Cultural Festivals in Enhancing Indigenous Knowledge for the Consolidation of National Integration in Cameroon: The Case of the Ngonnso Cultural Festival from its Origin to Present

Cultural Festivals in Enhancing Indigenous Knowledge for the Consolidation of National Integration in Cameroon: The Case of the Ngonnso Cultural Festival from its Origin to Present

Maxcel Lemola Mbanwe¹, René Ngek Monteh^2*, Confidence Ngam Chia³

¹Department of History and Archaeology, University of Bamenda,

²Department of History, University of Yaounde 1

³Department of History and Archaeology, University of Bamenda,

*Corresponding Author

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.90400365

Received: 21 April 2025; Accepted: 02 May 2025; Published: 16 May 2025

ABSTRACT

Cultural festivals are significant events that celebrate the cultural heritage, traditions, and values of a community. They often involve a range of activities, including music, dance, food, art, and religious ceremonies, reflecting the unique identity of the community. This paper employed a qualitative ethnographic approach to investigate the role of cultural festivals in enhancing indigenous knowledge for effective national integration in Cameroon. The main objective of this study is to investigate the extent to which the Ngonnso festivals in Cameroon. Data for the purpose of this study was collected through document analysis, participant observation, and interviews granted to resourceful persons across the Nso land. Results indicate that, the Ngonnso cultural festivals is effective in showcasing indigenous culture, creating awareness, education and lifelong learning, entertainment, heritage promotion, tourism and national integration in Cameroon. They build community resources, their success is judged on profit and loss, and they provide a forum for community cohesion and celebration, as well as enhancing cultural knowledge. Furthermore, by providing empirical evidence on the impacts of the Ngonnso cultural festivals, this study will contribute to a deeper understanding of how cultural events can be leveraged to promote social harmony, cultural diversity and the fabrics of national integration.

Keywords:  Ngonnso, cultural festival, traditional knowledge, national integration.

INTRODUCTION

In an increasingly globalised world characterised by the intermingling of diverse cultures and identities, the quest for national integration has assumed paramount importance. This concept is vital for the stability, prosperity, and functionality of any social system. National integration is often measured through various indicators such as levels of trust, participation in community activities, and the inclusiveness of social networks. National integration, often conceptualised as the glue that binds individuals and communities together, encompasses a sense of belonging, trust, and shared identity[1]. This intricate tapestry of interconnectedness is particularly vital in multicultural societies like Cameroon, where a rich mosaic of cultural groups coexists. Within such a vibrant and diverse landscape, the cultivation of social cohesion becomes indispensable for fostering harmony, stability, and a collective sense of purpose. Cultural festivals, with their vibrant celebrations of traditions, arts, and heritage, have emerged as potent gatherings that transcend mere entertainment; they serve as dynamic platforms for intercultural dialogue, exchange, and understanding. By offering spaces for individuals from diverse backgrounds to converge, interact, and partake in shared experiences, cultural festivals contribute to the dismantling of barriers, the challenging of stereotypes, and the forging of meaningful connections. In essence, these events embody the spirit of unity in diversity, celebrating the richness of cultural pluralism while fostering a sense of collective belonging[2].

Cameroon, renowned for its prismatic cultural jumble and eclectic population, presents a captivating context for exploring the intricate relationship between cultural festivals and national integration. The nation’s historical trajectory, marked by colonisation, immigration, and the enduring presence of indigenous cultures, has culminated in a unique amalgamation of traditions, customs, and beliefs. This intricate interplay of cultural influences has shaped Cameroon’s identity as a microcosm of diversity, where individuals from various ethnic, racial, and religious backgrounds coexist. Within this dynamic sociocultural milieu, cultural festivals serve as vibrant expressions of Cameroon’s multifaceted identity. From the exuberant revelry of national festivals organised by the ministry of culture to the solemn processions of indigenous festivals, these events encapsulate the essence of Cameroonian culture in its myriad manifestations[3]. Beyond their entertainment value, these festivals play a pivotal role in fostering indigenous knowledge for enhancing national integration by providing opportunities for individuals from diverse communities to come together, celebrate their shared humanity, and strengthen the bonds that unite them.

The significance of cultural festivals in consolidating national integration is underscored by a growing body of scholarly research. Studies have consistently demonstrated the positive impact of cultural events on intergroup relations, highlighting their potential to reduce prejudice, enhance trust, and foster a sense of shared identity. The shared experience of participating in cultural celebrations, regardless of individual backgrounds, creates a common ground upon which meaningful connections can be established. By transcending cultural boundaries and fostering a sense of collective belonging, festivals contribute to the creation of a more inclusive and harmonious society.[4] This study seeks to delve deeper into the multifaceted role of cultural festivals in fostering indigenous knowledge for enhancing national integration within the Cameroonian context. The focus on the Ngonnso cultural festival allows for a meticulous exploration of the diverse ways in which this event contributes to a deeper understanding of how cultural events can be leveraged to promote social harmony, cultural diversity and national integration in Cameroon. In this study, we shall first of all examine the advent of cultural festivities in Cameroon in general and the case of the Ngonnso festival in particular. The next section shall be dedicated to the role played by the Ngonnso festival in local and national unity. At the end, the focus shall be on the challenges faced by the Ngonnso festival and the way forward.

