditional practices, fostering their integration into climate strategies. This hub would collaborate with researchers and communities to ensure scientific rigor and cultural sensitivity.
2. Form a Community-Led Climate Resilience Task Force: Include Indigenous leaders and community representatives in a task force to guide climate policies, ensuring solutions are grounded in local expertise and needs.
3. Integrate Indigenous Knowledge into Education: Incorporate traditional ecological knowledge into school curricula to preserve cultural heritage and build climate literacy among younger generations.
4. Support Green Livelihoods: Provide climate financing for Indigenous-led initiatives, such as organic farming, bamboo-based enterprises, and eco-tourism, to promote sustainable economic growth and resilience.
5. Promote decentralized climate planning: Empower village councils to develop and implement localized climate action plans, enhancing responsiveness to community-specific challenges.

These recommendations align with global best practices, such as those advocated by UNESCO and UNDP, which emphasize Indigenous participation in climate policy (UNESCO, 2025; UNDP, 2024). The Mizoram SAPCC could facilitate this integration by prioritizing initiatives led by Indigenous communities.

Future Research

Future research should explore the scalability of these approaches and their applicability across other Indigenous regions, ensuring their contributions resonate globally.

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FOOTNOTES

[1] http://mzuhssjournal.in/images/resources/v7n1/lalhmangaihzuali.pdf

[2]https://www.academia.edu/66910714/Traditional_knowledge_weather_prediction_and_bioindicators_A_case_study_in_Mizoram_Northeastern_India