Effectiveness of Community Involvement in Conflict Resolution: A Case of Communities in Baringo South Constituency, Baringo County-Kenya.

Effectiveness of Community Involvement in Conflict Resolution: A Case of Communities in Baringo South Constituency, Baringo County-Kenya.

Fanuel Ntoika Lolopich, Rev. Dr. Peter Mbaro, Sr. Dr. Veronica Rop

The Catholic University of Eastern Africa

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.909000709

Received: 19 September 2025; Accepted: 24 September 2025; Published: 27 October 2025

ABSTRACT

Conflicts within communities often arise from various sources, including misunderstandings, differing beliefs, and competition for resources such as land, pasture, and water. However, a core underlying issue is the limited participation of community members in conflict resolution processes. This study investigated effectiveness of community involvement in conflict resolution among communities in Baringo, South Constituency. The main objective was to examine factors influencing effective community involvement in conflict resolution among communities in Baringo south constituency, Baringo County-Kenya. The study was grounded in the Conflict Theory of John Burton and Morton Deutsch, as well as Negotiation Theory by Fisher and Ury. A mixed-methods approach and descriptive research design were utilized. The target population was 97,916 residents of Baringo South Constituency, with a sample size of 414, including key informants. Findings showed a significant, moderate positive correlation between community involvement and conflict resolution, indicating that higher levels of community participation contribute to improved conflict resolution outcomes. The results underscored the importance of inclusive, culturally sensitive approaches to community-based conflict resolution for fostering peaceful coexistence in Baringo South Constituency.

Keywords: Community involvement, conflict resolution, peaceful coexistence

INTRODUCTION

In Africa, community involvement has been central to peacebuilding efforts. South Sudan’s local peace committees, which employ traditional conflict resolution practices, have been effective in addressing inter-communal conflicts, often succeeding where national interventions have struggled (ACCORD, 2018). These committees leverage the cultural and social norms of the communities, ensuring that conflict resolution processes are locally accepted and sustainable.

Community involvement in conflict resolution is recognized globally as a critical component for achieving sustainable conflict management. Community involvement in conflict resolution often begins with a thorough analysis of the conflict situation, encompassing various perspectives and root causes. This engagement allows members of the community to participate actively in addressing and managing conflicts. James (2023) indicates that community participation plays a significant role in effective conflict management, particularly in resource-related disputes such as those in Baringo contexts. Overall, the extent of community involvement can profoundly impact the sustainability and effectiveness of conflict resolution efforts.

This research thesis is focused on Baringo South constituency where conflict resolutions is predominantly managed by the elders of the three communities who are inhabitants, these are Kalenjin’s, Pokot’s and Ilchamus communities. Male elders are always the one participating in activities of conflict resolution either in peace caravans, Mediations and participating in government forums organized by either, National government through provincial administrators like chiefs, assistant chiefs, Deputy County commissioners or County commissioners as well as Ward administrators, county executive members who are representative of county governments. Male elders of each community represent 30% of their populations. The concept of inclusion remains a nightmare where youths, women are left behind in all activities geared towards conflict resolution despite being the majority forming 60% of the entire population from each community. Due this fact, conflict resolution has never been successful in Baringo south constituency, because the majority of the community members that is Youths and Women’s who are 60% of the populations are not involved (Hilary,2023).

Research Objective

The general objective of this study was to explore the community involvement in conflict resolution in communities in Baringo south constituency, Baringo County-Kenya.

Research Questions

What are the factors influencing effective community involvement in conflict resolution among communities in Baringo south constituency, Baringo County-Kenya?

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This study is anchored on two theories: Conflict Resolution Theory and Negotiation Theory

Conflict Resolution Theory

Conflict Resolution Theory encompasses a wide range of approaches and methodologies for addressing and resolving conflicts. Key proponents of this theory include John Burton and Morton Deutsch, who have significantly contributed to the understanding of conflict dynamics and resolution strategies.

Burton and Sandole (1986) highlighted the importance of addressing underlying needs and interests in conflict resolution rather than focusing solely on superficial issues. This approach, often called problem-solving conflict resolution, emphasizes the need for comprehensive and inclusive processes that address the root causes of conflicts.