Cultural Festivals in Cameroon

Cultural festivals are significant events that celebrate the cultural heritage, traditions, and values of a community. They often involve a range of activities, including music, dance, food, art, and religious ceremonies, reflecting the unique identity of the community. These festivals serve not only as a means of preserving cultural heritage but also as a platform for cultural expression and creativity. According to Quinn 2013, cultural festivals provide opportunities for communities to come together, share their cultural practices, and foster a sense of identity and pride. They also offer a space for individuals to engage in cultural exchange and dialogue, promoting mutual understanding and respect[5].

One of the primary roles of cultural festivals is to promote social cohesion within communities. Social cohesion refers to the strength of relationships and the sense of solidarity among members of a society. Cultural festivals play a crucial role in bringing people together, regardless of their backgrounds, and creating a sense of unity and belonging. These events help bridge social divides and build stronger, more cohesive communities. Cultural festivals also play a vital role in promoting cultural understanding. Cultural understanding involves recognising, respecting, and valuing the diverse cultural backgrounds and practices of individuals within a society. Cultural festivals provide an opportunity for individuals to learn about different cultures, traditions, and practices, fostering a greater appreciation and respect for diversity[6]. For example, the Ngondo cultural festival, as noted by Austen (2018), allows participants to learn about and appreciate Sawa culture, promoting cultural understanding and respect among attendees. This kind of cultural exchange is essential for building inclusive societies that value diversity[7].

Cameroon recognises community cultural festivals as treasures for cultural exchange and promotes local tourism for economic development, peacebuilding, and social cohesion. In the North West region, where conflicts and the formation of new fondoms are rampant, the Cultural Festival (Annual Cultural Festival) was initiated as a cultural event by some fondoms or communities to promote peacebuilding, social cohesion and socioeconomic development. In the past, the communities living within the region faced many insecurity challenges coupled with ethnic conflicts, cattle rustling, banditry and marginalisation. A number of community cultural festivals have been initiated by private individuals, as well as the ministry of culture, in collaboration with local communities to express their cultural values and promote and preserve Cameroon’s cultural heritage. They include the Ngondo festival, Ngonnso cultural festival, Ngam liiwong festival, Nyem-Nyem cultural festival, Leila cultural festival, the Medumba cultural festival, the Ngoun festival, the South west cultural festival, the Mbum cultural festival, the Nyang-Nyang festival, among others. After the dispensation of the 2020 law, it is the role of the country’s government to create awareness of cultural events because they are specific to this area. Culture plays a pivotal role in peacebuilding, eradication of poverty and sustainable development, according to Omare, 2017[8]. This study selected the Ngonnso Cultural Festival to investigate how cultural festivals can be leveraged to promote social harmony, cultural diversity and indigenous knowledge in promoting national integration.

Ngonnso cultural festival: Its Origin and Objective  

Ngonnso, the monarch who gave her life to the Nso dynasty, has long been remembered for her resilience and vision. According to Nkwi, in 1394, she embarked on a journey from Rifem, now known as Bakim in the Adamawa region, alongside her two brothers, Nchare Yen and Mfoombam. While her siblings branched off to establish the Bamoun and the Mbam dynasties, respectively, Ngonnso founded the Nso fondom, which remains one of the most culturally rich and historically significant fondoms in the Bamenda grass field and Cameroon at large. It is in her honour that the Ngonnso cultural festival was named, celebrating not only her legacy but also the enduring spirit of the Nso people. The festival is a source of hope, a call to unity, and an invitation to come together to heal the wounds and celebrate the culture that has sustained the people of Nso for centuries[9]. Plate showing the status of Ngonnso and cultural activities during the launching of the first ever official culture in Nso.

Plate: Statue of Ngonnso and crowd during the 1976 festival.

Source: Ngala N. H, “Cultural tourism and local development in Kumbo sub-division”, p.43.

This is a cultural festival during which the Nso people exhibit their cultural heritage to the world. The Nso people are a people of the Bamenda grassfields in the North West Region of Cameroon. Their traditional language is Lamnso and their capital is Kumbo. Both the people and area are sometimes referred to as Banso (people of Nso), and the addition of the prefix “Ba” is accredited to the Fulani conquerors in the 17^th century; the prefix resonates in the names of towns around the area. In the 1950s the people of Nso started an annual cultural week festival to celebrate the Nso hero, mother, warrior and founder of Nso, Yaya Ngonnso. It was officially recognised in 1976 by the Cameroon government under Fon Ngah Bifon II, through the prefectural order of the senior divisional officer (SDO) of Bui Ngwa. It is also known that Yaya Ngonnso was the first Fon of Nso. A fon is the head of a traditional government in the Bamenda grassfields. The cultural week has since been named the Ngonnso cultural festival and celebrated annually, probably in December of every year but was halted due to the Anglophone conflict. Nso Development Association is the main organiser of the Ngonnso cultural festival[10]. During the Ngonno cultural festival, the display of jujus or masquerades is always a charming moment for most people, especially visitors or tourists, both national and international. This is not just a festival; it’s a homecoming, a cultural revival, an opportunity for reconciliation. The Nso people have always been known for their strong cultural identity, and this festival is a major proof of their resilience and pride[11]. Picture showing the fon of Nso during the launching of the 2011 cultural week.

