ID Model: Classification and Criteria of an Impressive Drawing in Art and Design Perspectives for Higher Education

ID Model: Classification and Criteria of an Impressive Drawing in Art and Design Perspectives for Higher Education

Muhammad Abdullah¹*, Mohd Zahuri Khairani², Fareez Vincent Amos³, Mohd Nasiruddin Abdul Aziz⁴, Ahmad Khairul Azizi Ahmad⁵

^1,2,3Faculty of Art, Sustainability and Creative Industry, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia

^1,4,5College of Creative Arts, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

*Corresponding Author

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.803353S

Received: 02 October 2024; Accepted: 11 October 2024; Published: 12 November 2024

ABSTRACT

Drawing is widely recognised as a fundamental skill in higher education, particularly in art and design fields, where it plays a pivotal role in creative expression and technical development. However, assessing impressive drawings presents challenges due to the subjective nature of creativity and the evolving standards of art education. This study aims to develop a conceptual model that offers a structured approach for educators and students to evaluate impressive drawings effectively. Using qualitative research methods and inductive content analysis of literature from 2019 to 2024, the study identifies key components of impressive drawing, such as technical proficiency, creativity, conceptual depth, and visual communication. The findings highlight a shift in teaching practices, driven by historical and contemporary perspectives, and explore the integration of digital tools with traditional techniques in art and design education. The study acknowledges the inherent subjectivity in drawing assessments and recommends developing a more objective and consistent evaluation system that still preserves creative expression. The proposed ID model balances technical skill with creativity, providing a framework for improving assessment practices and guiding students toward meeting the expectations of impressive drawings. This model adapts to the evolving needs of the field, contributing to ongoing discourse in art and design education.

Keywords: Art and Design, Art Education, Drawing, Higher Education, ID Model

INTRODUCTION: IMPRESSIVE DRAWING

Impressive drawing in art encompasses various dimensions, including technical skills, creativity, expression, emotional resonance, and purpose [1]. While technical proficiency is foundational, it alone does not determine the overall impressive of a drawing [2]. To create an impressive drawing, artists must integrate technical skill with creativity, emotional depth, and clear intent [3], [4]. Technical skills, such as mastery of lines, perspectives, and anatomical accuracy, form the core of impressive drawing [5]. These skills ensure that drawings are detailed and convincing, providing a solid representation of the subject [6]. However, while technical execution is essential, it is merely the starting point for evaluating impressive drawing [7].

Creativity distinguishes impressive drawings by introducing originality and innovation [8]. Creative approaches challenge conventional norms and offer fresh perspectives, making drawings unique and memorable [9], [10]. Expression and emotional resonance are also vital for impressive drawing, as they enable artists to convey personal feelings and forge deeper connections with the audience [11], [12]. A drawing’s ability to evoke emotions and provoke thought enhances its impact [13], [14].

Additionally, an impressive drawing should convey a clear intention or message, whether a narrative, social commentary, or personal story [15], [16]. This clarity adds depth and significance to the artwork, making it more engaging and thought-provoking [17]. In summary, impressive drawing integrates technical skills, creativity, expression, emotional resonance, and purpose to create a holistic and captivating artistic experience [18], [19]. This balanced approach enhances the drawing’s ability to attract and engage audiences, offering a richer and more impactful experience [20], [21].

RESEARCH GAP: THE EXISTING STUDIES TOWARDS IMPRESSIVE DRAWING FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

The existing body of research on drawing in the context of art and design education at the higher education level reveals significant gaps that require further exploration. Drawing is a foundational skill in art; however, the classification approach and evaluation criteria surrounding it are often inconsistent and insufficiently defined. As mentioned, this inconsistency can cause a decline in drawing skills among students entering higher education. The rise of digital media and the decline in formal drawing instruction have raised concerns about students’ poor drawing abilities [22]. This situation emphasizes the need for a more organized framework for teaching drawing that is aligned with contemporary educational practices especially in drawing.

The need for clarity and uniformity in drawing terminology in the field of art and design, suggests that a well-defined lexicon can improve creativity, critical thinking, and cross-cultural communication among students [23]. The importance of observational drawing skills as a prerequisite for students transitioning to undergraduate art and design courses echoes this need for a clear standardized approach [24]. The lack of a cohesive framework for teaching drawing skills can hinder students’ ability to develop visual literacy, which is essential for their success in art and design disciplines.