In the African context, de Coning et al. (2018) discussed adaptive mediation strategies that combine traditional and modern conflict resolution methods. Their work illustrates how integrating various approaches can enhance the effectiveness of peacemaking processes in diverse settings.

Elfversson (2019) provided a comparative analysis of communal conflict resolution efforts in Kenya, demonstrating the importance of political conditions and local governance structures in enabling successful conflict resolution. Her research underscores the need for adaptive and context-specific strategies that consider the unique dynamics of each conflict.

Traditional conflict resolution methods, emphasizing restorative justice and reconciliation, are crucial components of conflict resolution theory. Akinola and Uzodike (2018) explored the role of indigenous practices in fostering reconciliation and communal harmony. Their research shows how integrating traditional methods with formal mechanisms can enhance the legitimacy and acceptance of conflict resolution processes within communities.

Furthermore, the work of Iloh, Okafor, and Oghomitse (2018) on the role of women in conflict resolution in Rwanda provides valuable insights into the importance of inclusive peace-building efforts. Their study highlights how involving women and other marginalized groups in conflict resolution processes can lead to more sustainable and equitable outcomes.

Conflict Resolution Theoryrovides a comprehensive framework for understanding and addressing conflicts. By incorporating various approaches and methodologies, communities can develop more effective and sustainable strategies for managing and resolving conflicts, fostering long-term peace and social cohesion.

Negotiation Theory

Negotiation Theory, rooted in the seminal work of Fisher and Ury (1981), provides a foundational framework for understanding and managing conflicts. This theory emphasizes the importance of interest-based negotiation, where parties focus on underlying interests rather than positions. The central tenet is that effective negotiation leads to mutually beneficial outcomes, fostering sustainable peace.

Proponents of conflict resolution have highlighted its applicability in diverse contexts. For instance, Burton and Sandole (1986) explored how negotiation skills training can enhance local leaders’ ability to manage community conflicts. Their work underscores the importance of building capacity among community members to engage in effective negotiation processes.

In the context of African conflict resolution, adaptive mediation strategies discussed by de Coning, Muto, and Saraiva (2018) demonstrate how negotiation theory can be integrated with local practices to enhance peacemaking efforts. By combining negotiation techniques with traditional conflict resolution mechanisms, communities can address disputes more holistically.

Moreover, the work of Kelman and Fisher (2003) on inclusive and participatory frameworks in conflict resolution aligns with negotiation theory’s emphasis on addressing underlying interests. Their research shows that when communities are empowered to negotiate, the outcomes are more sustainable and acceptable to all parties involved.

Negotiation Theory has also been instrumental in understanding the dynamics of resource-based conflicts. Kabelo and Gakuu (2019) applied negotiation principles in their study on collaborative resource management in Isiolo County, Kenya. They found that training local leaders in negotiation skills significantly improved the management of resource-based conflicts, reducing tensions and fostering cooperation among community members.

Negotiation Theoryrovides a robust framework for enhancing community involvement in conflict resolution. By focusing on interest-based negotiation, communities can achieve more sustainable and equitable outcomes, fostering long-term peace and social cohesion.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework links independent variables to dependent variables. The study aims to examine the independent variables Factors influencing community involvement including Cultural practices, support from the local Gov’t, access to resources and the dependent variable of peaceful coexistence among families.

The conceptual framework postulates that community involvement and conflict resolution are two interrelated concepts which when mediated has the power to enhance peaceful coexistence among communities.

Empirical Review

Klimecki (2019) suggests that socioeconomic disparities such as poverty and unemployment can exacerbate tensions and hinder community participation in conflict resolution. This lack of involvement can breed mistrust and resentment, ultimately undermining peacebuilding efforts. Kabelo and Gakuu (2019) further illustrate this point in their study on resource-based conflicts in Isiolo County, Kenya, highlighting the necessity for collaborative approaches to managing these challenges.

Government support is crucial for sustaining community-based conflict resolution mechanisms. Smidt (2020) argues that these mechanisms are difficult to maintain without governmental backing through policies and resource allocation. Elfversson (2019) reinforces this idea, emphasizing the role of political conditions in enabling or obstructing effective local peacemaking efforts in Kenya.