Picture 1: Fon and Notables dancing during the festival in 2014.

Source: http://kulturcameroun.blogspot.co.uk/2014/nso-history-origin-of-nso-dynasty.html, accessed on 15/04/2025.

The objective of the Ngonnso cultural festival is to revive and maintain the posterity and the rich cultural heritage of the Nso people. This cultural heritage can also be identified in the arts and crafts of the Nso people and their geographical, anthropological, historical and traditional sites, like Kovifem, which constitute part of this heritage. Promote the speaking of Lamnso, create cultural spaces. It also aims to encourage local artists and creators who try to promote songs in the Nso language. Another objective is to bring people together, especially the Nso community, and to ensure that they all continue to work together for the development of Nso. It also strives to help younger generations to know about their culture and tradition and also to enable them to learn their dialect. This is most helpful, especially for the youths who grow up away from their hometown[12]. It is also an appeasement period in Nso land because of the many libations from the fon, Nwerong, and landlords.   

The Role of the Ngonnso Cultural Festival in the Consolidation of National Integration

The Ngonnso festival embraces a lot of the peoples’ worldview so much that its place in understanding the culture and social life of a group cannot be overemphasised. It marks the end of the dry season and the triumphant entry into the rainy season, ushering in the farming period in the community. The festival also perpetuates the yearly appeasement of the gods, and in the face of the present threat to traditional religious beliefs of the people, it is unquestionable. Before the coming of the Europeans, cultural practices accorded the Nso people a nice forum for interaction and peaceful co-existence. In addition, the Ngonnso festival enables the Nso people to maintain a sacred trust, especially those at the helm of ritual affairs worshipping the earth goddess Ngonnso, the ancestral mother of the Nso people[13].

Ngonnso Cultural Festival and Social Life

The festivals occupy a very high place in the social life of both the young and old of the Nso people. It is a period when solemn reflections are made by the people over their past lives and preparations are made for tasks ahead. The Ngonnso festival also manifests the recourse by the people of Nso to supernatural beings for the solution of problems considered superhuman. Besides, the period creates a good opportunity for young men and women who do not want to marry from outside the groups to get to know one another[14].

Drawing upon the above assertions, it could be said that the Ngonnso festival is deeply rooted in Nso soil and has the significance of, among others, fostering communal bonds among the indigenous people (old and young), both those residing at home and those of them in other regions and in the Diaspora. It establishes a cordial relationship between Nso people, their neighbouring communities and even expatriates who come around in modern times to ‘participate’ in the festival. Thereby fostering the acquisition of indigenous knowledge and consolidation of national integration[15].

The maximised level of socialisation is offered during traditional festivals; the Ngonnso festival is not an exception. Festival days are unique occasions for a wide range of cultural and social education for the children. As such, constitute a mandatory period of recreation and relaxation for the adults and children. People assemble and exchange views and ideas on the days of the festivals, thereby learning more about people’s patterns of behaviour socially. Again, the observance of the holy week in the Ngonnso festival has some social functions to play. This is because it is a period when solemn reflections are made by people over their past lives and preparations are made for tasks ahead. Also, in this period of holy week, all corrupt practices are expected to be avoided[16]. This is because it is a period of reconciliation and peace-making. Husbands show their love for their wives by buying them special gifts like wares.

Ngonnso Festival in Trade and Education

The Ngonnso festival has also positive economic importance. It is a period of economic boom for traders. Bar owners, food sellers, transporters, hotel owners and cloth dealers. They make a lot of profits because almost every woman buys a news wrapper and consumes drinks, food and accommodation. Because of this, some women store baskets of beans, Irish potatoes, kola nuts, ground peas, and maize, which they sell during this period, which will help them purchase their needs. Also, well, they do realise reasonable sums of money. Wine dealers of all sorts make enough profits at this time. Gunpowder dealers also used to make a lot of profits during this period before the escalation of the Anglophone conflict. Also, through that, festivals speed up the economic development because people buy more goods and services during festivals because they get discounts on luxury items and various attractive schemes on products and services from sellers. That increases banking and cash transactions. More items sold mean more tax collection for the government. More people get money, and it increases more investment later[17].

The Ngonnso festival also has educative importance. It educates people on the culture of the land. Young ones learn some cultural aspects of our life in the process of the aforementioned festival. This fulfils one of the aims of the community’s festivals, which is to celebrate the culture of the community. Therefore, social and cultural benefits are achieved in the process of staging the event festival[18]. It also creates awareness among youths and makes them feel that they too belong, hence fostering the acquisition of indigenous knowledge and consolidating national integration policies.