Additionally, pedagogical approaches to drawing education are often fragmented across multiple disciplines. Explicit pedagogical strategies in drawing courses are very necessary, especially in cross-disciplinary contexts such as art education and other fields so that they are constantly evolving [25]. This fragmentation can result in varying expectations and outcomes for students, as well as discrepancies between teachers’ expectations and students’ actual drawing abilities at the beginning of higher education [26]. Such differences indicate an urgent need for research that systematically investigates the criteria and classification of drawing skills across different educational contexts.

In addition, the integration of drawing with digital technology presents new challenges and opportunities. It should be noted that the current needs of drawing that are growing in the digital era, there is still a decline in the teaching of traditional drawing, which can affect the basic skills of students [27]. Examining how to effectively incorporate digital tools into drawing education without compromising the development of essential drawing competencies is necessary considering this transition.

In conclusion, the lack of standardized terminology, inconsistent pedagogical approaches, and the need for the integration of traditional and digital practices characterize the research gap in drawing education in the perspective of art and design for higher education. Future studies should focus on establishing clear classifications and criteria for drawing skills, developing a cohesive pedagogical framework, and exploring the implications of digital technology for art education specifically in drawing.

METHODOLOGY: INDUCTIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS

Inductive content analysis is a qualitative research approach that systematically analyses textual data from a comprehensive literature review by focussing on allowing patterns, themes, categorization, classification, and criteria to emerge from the data rather than testing preconceived hypotheses [28]. This research employs the method to analyse literature contents on impressive drawing in art and design education from 2019 to 2024. The process helps identify key factors that contribute to the classification and evaluation of criteria in impressive drawings, ultimately leading to the development of the ID model, as shown below in Table 1.

Table 1: Flow Chart Process in Methodology

A. 7 Steps of Inductive Content Analysis:

• Data Collection: this research relies on scholarly articles, books, and other academic sources related to the teaching and evaluation of impressive drawing in art and design education. The selected literature spans from 2019 to 2024, ensuring that the research reflects recent developments in the field.
• Open Coding: the process begins with open coding, where the collected literature is reviewed, and relevant text segments are identified. Each text segment related to impressive drawing such as references to technical skills, creativity, or visual communication is highlighted. The goal is to capture all aspects of impressive drawing that are being discussed in the literature without bias.
• Creation of Classification: once open coding is complete, the next step is to organize the coded text into classification. For example, segments related to “creativity” may be grouped under a classification called “Creativity and Innovation,” while those related to “technical proficiency” may fall under “Technical Skills.” This helps in creating broader themes that reflect the essential qualities in classification of impressive drawing.
• Criteria Stages: after classification, the researcher moves to the criteria stage, where classification is refined and related to the research’s objectives. Classification is combined or further divided as necessary to form more specific criteria. In this research, for instance, the classification “Concepts and Meanings” could have criteria like “Symbolism” or “Narrative Depth.”
• Developing the ID Model: based on the identified themes, a conceptual ID model is created to provide a structured framework for assessing impressive drawings in art and design education. The model includes classification like technical skill, creativity, conceptual depth, and audience engagement, and aims to help educators and students navigate the subjective nature of drawing evaluation.
• Ensuring Trustworthiness: throughout the process, steps are taken to ensure the trustworthiness of the analysis. This includes peer debriefing, where other experts in the field review the findings, and triangulation, which involves comparing results from multiple sources to ensure consistency and credibility.
• Subjectivity and Objectivity: since drawing assessments in art education often involve subjective judgment, this analysis considers ways to balance subjectivity and objectivity. The model strives to standardize certain aspects of evaluation while maintaining room for creative expression, ensuring that both measurable technical skill and intangible creativity are accounted for in assessments.