Cultural sensitivity plays a vital role in community involvement in conflict resolution. Each person is shaped by their unique cultural and traditional background. While we recognize this diversity, we often act as if everyone shares our values. A significant challenge arises when individuals display strong biases against those outside their group, leading to prejudices, discrimination, and fear of differences. Demonstrating sensitivity to a client’s culture is essential for expressing empathy. This involves respecting their privacy, maintaining confidentiality, understanding their family obligations, and acknowledging their fears and spiritual needs. Many prejudices stem from fear and ignorance. By fostering cultural sensitivity through education, we can enhance our understanding of others and improve our judgment and decision-making. This approach can reduce conflicts between different groups and promote peaceful coexistence (Suzie, 2019).

Effective communication and trust among community members are essential for successful conflict resolution. Kohlhoffer-Miszer (2019) emphasizes the role of trust-building measures and transparent communication in facilitating effective conflict-resolution processes. Similarly, the study by Gomez and Taylor (2018) on cultural differences in conflict resolution strategies underscores the importance of understanding and integrating diverse communication styles to build trust and cooperation in conflict-affected communities. By addressing these factors, communities can strengthen their role in fostering peace and development within the Baringo South constituency.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This study was guided by Conflict Resolution Theory which encompasses a wide range of approaches and methodologies for addressing and resolving conflicts. Key proponents of this theory include John Burton and Morton Deutsch, who have significantly contributed to the understanding of conflict dynamics and resolution strategies.

Burton and Sandole (1986) highlighted the importance of addressing underlying needs and interests in conflict resolution rather than focusing solely on superficial issues. This approach emphasizes the need for comprehensive and inclusive processes that address the root causes of conflicts.

On the other hand, Negotiation theory rooted in the seminal work of Fisher and Ury (1981), provided a foundational framework for understanding and managing conflicts. This theory emphasizes the importance of interest-based negotiation, where parties focus on underlying interests rather than positions. The central tenet is that effective negotiation leads to mutually beneficial outcomes, fostering sustainable peace.

These theories, when combined, create a synergy that strengthens and enhances the theoretical framework. Conflict Resolution Theory provides a broad range of approaches for addressing and resolving conflicts by integrating traditional and modern methods while Negotiation Theory focuses on interest-based negotiation, which fosters mutually beneficial outcomes and sustainable conflicts resolution. These theories offer a comprehensive framework for analyzing and enhancing community involvement in conflict resolution, addressing the unique dynamics of conflicts, and fostering long-term relationships which led to social cohesion.

METHODOLOGY

The study employed a mixed method approach, in which community involvement in conflict resolution was examined. Creswell (2022) claims that the mixed method is a research strategy that involves research gathering, analyzing, and integrating both qualitative and quantitative data in a single study to address the research concerns. The choice of mixed method approach was to ensure a comprehensive and detailed observation and analyses how community involvement led to conflict resolution. The quantitative method was used to provide statistical rigor and generalizability.

The qualitative method offers depth, richness, and contextual understanding by combining these two research methods, a researcher can address research questions from multiple angles, resulting in a more robust (Creswell, 2014).

Participants

The target population for this study was 97916 (CSO 2022), comprised of various stakeholders involved in community conflict resolution in the Baringo South constituency within Baringo County, Kenya. These stakeholders include police officers, local chiefs, assistant chiefs, village elders, and ward administrators with a history of conflict involvement.

Sample size of 414 was selected using The 1967 Yamane formula. Stratified random sampling was used to select participants for quantitative staudy while purposive sampling was used to select key informants.

Apparatus

The study adopted a questionnaire and key informant interview guide as data collection methods. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Quantitative data was collected through structured questionnaires administered to participants in Baringo South Constituency. Qualitative data was collected through key informant interviews, which allowed respondents to share their experiences and perspectives on community involvement in conflict resolution for peaceful coexistence. The data was then analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Descriptive analysis was done using frequencies tables and percentages to describe the basic characteristics of the population. Qualitative data from key informant interviews were thematically analysed as per the study objectives and presented in narrations.

Table 1: Factors influencing effective community involvement in conflict resolution

Source: Researcher, 2025

Table 1 indicated that 314(100%) of the respondents ‘strongly agreed’ and ‘agreed’ that cultural practices and traditions highly influences effective community involvement in conflict resolution This was affirmed by KI 3 (Interview 10/02/2025) who said that Elders hold considerable influence and are central to conflict resolution processes. Their authority is derived from age, wisdom, and cultural legitimacy. They mediate disputes because of their deep knowledge of customs and their neutrality. They often facilitate reconciliation through dialogue and consensus-building.

