Evaluating Conditional Cash Transfers in the Philippines: A Review of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program’s Impact on Poverty Alleviation

Evaluating Conditional Cash Transfers in the Philippines: A Review of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program’s Impact on Poverty Alleviation

Rowena May T. David, Adrian P. Maroma

Instructor I, College of Education, Bulacan State University, Malolos Bulacan, Philippines 3003

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.8120269

Received: 14 December 2024; Accepted: 19 December 2024; Published: 18 January 2025

ABSTRACT

The Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program is the most important tool globally for poverty reduction efforts; they are conditional cash transfer programs offering targeted financial support to the lowest-income families contingent upon meeting certain requirements of health, education, and social welfare. This review examines the impact of the Philippines’ flagship poverty reduction program, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), in terms of health, education, and empowerment. By synthesizing extant literature, the review identifies key themes regarding the beneficiaries’ perceptions of success, their degree of satisfaction with the program, and its general role in poverty alleviation. The results suggest that success among the beneficiaries does not only relate to economic benefits but also encompasses education, increased family well-being, and active participation in the community. The perceived quality of implementation of the program is a critical determinant in shaping the satisfaction of its beneficiaries and the overall effectiveness of the program. The review concludes with actionable recommendations for improving 4Ps, including strengthening the monitoring and evaluation mechanisms and finding gaps in service delivery. Finally, it suggests several avenues for future research to more clearly understand the nuanced impacts CCT programs have on the lives of beneficiaries and the broader socio-economic outcomes.

Keywords: Conditional Cash Transfer Programs, Poverty Alleviation, Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), Health Outcomes, Education Impact

INTRODUCTION

Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs have emerged as critical tools in global poverty reduction initiatives by providing targeted financial support to poor families that is contingent upon their compliance with certain health, education, and welfare conditions (Bastagli et al., 2020; de Hoop et al., 2019). These programs target not only the short-term alleviation of economic distress but also the long-term development of human capital, with an emphasis on improving education, health, and overall welfare (ILO, 2021). In this regard, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) in the Philippines has become the flagship poverty reduction program of the government (DSWD, 2020). The program focuses on supporting the country’s most vulnerable sectors, especially children and women, by addressing their health, nutrition, and educational needs (DSWD, 2020).

There have been many concerns about the scope and potential of the 4Ps program to improve the lives of millions of Filipino families, which is why it received widespread attention (Cuevas, 2020; Albert et al., 2021). The program focuses on breaking the cycle of intergenerational poverty by incentivizing households to meet conditions related to education, health check-ups, vaccinations, and regular monitoring. Macro-level evaluations have indicated various positive effects, such as increased school enrollment (Montilla et al., 2021), improved health outcomes for children (Reyes et al., 2020), and enhanced access to basic services (DSWD, 2020). These results suggest that 4Ps is succeeding in its main goals of promoting human capital and long-term socioeconomic mobility (Manasan & Kraft, 2021).

Although the macro-level achievements are great, there is still a significant gap in understanding how the 4Ps beneficiaries perceive the subjective experiences of the intervention. While quantitative assessments mainly revolve around measurable indicators, such as school enrollment rates and health statistics, there is less research on how the beneficiaries perceive the impact of the program on their lives (Albert et al., 2021). There are no publications on how these families determine success in terms of 4Ps, the factors determining their satisfaction with the program, and whether they find it to be a sustainable solution for poverty or merely a temporary measure in fulfilling the families’ need for cash.

This review aims to bridge this gap by synthesizing existing research to provide a deeper understanding of the lived experiences of 4Ps beneficiaries. It aims to do this by exploring how the beneficiaries define success, how satisfied they are with the program, and how they perceive its role in their journey of poverty alleviation. Through this, it aims to provide meaningful insights for policymakers, practitioners, and future researchers into the broader social and psychological effects of CCT programs, particularly in the Philippine context.

METHODOLOGY

This paper employs systematic review methodology to combine existing literature on CCTs, specifically on the Philippine Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, or 4Ps. A systematic review is a structured, rigorous approach which allows researchers to comprehensively analyze existing studies, thus ensuring transparency and replicability in the review process (Higgins & Green, 2019). It encompasses and offers an extensive range of secondary sources comprising peer-reviewed journal articles, program evaluations, qualitative as well as quantitative studies. Therefore, this review shall provide an overview to help assess the 4Ps for effectiveness and its impact towards alleviating poverty in the Philippines. This method has been selected because it enables critical evaluation of existing literature to identify patterns, gaps, and inconsistencies in the literature (Torraco, 2019). In this regard, the results are expected to increase understanding about the 4Ps by synthesizing a wide range of findings from various contexts and providing evidence-based insights on the outcomes of the program. A specific set of inclusion criteria is guiding the review in order to include only studies relevant and of high quality.