The Ngonnso Festival: Social Cohesion and Unity in Diversity

The celebration of this cultural festival offers a sense of belonging for religious, political, social or geographical groups, contributing to group cohesiveness and the nation at large. That notwithstanding, the cultural festival (Ngonnso) establishes itself as an ideal space for the community to discuss issues they could not otherwise discuss elsewhere, which could improve national development. As a matter of fact, Cameroon as a nation should obtain or borrow a leaf from her different cultural festivals to reap the maximal benefit of having cultural diversity. The festival (Ngonnso) accords people of Nso as well as tourists a nice forum for interaction and peaceful co-existence. When a country is at peace, of course development at all levels will flow. The Ngonnso festival, as well as the like cultural festivals of Cameroon, plays an important function in building the country in a developmental sense[19]. However, for the many cultural festivals of Cameroon to play a significant role in national development, promotion of indigenous knowledge and consolidation of national integration, each community should bring to the fore and publicise all its cultural activities that are worthy of emulation by the government and interested groups for the community’s well-being and development.

The shared experience of celebrating this cultural festival plays a pivotal role in fostering connections and building bridges across cultural divides. The festival provides a platform for individuals to express their cultural identities, share their traditions, and connect with their heritage. This celebration of diversity creates a sense of common ground, fostering mutual respect and appreciation for different cultures. Moreover, the festive atmosphere often encourages spontaneous interactions and informal conversations, creating opportunities for individuals to connect on a personal level[20].These informal encounters can lead to the development of friendships and social networks that transcend cultural boundaries. The shared experience of enjoying music, dance, food, and other cultural expressions can create lasting memories and bonds that contribute to a more cohesive and harmonious society. This is supported by the theme of the 2024 Ngonnso cultural festival, which was the culture of peace and reconciliation. The findings of this study, which highlight the positive impact of cultural festivals on intergroup attitudes, prejudice reduction, and social capital development, align seamlessly with a wealth of existing research. The shared experience of celebrating cultural traditions at festivals creates a sense of common ground, fostering connections and building bridges across cultural divides[21]. By providing opportunities for meaningful interactions, challenging stereotypes, and promoting cross-cultural understanding, festivals play a crucial role in promoting social cohesion in multicultural societies. This convergence of findings underscores the transformative potential of cultural events in building a more inclusive, tolerant, and connected world. As societies become increasingly diverse, the role of cultural festivals in fostering social cohesion will only become more vital.

The Ngonnso Festival, with its vibrant celebrations of cultural traditions, provides opportunities for individuals to express their cultural identities while also recognising and appreciating the diversity of others. This dual process contributes to the formation of a shared national identity that transcends individual differences. Qualitative interviews highlighted how festivals evoke a sense of pride and belonging among attendees. Participants described feeling a deep connection to their cultural heritage while also appreciating the richness and diversity of other traditions represented at the festivals. This sense of shared cultural experience fostered a sense of collective identity and national unity. The quantitative data further supported this finding, demonstrating a positive correlation between festival attendance and the strength of shared identity. Survey respondents who participated in festivals reported a stronger sense of belonging to both their local community and other communities. This opines that these festivals play a crucial role in reinforcing social bonds and fostering a sense of collective identity. A shared identity is a powerful force for social cohesion. It creates a sense of belonging, fosters mutual respect, and encourages cooperation among diverse groups. By cultivating a shared identity, festivals contribute to building a more inclusive and united society[22]. This study provides compelling evidence that cultural festivals play a pivotal role in fostering social cohesion in multicultural societies like Cameroon. By facilitating intergroup contact, enhancing trust, and cultivating a shared identity, festivals contribute to breaking down barriers, reducing prejudice, and promoting a sense of community. These findings have significant implications for policymakers, community organisers, and researchers interested in leveraging the transformative power of cultural events to build more inclusive and cohesive societies. Festivals are not merely spectacles of entertainment; they are powerful tools for social change. By creating spaces for intercultural dialogue, fostering understanding, and celebrating shared humanity, festivals contribute to the creation of a more just, equitable, and harmonious world.

The Ngonnso Festival in Cultural Exchange and Positive Values

Moreover, festivals often showcase the richness and diversity of different cultures, providing a platform for cultural exchange and appreciation. This exposure to different cultural traditions can challenge ethnocentric biases and foster a sense of curiosity and openness towards others. Studies have demonstrated that individuals who participate in cultural events that expose them to diverse cultures are more likely to develop positive attitudes towards those cultures and their members, which are facets of national integration and unity[23].

Prejudice, often rooted in ignorance and fear of the unknown, can be significantly diminished through positive intergroup contact. These festivals offer a safe and enjoyable space for individuals to interact with people from different backgrounds, challenging stereotypes and promoting understanding. Research has shown that when people have the opportunity to engage with members of other groups in a positive and cooperative context, they are more likely to see them as individuals rather than representatives of a monolithic group[24]. Hence the promotion of indigenous knowledge and the consolidation of national integration.