RESULTS

Response rate

The researcher issued all 399 questionnaires to the field out of which 324 were successfully filled and returned for analyses giving a response rate of 78%.

Access to resources                                 

Item 2 above, illustrated that 306 (97.4%) of the participants strongly agreed’ and ‘agreed ‘with the statement, and 8(2.5%) were neutral. The majority of the participants agreed that accessibility to resources has a great influence on community involvement in conflict resolution.

One participant stressed that effective conflict resolution often requires funding for meetings, transport, food, and facilitation. Without financial support, communities especially in remote areas may lack the capacity to convene peace dialogues. In Baringo South, pastoralist communities rely on access to grazing land and water sources. Competition over these resources often fuels conflict, especially during droughts or periods of resource scarcity.

Support from local Government and conflict resolution

From the findings in table 1 above, participants ‘strongly agreed’ and ‘agreed’ support from local government is essential for effective community involvement in conflict resolution in Baringo South constituency. This was also aligned by all the respondents in the interview of the qualitative study who agreed that when this support is transparent, inclusive, and sustained, it enhances community ownership, trust, and the long-term success of peace initiatives. However, where such support is absent or compromised, conflict resolution efforts risk becoming fragmented or superficial.

The findings are consistent with the work of Kohlhoffer-Miszer (2019) as well as Gomez and Taylor (2018), who argue that communication and trust are essential for effective community involvement in conflict resolution. The data from Baringo South indicates that a significant barrier to peacebuilding is the community’s limited access to reliable information. This lack of information has resulted in mistrust, especially among youth and women, who feel excluded from peace dialogues and decision-making processes. This underscores the idea that communication is not only a facilitator but also a necessary condition for inclusive and effective conflict resolution.

The findings were further confirmed by KIs who narrated that;

Conflict resolution is traditionally male-dominated, especially among elders. However, women often play behind-the-scenes roles, using informal channels such as storytelling, singing, or spiritual mediation. Younger generations may be excluded from traditional structures, yet they are often key actors in both perpetuating and resolving conflict.

Table 2: Relationship between community and effective conflict resolution

Source: Researcher, 2025

The data in the table above shows that 307 (97.7%) of the participants strongly agreed or agreed that traditions, norms and values are helpful in resolving conflicts in the communities, and 7(2.2%) disagreed with statement. However, the majority of the respondents agreed with the statement that traditions, norms, and values are powerful tools for conflict resolution.  This was echoed one elder who highlighted that;

Traditions, norms, and values provide culturally rooted frameworks that guide behavior, mediate relationships, and promote social harmony. In conflict-prone regions like Baringo South constituency in Kenya, these cultural elements are especially important for fostering peaceful coexistence. When used thoughtfully and inclusively, they promote peace, reconciliation, and long-term harmony within communities. Blending these cultural approaches with formal systems can lead to more sustainable and locally owned peace solutions.

Cultural Identity and Ethnicity     

Item 2 above, illustrated that 309 (98.3%) of the participants strongly agreed’ and ‘agreed ‘with the statement, and 5(1.5%) were neutral. The majority of the participants agreed that cultural identity and ethnicity have great influence in community involvement and conflict resolution. Respondent 7 & 9 (Interview, 13/02/2025) stressed that,

Baringo South has seen the formation of inter-community peace committees where representatives from different ethnic groups work together to prevent and mediate conflicts. These forums can bridge ethnic divides and promote mutual understanding. Cultural identity and ethnicity play a dual role in Baringo South both as sources of tension and as tools for peace. When harnessed positively, they strengthen community involvement, build trust, and foster reconciliation. To promote lasting peace, conflict resolution efforts must be sensitive to ethnic identities while promoting inclusivity, equity, and mutual respect among all groups.

Social Cohesion and division

Item 3 in the table above indicated that 308(98%) of the participants ‘strongly agreed’ and ‘agreed’ social cohesion and division are important element in community involvement in conflict resolution, 6 (1.9%) were neutral on this matter.  This was affirmed the majority respondents in both quantitative and in the interview of the qualitative studies who agreed on the statement.