First, the period of review is limited to studies published between 2019 and 2024. This period was chosen to concentrate on more recent assessments and results regarding the 4Ps, which mirrors the changing nature of the program’s design and results. CCT programs, such as 4Ps, have been revised and expanded several times over the past decades, and it is essential to use the most current information available (Briones, 2021). The review focuses on studies directly related to the 4Ps in the Philippines, its contexts, and the unique challenges in its implementation (Montalvo & Ocampo, 2021). Furthermore, the review of studies looks into the exploration of themes such as success perceptions, program satisfaction, and poverty alleviation strategies. These themes are significant in analyzing the success of the program as they reveal if the beneficiary perceives it as fruitful and effective and if its outcomes reduce the poverty situation (Carvalho & Carvalho, 2021; Duflo et al., 2021). Review data sources were accessed using reputable scholarly databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ERIC, and many other applicable repositories to gain a comprehensive high-quality evidence basis.

These databases provide comprehensive coverage of peer-reviewed articles, reports, and studies on social programs, including the 4Ps. The keywords used for the search included “Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program,” “4Ps beneficiaries,” “conditional cash transfers,” “poverty alleviation,” and “definitions of success.” Boolean operators and filters, including publication year, study type, and language, were used to narrow down the results to include only the most relevant and high-quality studies in the analysis (Petticrew & Roberts, 2006; Montalvo & Ocampo, 2021). The studies were then analyzed using the thematic analysis framework proposed by Braun and Clarke (2006). This is a method used to identify themes and patterns in qualitative data. The process includes six steps: data familiarization, initial coding, theme identification, theme review, theme definition and naming, and report production. All relevant studies were read to understand the context, objectives, and findings during the data familiarization stage.

This is important for a more holistic understanding of the contents of the studies and what impact the program may or may not have. For this, initial coding for key concepts related to the success metrics, program satisfaction, and psychosocial impacts was done and aggregated together into broader themes like definitions of success, program reliability, and empowerment. The thematic identification process made it possible for the study to draw connections between other studies and group similar findings into overarching categories (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Themes were then reviewed for coherence and relevance to the research objectives. This review ensured that the themes reflected the findings of the studies and that they aligned with the review’s objectives. The next step was thematization and naming where themes were defined and provided with names for easier and proper interpretation. Finally, themes were incorporated into structured narration in the report production stage, linking findings to broad research objectives and ensuring total analysis of the program. By following this rigorous methodology, the research will provide a complete, evidence-based analysis of the 4Ps, contributing to a deeper understanding of the program’s role in poverty alleviation in the Philippines. Furthermore, this process will offer insights for policymakers and practitioners involved with CCT programs, providing valuable inputs for future strategic improvements (Carvalho & Carvalho, 2021; Leite & Schmidt, 2021).

LITERATURE REVIEW

International Perspectives on CCT Programs

Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs have grown to be one of the most useful instruments in poverty-reduction endeavors across the world, with special emphasis laid on developing countries. In Latin America, CCT programs, such as Bolsa Família from Brazil and Oportunidades in Mexico, have been some of the standards for those programs which have proven themselves to be transformative in areas of education, health, and ultimately, poverty eradication (Cárdenas & Orozco, 2021). These programs tie financial aid to critical markers in education and healthcare and incentivize behavior changes proven to reduce intergenerational poverty. Studies have consistently demonstrated that these programs contribute to increased school enrollment, reduced dropout rates, and improved health outcomes, especially for children in poor families (Galiani et al., 2020). These successful Latin American models have been replicated and adapted in many other countries to demonstrate that CCT models can be well scaled and adapted to any socio-economic setting. Models give a prescription on how cash transfers targeting specific development outcomes can have large effects on breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty (González & Sánchez, 2020).

Philippine Context: The 4Ps

The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, or 4Ps, is the flagship of the Philippines in combating poverty. This program has been so popular since its inception, as the evaluations have actually noted large-scale positive impacts on its beneficiaries, especially about school attendance and healthcare. According to Orbeta and Paqueo (2020) research, the 4Ps led to higher enrollments in school and lower dropouts, especially for those children coming from poor households. In the health sector, studies indicate that the program has led to the improvement of the health of mothers and children in terms of increased prenatal visits and higher immunization rates (Canlas, 2020). Despite these positive results, gaps still exist in understanding the subjective impacts of the program. Manasan (2021) pointed out the lack of research on the personal definitions of success among beneficiaries and how the program fits into their long-term aspirations. This gap is particularly crucial as it may unveil insights related to the emotional and psychological impact of the program. This would be critical toward understanding the full extent of effects and refining strategies to best serve the needs of its beneficiaries.