B. Application of Inductive Content Analysis

In this study, inductive content analysis is used to systematically review the literature and allow patterns and themes related to impressive drawing to emerge naturally. Rather than beginning with preconceived classification and criteria for what constitutes impressive drawing, the analysis lets these criteria develop organically from the reviewed literature. This flexible approach is crucial in art and design, where creativity, innovation, and personal expression are key elements that resist rigid classification and criteria. By using inductive content analysis, the research contributes to a more dynamic understanding of drawing evaluation. It provides a basis for a framework that can be adapted to different educational contexts, ensuring that the ID model reflects both the evolving nature of art and design education and the diversity of perspectives within it.

C. Result: Background of The Selected Articles

The review successfully gathered a total of 321 articles, each featuring an impressive drawing from art and design perspectives. Based on inductive content analysis through 120 articles, 8 classifications have been developed that are technical skill, creativity and innovation, expression and emotion, concept and meaning, aesthetic appeal, context and cultural relevance, style and identity, and viewer engagement. From the remaining 201 selected articles, comprehensive criteria for impressive drawings were developed. This overall 321 selected articles were published between 2019 and 2024 with the aim of fulfilling the research objective by presenting the most recent viewpoints on impressive drawings.

CLASSIFICATION: IMPRESSIVE DRAWING IN ART AND DESIGN PERSPECTIVES

The section explained the essential components of producing impressive drawings into eight key classifications, each contributing to the overall impact and quality of the artwork. This classification outlines the multidimensional nature of impressive drawings, highlighting the interplay between technical skill, creativity, expression, and context in producing works that are both visually and conceptually compelling.

A. Technical skills

The production of impressive drawings requires highly advanced technical skills in various drawing techniques and mediums, as this process is a fundamental skill [29]. Artists need to master the use of pencils, charcoal, ink, and digital tools to create diverse effects and textures [30]. This process involves an understanding of line quality, shading, perspective, and composition to produce visually compelling and accurate representations [31]. Additionally, digital drawing tools such as Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop have become essential mediums for modern artists, offering advanced capabilities for creating and refining artwork with precision [32].

A strong understanding of anatomy, proportion, and spatial relationships is also crucial for producing impressive drawings, particularly in figurative art [33]. Knowledge of human and animal anatomy allows artists to create realistic and dynamic representations of forms [34]. Moreover, understanding perspective and spatial relationships helps in accurately depicting depth and dimension, which is essential for both realistic and abstract compositions [35]. These technical aspects are foundational for achieving a convincing and engaging visual narrative in the process of producing impressive drawings.

Attention to detail and an understanding of artistic principles are equally important as artists must pay close attention to the minutiae of the subjects they depict, capturing fine details, the subtleties of light and shadow, texture, and colour relationships that can enhance the overall impressive of the artwork [36]. Furthermore, knowledge of artistic principles such as balance, harmony, and contrast help in creating visually appealing and cohesive drawings [37]. Effective communication of ideas and emotions through art requires not only technical proficiency but also a deep understanding of how these elements interact to convey the intended message or story [38].

B. Creativity and Innovation

Creativity and innovation are central to producing impressive drawings, enabling artists to push boundaries and explore new visual languages [39]. Creativity involves thinking beyond traditional frameworks and generating original ideas that captivate audiences, such as choosing unconventional materials or exploring new themes [40]. Innovation involves using new techniques or technologies to enhance artistic expression, like integrating digital tools with traditional drawing methods to create unique hybrid artworks that offer fresh perspectives [41].

Innovative approaches in impressive drawing led to the development of distinct artistic styles [42]. This can be achieved through experimentation with different media, techniques, and processes, allowing artists to distinguish their work by discovering new ways to express their vision [43]. This may include blending genres, combining mixed media, or using unexpected colour palettes and textures [44]. Such experimentation enriches the artist’s practice and contributes to the broader evolution of art, inspiring peers and audiences alike [45].

Creativity and innovation also play a crucial role in addressing contemporary issues and reflecting societal changes through art [46]. Artists can use impressive drawing to comment on social, political, and environmental topics, highlighting important issues in ways traditional communication might not [47]. By engaging creatively with current events and cultural shifts, artists can produce impressive work that is relevant, thought-provoking, and impactful [48]. The ability to combine technical skill with imaginative thinking and social commentary results in impressive drawings that are both aesthetically pleasing and meaningful [49].