Respondents 10 (Interview, 14/02/2025), demonstrated that,

Both social cohesion and division are critical lenses through which community involvement in conflict resolution must be understood in Baringo South. While cohesion enables collective, inclusive, and lasting peacebuilding, social divisions act as serious barriers to effective community participation. For any peace process to succeed in Baringo South, it must prioritize bridging divides and strengthening bonds across communities.                       

The above findings align with Thomas & Uzodike (2018), who argue that cultural norms influence both the methods and the effectiveness of conflict resolution strategies. In Baringo South, respondents emphasized that while traditional practices, especially those led by elders, are highly respected and often effective, they tend to exclude important voices, such as those of women and youth. This tension highlights the need for cultural practices to evolve in a way that maintains traditional legitimacy while promoting greater inclusion. Additionally, rituals rooted in cultural identity, such as communal feasts and reconciliation ceremonies, are perceived as essential for fostering unity and healing, reinforcing the idea that culturally grounded approaches are vital for achieving sustainable peace.

DISCUSSION

The study highlights the importance of enhancing community participation, particularly by empowering marginalized groups like youth and women, to improve conflict resolution in Baringo South. Excluding key segments for example, women, youth and people living with disabilities, undermines trust and exacerbates tensions. Although the study’s focus was not on inclusivity, it is important to note that when youth and women are excluded in the process, their voice remain unheard thus, making peace process a challenge. While elder male leadership is crucial, it needs to evolve to reflect the region’s diversity. Strong community involvement is essential for effective conflict resolution, necessitating interventions like peace education, capacity building, and collaboration with government and civil society. Conflict Resolution Theorycomprehensive framework for understanding and addressing conflicts. By incorporating various approaches and methodologies, communities can develop more effective and sustainable strategies for managing and resolving conflicts, fostering long-term peace and social cohesion.

Addressing these areas can build trust and ownership in peace processes, promoting long-term stability and social cohesion. Similarly, Negotiation Theoryrovides a robust framework for enhancing community involvement in conflict resolution. By focusing on interest-based negotiation, communities can achieve more sustainable and equitable outcomes, fostering on long-term peace and social cohesion

Correlation Between Community Involvement and Conflict Resolution

To determine the strength and direction of the relationship between community involvement and the effectiveness of conflict resolution, a Pearson correlation analysis was conducted. The analysis yielded a correlation coefficient of r = 0.52, p < 0.01, indicating a moderate positive and statistically significant relationship between the two variables.

The findings indicate that higher levels of community involvement led to more effective conflict resolution efforts. The significance level (p < 0.01) supports the conclusion that this relationship is unlikely to be coincidental and suggests it may be a consistent trend within the studied population.

Table 3 Correlation between Community involvement & Conflict resolution

The study demonstrates that community involvement is essential for achieving sustainable conflict resolution in Baringo South Constituency. When traditional systems are managed inclusively and transparently, they provide effective mechanisms for promoting peace. However, challenges such as marginalization, inadequate infrastructure, and deep-rooted cultural biases must be addressed to enhance the effectiveness of these systems.

For conflict resolution efforts to be sustainable, they must be grounded in the local context, supported by institutions, and include all community voices. Ultimately, a hybrid model that integrates traditional practices with modern governance structures presents the most promising pathway to long-term peace and social cohesion in the region.

The above presentation may not be enough and does not purport to be ‘definitive findings’. Being human sentiment, despite basing on grounded observation, varied individual considerations, judgments, and presuppositions, these findings are objectively subject to criticism. However, this does not sponge down the true information in this collection resulting from analysis, polishing, situating, and assembling by the researcher.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the study findings, the following are recommended: There is need for deliberate efforts to integrate women, youth, and marginalized groups into conflict resolution structures. Local authorities and NGOs should support capacity-building initiatives to empower these groups. While traditional practices are effective, they should be supported by formal institutions to improve legitimacy and sustainability. Government policies should recognize and integrate indigenous conflict resolution systems. Further, interventions should target key conflict drivers such as land disputes, illiteracy, and infrastructure deficits. Government investment in education, health, and road networks can help reduce tensions.

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