Key Themes in CCT Impacts

1. Definitions of Success

Success among beneficiaries of CCT, particularly that within the 4Ps context, is often defined by more than just monetary security. According to Dela Cruz and Garcia (2022), beneficiaries usually define success in terms of educational attainment, better family well-being, and community contributions. These markers highlight the multi-dimensional nature of poverty alleviation: it is not only providing short-term financial assistance but also fostering long-term social mobility and community empowerment. This will benefit the overall objectives of the CCT programs, with the aim of a holistic approach to poverty reduction in provision of services for both immediate needs and sustainable development outcomes (Zhu et al., 2021).

2. Program Satisfaction

The trustworthiness and perceived equality of the CCT program are almost always associated with satisfaction with the program. According to Mercado and Torres (2023), the beneficiaries value the predictability and predictability of cash flow from the 4Ps. However, they also worried about the sustainability of the program in the long run and its ability to deal with deeper, systemic issues related to poverty. Such issues point out that, although the 4Ps is vital for easing the short-term burden of economic pressure, it has to be accompanied by complementary strategies aiming to break the structural constraints of economic mobility. Subsequent studies could emphasize how the program would adjust to the systemic constraints to ensure the gains from the program are sustained in the long term (Muro & Peña, 2024).

3. Empowerment and Psychosocial Effects

The 4Ps are not only providing financial relief but also contributing to beneficiaries’ psychosocial betterment. Espinoza and Fernandez (2024) revealed that the majority of beneficiaries of this program felt stronger and more optimistic, the very essential components in breaking the barriers of poverty. Self-esteem, combined with social mobility results of this program, critically assist low-income families develop their resilience. Such psychosocial impacts are usually considered in discussions regarding CCTs, but they play a vital role in appreciating how financial support may spur more comprehensive social transformation. The 4Ps thus helps the beneficiaries gain control over their lives and opportunities, which has positive effects on their psychological and emotional well-being and supports their endeavors to improve the conditions of their living (Perez & Barros, 2022).

4. Cross-Country Insights

Comparison of CCTs across countries can thus provide crucial insights on the impact of design in programming on outcomes. Nguyen and Tran (2022) have compared the 4Ps with Vietnam’s Voucher for Education program that offers education-focused vouchers instead of direct cash transfer. The study underlines how localized design could impact effectiveness. While the 4Ps is a model that focuses on direct financial aid, the Vietnamese model emphasizes educational incentives, which means that different types of support can be tailored to meet specific community needs. Such insights are critical in refining the 4Ps, suggesting that either integrating educational incentives or diversifying the types of assistance could further improve the impact of the program, especially concerning education outcomes (Chavez et al., 2023).

The CCT literature, such as the Philippine 4Ps, speaks of the complexity of poverty reduction and the multifaceted impacts that such programs have. On one hand, the 4Ps has made significant steps in opening up access to education and healthcare for its beneficiaries. However, there is a more subjective impact that needs to be considered, such as the personal definition of success and aspirations of the beneficiaries. Additionally, comparative studies of CCT programs highlight the value of designing interventions that are culturally and contextually relevant. As the 4Ps continues to evolve, such insights will prove instrumental in refining its implementation and ensuring it reaches its full potential to address both immediate and long-term challenges of poverty. More research is needed to fill existing gaps, especially to understand the long-term impacts of the program and mechanisms through which it can break the intergenerational cycle of poverty (González & Sánchez, 2020; Muro & Peña, 2024).

DISCUSSION

This review reveals that 4Ps beneficiaries’ definitions of success extend far beyond financial improvements to encompass various multidimensional outcomes. Money is one aspect, but beneficiaries are often more satisfied with their achievements in education as a significant indicator of success. Access to higher education is one of the best ways out of poverty wherein beneficiaries can break the cycle of intergenerational poverty and achieve economic mobility (Carvalho & Carvalho, 2020; Anderson & Diouf, 2020). The long-term effects of education were also highlighted as a key outcome in other studies on CCTs worldwide, such as research on Oportunidades in Mexico by Bastagli et al., 2016; and Leite & Schmidt, 2021. Another core aspect of family well-being is a factor in the perception of beneficiaries regarding success. Improved family dynamics, such as better relationships and a general quality of life, are often considered key indicators of the program’s success (Montalvo & Ocampo, 2018; Rios et al., 2021). Such aspects highlight the holistic nature of success in the 4Ps. Poverty reduction cannot be quantitatively measured in terms of money but must also look at the social, emotional, and psychological aspects of it (Fiszbein et al., 2009; Aslan et al., 2022).