Furthermore, this festival often celebrates shared values and common human experiences, transcending cultural differences. This emphasis on shared humanity can help to break down barriers and reduce prejudice by highlighting the fundamental similarities that connect us all. Studies have demonstrated that exposure to cultural events that emphasise commonalities across cultures can lead to a reduction in prejudice and discrimination. Social capital, referring to the networks of relationships and trust that facilitate cooperation and collective action, is a crucial component of national integration[25]. Cultural festivals, by bringing people together and fostering a sense of shared community, can significantly contribute to the development of social capital. During these cultural festivals, other neighbours always attend with their dances and masquerades. The shared experience of participating in a festival, celebrating cultural traditions, and enjoying artistic performances can create a sense of belonging and connection among attendees. Moreover, festivals often involve collaborative efforts from various community groups, organisations, and individuals. This collaborative process can strengthen existing social networks and foster new connections, leading to increased trust and reciprocity. Research has shown that participation in cultural events that involve collaboration and community engagement can lead to an increase in social capital, contributing to a more cohesive and resilient society and consolidating national integration[26].

In spite of the above positive roles of the festivals in fostering the acquisition of indigenous knowledge, promotion of development and consolidation of national integration, the multiplicity of festivals has adverse effects on the economic life of the people. During this period of festival (Ngonnso), the people of Nso have used some of the activities of the festival as an avenue to waste money. Money is lavished on materials, and such economic waste jeopardises the progress of the town. Immorality and other ills accompanied these festivals. As a result, people should be reminded or cautioned that while trying to socialise both vertically and horizontally, they should not spend without reservation. They should always remember that tomorrow is another day. Hence, moderation as a virtue should be applied[27].

The Ngonnso Festival in Peacebuilding and Reconciliation

According to Lederach, peacebuilding refers to a series of interventions that are designed to address the root causes of conflict and to prevent the start or resumption of the conflict. This can only be achieved through sustainable peace. The former United Nations Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros Ghali, is of the view that the concept of peacebuilding is a long-term process which aims to address underlying social, economic and political causes of conflict. Peacebuilding is based on the premise that sustainable peace must be built on strong social, cultural, economic, and political foundations that serve the needs of the populace[28]. Therefore, peacebuilding involves strategic, prioritised interventions whose objective is to deal with the drivers and consequences of conflict. Furthermore, peace building seeks to create incentives for non-violent behaviour, reduce direct violence, transform relationships and ultimately to strengthen the capacity of institutions to support and consolidate the peace.

While reconciliation is a critical aspect of peacebuilding, which addresses cultural contributions can be effective mediums for the empowerment of local people and prevent conflicts from recurring, as happens all too often. While economic development is essential for the alleviation of poverty and to empower local people, the social, psychological and emotional dimensions of peace through confronting the past[29]. The term reconciliation is frequently used by scholars and practitioners to refer to processes and strategies that are used to deal with fractured relationships or to address a society’s violent past. Kreuzberg conceptualises reconciliation as transformative, meaning it involves changing destructive and negative attitudes, beliefs, narratives and behaviours into positive as well as constructive ones, thereby promoting peace. Peacebuilding performances at rituals, music galas or theatre during the festival heal the mind psychologically, emotionally and spiritually. Cultural rituals during the Ngonnso festival can heal victims and promote reconciliation because they create social space for the remembrance and honouring of comrades and loved ones who would have been killed. Paintings and drawings during the festival help in communicating our inner thoughts and feelings, and their therapeutic effect in the rehabilitation process has been recognised[30]. This festival transmits ideas, knowledge, understanding and aspirations as well as the philosophy of the people for meaningful living and serves as a forum for neighbouring communities, families and individuals to mend wounds among its embittered community members and individuals and to cement relationships with one another.[31]

Challenges faced by the Ngonnso Festivals and Perspectives

The advent of Western values such as education and Christianity changed the cultural lives of Nso people and distorted the neat pattern from the 1880s onwards. This disturbance changed the traditional worldview from a codical to a lineal pattern. The adherents of the missionaries and Islam boycotted their traditional worship and festivals and accepted names like Paul, Comfort, Godlove, Peter, Paul, Boniface, and so on, which replaced traditional names like Chin, Lukong, Wirngo, Takong, and Wirdin, among others. This re-orientation constitutes a serious threat to the existence of traditional festivals, which the Ngonnso festival is one[32].

The Decline of Interest of Participants

Those who were formerly active participants were no more interested in the celebration. As such, it is no longer a general affair because there exist some misconceptions about the Ngonnso festival. As a result, the ceremony began to die gradually, and the sacredness of the festival began to be exposed to the believers and non-believers of the religion. Also, the attractions and joy which the religion brought along with it began to fade away. The celebration of these festivals is no longer what it used to be in the past, like in the 70s, 80s and early 2000s[33]. This is because the youths concern themselves with the festival only on the sociological aspect. In so doing, they neglect the spiritual importance, which is the core of the festival that necessitates the festivals.