C. Expression and Emotion

Expression and emotion are crucial in producing impressive drawings, as they allow artists to effectively convey their feelings and ideas to the audience [50]. By skilfully manipulating lines, shapes, colours, and composition, artists can evoke a range of emotions, from joy and tranquillity to sadness and tension. For example, the intensity of a line or the contrast in shading can reflect the artist’s emotional state or the mood they wish to communicate [51]. These expressive elements enhance the drawing, transforming it from a mere visual representation into a medium for emotional connection [52].

The ability to capture and convey emotion in impressive drawings relies on the artist’s skill in observing and interpreting human expressions [53]. Detailed studies of facial expressions, body language, and gestures enable artists to infuse their work with realism and empathy [54]. Even in abstract or non-representational art, choices of form, colour, and texture can carry emotional meaning and guide the viewer’s response [55]. This emotional depth often distinguishes technically proficient drawings from those that truly move their audience, making art a powerful communication tool that speaks to the human experience [56].

Furthermore, the emotional impact of impressive drawings can be enhanced through the narrative or context provided by the artist. By depicting personal experiences, social issues, or universal themes, the story behind a drawing can amplify its emotional resonance [57]. When viewers understand or relate to the narrative, they are more likely to be emotionally affected by the drawing [58]. The connection between the artist’s expression and the audience’s interpretation gives art its lasting power, allowing impressive drawings to transcend time and place and evoke emotions in diverse audiences [59]. Through the integration of strong expression and emotion, artists can create drawings that are not only visually appealing but also deeply impactful [60].

D. Concept and Meaning

Concept and meaning are essential in producing impressive drawings because they provide depth and purpose beyond visual elements [61]. A well-developed concept acts as the foundation of a drawing, guiding the artist’s choices in terms of composition, style, and subject matter [62]. This underlying idea or message gives the artwork a sense of direction and intention, making it more than just an aesthetic object [63]. The concept often reflects the artist’s thoughts, experiences, or commentary on broader social, cultural, or personal issues, adding layers of interpretation and significance to the artwork [64].

Both explicit and implicit elements in a drawing convey meaning, requiring the artist to carefully consider how to visually communicate the intended message [65]. Artists often employ symbols, metaphors, and visual cues to suggest deeper meanings, thereby inviting the viewer to engage with the artwork on an intellectual and emotional level [66]. The interaction between visual elements and conceptual depth allows the drawing to resonate differently with each viewer, depending on their own experiences and perspectives [67]. Engaging with this meaning transforms the artwork into a conversation between the artist and the viewer, where the viewer’s interpretation plays a crucial role in the overall impact of the piece [68].

Furthermore, the integration of concept and meaning elevates a drawing from mere representation to a work of impressive art that challenges, inspires, and provokes thought [69]. An impressive drawing rooted in a strong concept and rich in meaning has the power to evoke reflection and dialogue, making it not only visually appealing but also intellectually stimulating [70]. It is the combination of technical skill with conceptual depth that defines a truly impressive drawing, one that withstands the test of time and remains relevant across different contexts and audiences [71].

E. Aesthetic Appeal

Aesthetic appeal is a fundamental aspect of producing an impressive drawing because it determines how the audience perceives and connects with the artwork [72]. Achieving aesthetic appeal in an impressive drawing involves a harmonious combination of elements such as composition, colour, line quality, and texture [73]. A well-composed, impressive drawing directs the viewer’s eye and creates a balanced and engaging visual experience [74]. Strategic use of colour can evoke emotions, create depth, and highlight important aspects of an impressive drawing [75]. Similarly, the quality and texture of lines add richness and complexity to an impressive drawing by making it more captivating and intriguing to explore [76].

Design principles, including balance, contrast, unity, and rhythm, play a crucial role in enhancing the aesthetic appeal of an impressive drawing [77]. Balance ensures that no part of the impressive drawing overwhelms the others, creating a sense of stability and order [78]. Contrast draws attention to specific areas and adds visual interest, while unity ensures all elements of the impressive drawing work together cohesively [79]. Rhythm, achieved through the repetition of lines, shapes, or colours, can create a sense of movement and flow, guiding the viewer through the drawing and helping the artist create a visually engaging composition that resonates with the audience on both an emotional and intellectual level [80].