Program satisfaction, according to the review, is highly related to two main areas: consistency in benefit delivery and fairness and transparency. The cash transfers are more satisfying when these are delivered in a continuous and predictable manner; in fact, predictability contributes to reliability and trust with the program (Carvalho & Carvalho, 2021; Ribeiro et al., 2020). Timeliness and consistency in delivering their benefits will help ensure the program addresses the immediate need of its beneficiaries. Moreover, fairness and transparency are equally important in the shaping of their perceptions about the program. Beneficiaries appreciate fair treatment and transparency from program administrators, which enhance their trust in the legitimacy and effectiveness of the program (Petticrew & Roberts, 2006; Fiszbein et al., 2009). This transparency reduces the suspicion of corruption or mismanagement, which enhances the credibility of the program.

The psychosocial and empowerment benefits of the 4Ps are significant and largely neglected. In addition to material assistance, the scheme promotes agency and hope among the target beneficiaries. It gives one hope for a life without the chains of poverty by enabling them to see hope in education, family improvements, and other forms of active citizenship, among others (Bastagli et al., 2016; Carvalho & Carvalho, 2021). Among many other psychological tools developed within the 4Ps framework, resilience and self-efficacy help break the cycle of poverty; therefore, they further indicate that this program can be transformative in its orientation (Montalvo & Ocampo, 2018; Ribeiro et al., 2020).

Comparative analysis of the 4Ps with other Conditional Cash Transfer programs may give an insight into how its scope and effectiveness can be improved. For instance, the Voucher for Education Program in Vietnam combines cash transfers with targeted educational support through vouchers. This serves as a model in the integration of educational incentives into CCT programs while supporting the beneficiaries to access quality education even as they receive financial assistance. This would complement the 4Ps with more direct educational benefits aside from cash transfers (Carvalho & Carvalho, 2021). Latin American CCT models like Mexico’s Oportunidades and Brazil’s Bolsa Família also focus on community-based approaches. These examples show how localized interventions, where communities are involved in the decision-making process, can greatly enhance beneficiary engagement and improve outcomes (Leite & Schmidt, 2021; Rios et al., 2021). Community-based approaches will foster a sense of ownership and responsibility, which may enhance the implementation and impact of the 4Ps, especially in rural or marginalized areas (Montalvo & Ocampo, 2018). From these global models, lessons can be drawn to make the 4Ps more effective, especially in education and long-term economic stability.

Although there is plenty of information about the short-term outcomes of the 4Ps, several research gaps remain. For example, there are few longitudinal studies on the long-term impact of the program. Not much research has been done to show how the 4Ps impacts the economic independence of the beneficiaries over time and their capacity to sustain improvements once they leave the program (Rios et al., 2021; Bastagli et al., 2016). Although the program works well in improving short-term outcomes, its impact on long-term economic stability and independence among the beneficiaries requires more research (Anderson & Diouf, 2020). More importantly, the mechanisms of 4Ps in breaking the intergenerational cycles of poverty are not explored as much. Research that tracks the long-term outcomes for beneficiaries’ children and their progression beyond the program can be helpful in understanding how effective the program is in breaking the cycle of poverty across generations (Carvalho & Carvalho, 2021; Leite & Schmidt, 2021).

Such gaps require longitudinal studies that trace the post-graduation trajectories of beneficiaries and policy-oriented research that focuses on strategies that would ensure the sustainability of economic gains after the exit of beneficiaries from the program. For instance, research can be conducted on how beneficiaries can shift from dependence on aid to self-sufficiency, with possible barriers and strategies for overcoming them (Rios et al., 2021). Bridging the gaps by future interventions, it could be more adaptive and strategically focused so that 4Ps would not lose steam in the midst of these evolving socio-economic challenges. Long-run research would aid in tailoring the program according to emerging needs so that the program would help and aid the beneficiaries and their family systems in the long run, besides relieving immediate poverty.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are recommendations toward strengthening the impact of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, also known as 4Ps, as well as sustaining its results for the long-term benefits in economic and social aspects of its beneficiaries.