The Doctrinal Conflict and Time

Traditional festivals embrace a lot of conflicts, so much so that they have undergone many changes. With the arrival of the European missionaries and their preaching of good news in Nso land, our traditional festivals and religion came into a very strong conflict with Christianity. This conflict started to affect all aspects of our cultural behaviour. The youths began to give deaf ear to the belief and practices of our traditional religion. The Ngonnso festival is not exceptional in this cultural conflict with the foreign religion (Christianity)[34]. The mode and method of celebrating the Ngonnso festival began to change with the advent of Christianity, especially from the 2000s with the proliferation of Pentecostal doctrine in Nso land.

Most cultural festivals, including the Ngonnso Cultural Festival, are held in December. As the celebrations are close to Christmas, many people feel that it is an inconvenience. Furthermore, many cultural festivals are now organised in many fondoms in Nso land, like Ngam liiwong in Mbiame and others in Mbokam. The proliferation of these festivals keeps reducing the grandeur the Ngonnso festival used to have. Cultural festival calendars should be clear and spread out throughout the year[35].

Limited Financial Support and the Anglophone Crisis

While the festival largely depends on partnerships for their support, which is inadequate due to stiff competition for scarce resources, many people who would love to attend the cultural festival lack the means to do so. One of the organisers of the festival lamented that:

“Our greatest challenge is finances. The first editions of the festival were organised from our own savings, while for the later ones we would get funding from different organisations and my family would top up the rest, making us not achieve all the goals we had set out.”[36] Also, the crisis rocking North West and South West since 2017 hindered the smooth functioning of festivals in the regions, with the Ngonnso festival being the major victim. This was visible as the non-State militia banned the Fon of Nso and NSOODA from organising the 2024 cultural festival in the town of kumbo.[37]

RECOMMENDATIONS

Cultural festivals serve as vital platforms for celebrating diversity and promoting national integration both locally and nationally in a multicultural society. By creating space for dialogue, fostering understanding, and building bridges across cultural divides, festivals contribute to the development of more inclusive and cohesive communities. It is in this light that this study elucidates the following recommendations as a way forward for festivals in Cameroon.

The Cameroon government, in collaboration with local authorities, should actively promote cultural awareness and education about festivals, as this can be achieved through school curriculum integration, workshops, and public campaigns, fostering a sense of pride and appreciation for indigenous cultural heritage.

Digital platforms should be utilised to promote festivals and other cultural events in Cameroon. This will not only broaden the rich, attract a wider audience, and create global interest, but will also promote economic development, foster indigenous knowledge, and hence facilitate the inculcation of national integration and national building policies in Cameroon.

The traditional and religious leaders should educate their followers concerning national integration in the course of preparing for cultural festivals, telling them that people segregating against those who are not from their ethnic group, tribe or religion may lead to division among the people of Cameroon, and they will be cursed by the gods of the land.

This is because, culture directs our pattern and standard of living, learning and distinguishing between habits. Cultural festivals like the Ngonnso festival serve as a glue in our lives that keeps us attached to relationships in society. When we are together as a family, friends and society, it creates a sense of unity. And unity, they say, is strength, for united we will stand while divided we will fall. Besides, unity is the most powerful weapon to fight with any obstacle in life. Hence, unity is what Cameroon as a nation needs most now to meet her national integration challenges.

Practically, the study underscores the importance of cultural festivals as powerful tools for community engagement and social integration. It recommends that festival organisers should deliberately design events to maximise social interactions and cultural exchanges among diverse groups. This could involve incorporating inclusive programming that reflects the cultural diversity of the community, creating spaces for dialogue and interaction, and ensuring accessibility for all community members. The study also suggests that organisers should conduct regular evaluations to assess the social impacts of festivals, using these insights to continuously improve their design and implementation. By focusing on inclusivity and engagement, cultural festivals can more effectively promote indigenous knowledge and consolidate national integration.

Policy-wise, the study advocates for increased governmental and institutional support for cultural festivals as part of broader national integration and cultural policy frameworks. It recommends that policymakers recognise cultural festivals as critical components of social infrastructure that contribute to community well-being and social harmony. This recognition should be reflected in policies that provide funding, logistical support, and regulatory frameworks that facilitate the organisation and sustainability of cultural festivals. The study also suggests integrating cultural festivals into urban planning and community development strategies, ensuring that they are supported as regular and significant events within the community calendar.

The study contributes to theory by proposing a more integrative approach to understanding the role of cultural festivals in society. It highlights the need for interdisciplinary research that combines insights from sociology, anthropology, cultural studies, and urban planning to fully grasp the multifaceted impacts of cultural festivals. This integrative approach can lead to the development of more comprehensive theoretical models that account for the various ways in which cultural festivals influence national integration and understanding of indigenous knowledge. By doing so, the study paves the way for future research that can explore these phenomena in greater depth and from multiple perspectives.

CONCLUSION

Festivals are currently among the fastest-developing cultural events in the world and Cameroon in particular. This phenomenon is accompanied by a plethora of scientific publications regarding festivals that appeared in recent decades. This article discusses the idea of festivals, their origin, history and role in national integration, taking the Ngonnso festival as a case study. The study reveals that these events are pivotal in fostering a sense of community and mutual respect among diverse populations. Cultural festivals serve as a platform for the expression and celebration of cultural heritage, which helps to preserve traditions and promote a shared sense of identity. By bringing people together from different backgrounds, these festivals create opportunities for intercultural dialogue and interaction, thereby enhancing social bonds and reducing social tensions. The communal activities and shared experiences during these festivals foster a sense of belonging and unity, which are essential components of social cohesion. Moreover, cultural festivals contribute significantly to cultural understanding by providing a space where individuals can learn about and appreciate the cultural practices and values of others. This exposure to different cultures helps to break down stereotypes and prejudices, promoting a more inclusive and accepting society. The educational aspect of cultural festivals, often through performances, exhibitions, and storytelling, enables participants to gain insights into the histories and traditions of various cultural groups. This learning experience fosters empathy and respect for cultural diversity, which are critical for national integration. The inclusive nature of cultural festivals also plays a crucial role in bridging social divides and fostering a sense of collective identity.

These festivals often involve a wide range of community members, including different age groups, ethnicities, and social classes, thereby promoting inclusivity and equality. The participation of diverse groups in festival activities helps to create a sense of shared purpose and collective identity, which strengthens the social fabric of the community. This inclusivity is particularly important in multicultural societies, where cultural festivals can serve as a unifying force that brings together people from various backgrounds in a celebration of diversity. The study underscores the importance of cultural festivals as powerful tools for promoting national integration and cultural understanding. These events not only preserve and celebrate cultural heritage but also foster a sense of community and mutual respect among participants. By providing opportunities for intercultural dialogue and interaction, cultural festivals help to build bridges between diverse groups, promote empathy and respect for cultural diversity, and strengthen the social fabric of communities. The findings highlight the need for continued support and promotion of cultural festivals as a means of enhancing social cohesion and cultural understanding in increasingly diverse and multicultural societies.

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6. Nformi Wahbin, 40 years, cultural promoter, online,08-04-2025.
7. Navti Divine,40 years, cultural promoter, Yaounde, 10-04-2025.
8. Njodzeka Elvis, 36 years, Researcher, Buea, 10-04-2025.

Secondary sources

Books

1. Chilver, E.M., and Kaberry, P.M., (1976), Traditional Bamenda: The pre-colonial History and Ethnography of the Bamenda Grassfields, Buea, Ministry of Primary Education and Social Welfair and West Cameroon Antiquities Commission.
2. Nkwi, P.N., (1976). Traditional Government and Social Change, University press Fribourg, Switzerland.
3. Nkwi, P.N., and Warnier, J.P, (1982)., Elements for History of the Western Grassfield, Yaounde.

Articles in Journals

1. Auster A., “Tradition, invention and History: The Case of the Ngondo Cameroon.” Cashier detrudes africaines, Vol.32. No.126, May 2018.https://www.persee fr/doc/cea. Accessed 26-03-2025.
2. Chidozie C.F., (2014)., “The Role of Cultural Heritage and Tourism in Nation-Building: A case study of Lagos Eyo Festival.’’ Global Journal of Human-Social Science. Vol.14. issue 2014, httc://creative commons .org. Accessed 25-03-25.
3. Delanty, G. (2012). “The transformative power of cultural festivals.” Cultural Sociology, 6(3), 321-340. https://doi.org/10.1177/1749975512442535.
4. Ezebuilo C.N., (2023), “The place of cultural festivals in meeting the challenges of national development in 21^st century Nigeria: Onunu festival in Nsukka-Ideke Igbo as a focus.” International Journal of current innovations in education. vol.6.No 1. July 2023.
5. Foncham N. I., (2023), “Investigating the role of cultural Festivals in promoting Tourism in Developing countries: The case of Ngondo Traditional festival of Cameroon.” International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology, Vol.10, No.4. Accessed 28-03-2025.
6. Kimani J., (2017), “The impact of Harambee on social cohesion in Kenyan communities.” Journal of African Cultural Studies, 29(2), 245-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2017.1288832.
7. G.K., (2021), “The Nekai Festival and traditional Governance in Babungo, North west Cameroons.” Journal of humanities and cultural studies. Vol.3. issue-2. April 2021. https://www.easpublishers.com. Accessed 24-03-2025.
8. H.T.et al. “Culture and National integration in Nigeria.” Multidisplinary Journal of Research Development.Vol.28. No1. December, 2008. Accessed 27-03-25.
9. Oliveirra S. L., (2024), “The Role of cultural festivals in fostering social cohesion in multicultural societies in Brasil.” Enigma in Cultural.
10. Owano A., “The Role of Cultural Festivals in enhancing indigenous Knowledge for Sustainable Development in Kenya.” accessed through https://www.research net. Accessed 28-03-2025.
11. Rutagand E.P., (2024), “The role of cultural festivals in promoting social cohesion and cultural understanding.” International journal of Humanity and social sciences. Vol.3. issue No.2., accessed through ww.carijournals.org. Accessed on the 27-03-2025.
12. Vallbona M.C., “The meaning of cultural festivals.” International Journal of cultural policy.