1. Enhance After-Graduation Support

For those graduates to remain and continuously build on the level of achievements made while benefiting from 4Ps, there must be an undertaking of general livelihood training systems that best fit the conditions of local employment. These programs should equip beneficiaries with relevant skills, focusing on sectors with high demand and sustainable opportunities. It will also provide means for employment opportunities in those private companies and government institutions, providing direct access to available jobs after the completion of the program (Montalvo & Ocampo, 2023). Program beneficiaries must also be periodically mentored and assisted for skills upgrading workshops in moving from the program into the workforce. These would result in employment opportunities with a stable perspective and reduced prospects of return of graduate students to poverty through unemployment (Bastagli et al., 2020).

2. Effective Monitoring and Feedback Structures

Monitoring should be effective enough to allow having real-time views of how the program has been conducted and results have emerged. Designing an enhanced monitoring framework will allow prompt identification of the challenges that would help take corrective action before things become problematic (Higgins & Green, 2020). There should be regular beneficiary feedback surveys conducted to ascertain levels of satisfaction and indicate further improvements that may be needed. In that way, a two-way feedback loop is actually very instrumental in program design fine-tuning for effective response to the needs of beneficiaries. Technology-solved grievances can also now be reported transparently in real time using a cell phone app. These tools would ensure that the beneficiaries can easily access the support and report any issues that they may face with the program (Chaudhury et al., 2020).

3. Integrate Holistic Support Services

Since poverty is a complex issue, integrating holistic support services into the 4Ps will be important. Psychosocial support programs, counseling services, for ssexample, may help the beneficiaries build their emotional resilience and manage psychological stress that usually accompanies the condition. These services would help recipients generally to become better for the social and emotional difficulties of transitioning out of poverty, according to Petticrew & Roberts, 2021. In addition to these services, financial literacy workshops should also be started to empower the beneficiaries in the basic skills required during budgeting, saving, and investment strategies. Financial education would equip them to handle the resources they acquire from the program in a better way and make informed decisions that would enhance long-term economic stability. Parenting education sessions should also be offered to enhance family relationships and healthy supportive environments for children. Such interventions would contribute to the general objective of enhancing family well-being and reducing intergenerational poverty (Bastagli et al., 2020).

4. Alternative CCT Models

The 4Ps can further be expanded through pilot-testing alternative CCT models. In this regard, education-based targeting of vouchers may also be introduced as another complement mechanism to promote school entry and attendance of children deprived of education due to their lack of finance. It is a complement to existing cash transfers in that it provides incentives for beneficiaries to invest in the education of their children. This will also diversify the skills of older beneficiaries through the introduction of conditionalities tied to vocational training, making them more competitive in the job market (Chaudhury et al., 2020). These measures will benefit in reducing poverty transfer generations by equipping adults who are beneficiaries with what is needed to ensure jobs paying better and thereby being self-economically dependent. The integration of community-based initiatives like the cooperative savings group can further provide the opportunity for collective empowerment for their financial independence. Thus, community-driven approaches encourage further interaction and support for other individuals who are recipients to boost the long-run outcomes in poverty reduction of this initiative (Montalvo & Ocampo, 2023).

CONCLUSION

The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, or 4Ps, has been an effective tool in the fight against poverty in the Philippines, as it has greatly improved education, health, and social protection access. Its impact on the immediate needs of increasing school attendance, reducing dropout rates, and improving access to health care underscores its effectiveness in alleviating poverty in the short term. Nevertheless, in order to fully reach its potential, the program has to expand its focus towards tackling broader and longer-term socio-economic needs of its beneficiaries.

Beneficiaries’ subjective experiences show that their perceptions of success are far more extensive than what the financial assistance brings; rather, it goes to education and family wellbeing, psychosocial empowerment. The insights bring out a more holistic approach beyond mere survival but also fulfilling long-term aspirations and building emotional resilience. As the program evolves, it should incorporate support services that attend to these needs. The provision of financial literacy training, mental health programs, and vocational development initiatives will enhance the capacity of beneficiaries to sustain improvements for extended periods beyond the program’s duration.

Further, exploring alternative models such as education-focused vouchers and community-based interventions can further enhance the program’s impact. The lessons from other global CCT models, including those in Latin America and Vietnam, offer valuable insights into how localized and diversified support mechanisms can improve outcomes. By adopting a more holistic and adaptable framework, the 4Ps can better serve its beneficiaries, providing not just financial aid but a pathway out of the poverty cycle.

It will be the eventual step where these critical gaps will be addressed and the necessary adaptations put into action so that 4Ps can transform itself from an CCT to a comprehensive, sustainable anti-intergenerational poverty instrument, making it relevant and efficient in meeting the ever-changing needs of its recipients toward the greater effort in the Philippines in poverty reduction.

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