Dissertations

1. Mbang G.F, (2016), “Cultural tourism and local Development in Kumbo Sub-division”, Post graduate diploma in Geography Education, University of Yaounde 1.
2. Tonewa K.A., (2022), “The doctrinal conflict between Christianity and Islam.” Master dissertation, Sofia University.

FOOTNOTES

[1] Kungso G.K, “The Nekai Festival and traditional Governance in Babungo, North west Cameroon,’’ EAS Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Vol.3, issue-2, April 2021. p5, https://www.easpublishers.com, accessed 24-03-2025

[2] Rutagand E.P, “The role of cultural festivals in promoting social cohesion and cultural understanding,” International Journal of Humanity and Social Sciences, Vol.3, issue No.2,2024, pp.21-25, accessed through ww.carijournals.org, accessed on the 27-03-2025.

[3] Rutagand, “The role of cultural festivals in promoting social cohesion and cultural understanding,” pp. 21-23

[4] Ibid.

[5] N. I. Foncham, “Investigating the role of cultural Festivals in promoting Tourism in Developing countries,” pp. 2203-2204.

[6] Foncham N. I, “Investigating the role of cultural Festivals in promoting Tourism in Developing countries,” pp.2203-2204.

[7]Austen R. A., “Tradition, Invention and History: The Case of the Ngondo Cameroon,” Cashier d’Études africaines, Vol.32, No.126, May 2018. pp.287-305, https://www.persee fr/doc/cea, accessed 26-03-20245.

[8] Austen R. A., “Tradition, invention and History: The Case of the Ngondo Cameroon,’’ pp. 209.

[9] Mbang G. F, (2016), “Cultural Tourism and local Development in Kumbo Sub-division,” Masters dissertation, University of Yaounde 1, pp.42-43

[10] Mbang, 2016. pp.43-45

[11] Hilltop voices Team Member, Published by Bakah Derick, 05-10-2025.

[12] Interview with Dule Christian, 46years, Nso cultural promoter, online discussion 22-03-2025.

[13] Mbang G.F, “Cultural Tourism and local Development in Kumbo Sub-division,” pp. 42-43.

[14] Interview with Shufaay Kijem-Kiyan, 60 years, Traditional ruler, kiyan, 08-02-2025.

[15] Mbang, 2016. pp. 43-44

[16] Interview with Dule Christian.

[17] Idem, pp. 45.

[18] Rutagand E.P., (2024), “The role of cultural festivals in promoting social cohesion and cultural understanding,’’ International Journal of Humanity and Social Sciences, Vol.3, issue No.2, pp.27-28, accessed through ww.carijournals.org, accessed on the 27-03-2025

[19] Rutagand E.P., “The role of cultural festivals in promoting social cohesion and cultural understanding,’’. pp. 28-29.

[20] Interview with Emmanuel Ndzelafen,42 years, Nso cultural promoter, Douala, 28-03-2025.

[21] Mbang G.F, “Cultural Tourism and local Development in Kumbo Sub-division,” pp. 42-43.

[22] Mbang, p. 45.

[23] Rutagand E.P., “The role of cultural festivals in promoting social cohesion and cultural understanding,’’. pp.28-29

[24] Austen R.A., (2018), “Tradition, invention and History: The Case of the Ngondo Cameroon,” Cashier d’Études africaines, Vol. 32, No.126, May 2018. pp.287-305, https://www.persee fr/doc/cea, accessed 26-03-2025.

[25] Owano A., “The Role of Cultural Festivals in enhancing indigenous Knowledge for Sustainable Development in Kenya,” pp. 614-617, accessed through https://www.research gate.net, 28-03-2025.

[26]Owano A., “The Role of Cultural Festivals in enhancing indigenous Knowledge for Sustainable Development in Kenya.”

[27]Owana, 2024, p. 614.

[28] Lederach J. P., Preparing for peace: conflict transformation across cultures. New York: Syracuse University Press.

[29] Goredema, “The Role of Culture and Arts in Peace Building and Reconciliation”, pp. 10-15.

[30] Ibid., pp. 15-16.

[31] Interview with Nformi Wahbin, 40 years, cultural promoter, online, 08-04-2025.

[32] Interview with Tata Rumanus, 50 years, historian, Yaounde, 10-03-2025.

[33] Interview with Mbidzela Urmaru, 51 years, driver, Kumbo, 08-02-2024.

[34] Tonewa K.A., (2022), “The doctrinal conflict between Christianity and Islam,” Master dissertation, Sofia University, pp. 17-18.

[35] Mbang G.F., “Cultural Tourism and local Development in Kumbo Sub-division”, p. 50.

[36] Interview with Navti Divine, 40 years, cultural promoter, Yaounde, 10-04-2025.

[37] Interview with Njodzeka Elvis, 36 years, Researcher, Buea, 10-04-2025.