Moreover, the artist’s unique style and personal expression contribute significantly to the aesthetic appeal of an impressive drawing [81]. The artist’s distinctive approach to portraying the subject, whether through bold, expressive strokes or delicate and intricate details, adds layers of personality to the impressive drawing [82]. This personal touch not only distinguishes an artist’s work from others but also enhances the emotional connection between the viewer and the drawing [83]. When the artist’s technique and vision align seamlessly, the result is a drawing that is not only technically impressive but also deeply resonant and memorable, leaving a lasting impact on its audience [84].

F. Context and Cultural Relevance

Context and cultural relevance are essential elements in creating impressive drawings because they provide depth and meaning, which has implications for diverse audiences [85]. Understanding and integrating cultural contexts allows artists to produce impressive drawings that reflect the values, beliefs, and experiences of communities or societies. Artists can achieve this by incorporating cultural symbols, motifs, and narratives that resonate with the intended audience [86]. Artists can create impressive drawings that are not only visually appealing but also rich in cultural significance, fostering a deeper connection with viewers who recognise and appreciate these elements [87].

Furthermore, cultural relevance in impressive drawings often involves addressing contemporary social issues and engaging with current events [88]. Artists can use impressive drawings to comment on topics such as social justice, environmental concerns, and political movements, offering visual critiques or perspectives that encourage reflection and discussion [89]. Engaging with these contemporary issues ensures that a work of art remains relevant and influential, contributing to ongoing societal dialogue [90]. In addition, to reflect the challenges and successes of an era, artists can create drawings that resonate with audiences on both personal and communal levels, making the artwork timely and timeless [91].

Moreover, context and cultural relevance can enhance the educational value of art, as impressive drawings that explore various issues such as historical events, cultural traditions, or societal changes can serve as powerful tools for education and awareness [92]. Artists provide visual narratives in their impressive drawings that can complement textual information, making complex topics more accessible and engaging [93]. Through impressive drawings, artists can preserve cultural heritage, celebrate diversity, and promote understanding among different communities [94]. Impressive drawings that are contextually specific and culturally relevant can contribute to cultural discourse and help foster a more knowledgeable and connected society [95].

G. Style and Identity

Style and identity are important aspects in creating impressive drawings, as they allow artists to express individuality and distinguish their artwork from others [96]. An artist’s personal style, often characterised by unique choices in technique, subject matter, and aesthetic approach, can lead to distinctiveness and make their impressive drawings recognisable and memorable [97]. Developing a personal style involves a process of experimentation and self-discovery, as artists continually explore different mediums, methods, and influences to find their unique expression [98]. This individual expression not only enhances the visual appeal of impressive drawings but also imbues them with a sense of authenticity and originality [99].

Identity plays a crucial role in shaping impressive drawings, as it encompasses the artist’s cultural background, personal experiences, and worldview [100]. Artists often draw upon elements of their heritage, life experiences, and personal beliefs to inform their subject matter and approach to drawing [101]. Connection to one’s identity enables artists to create highly personal and impressive drawings, expressing their own experiences and perspectives [102]. By integrating elements of identity into their drawings, artists can convey stories, struggles, and aspirations, establishing strong emotional connections with audiences who share similar experiences or appreciate the artist’s worldview [103].

Personal style and identity not only contribute to the uniqueness of impressive drawings but also foster deeper engagement with the audience [104]. Artists communicate their authentic selves through their impressive drawings, inviting viewers into their world and enabling a more intimate and impactful experience [105]. This authenticity can evoke strong emotional responses, creating a lasting impression on the audience who recognises and connects with the artist’s genuine expression [106]. By showcasing their personal style and identity, artists not only enhance the quality and distinctiveness of their impressive drawings but also contribute to a richer and more diverse artistic landscape [107].

H. Viewer Engagement

Viewer engagement is a critical aspect of producing impressive drawings because it determines the artwork’s effectiveness in capturing attention and enchanting its viewers [108]. To achieve the goal of impressive drawing, the artist has employed various techniques to draw the viewer into their artwork, including dynamic compositions, unique subjects, and captivating storytelling [109]. An impressive drawing that is well-composed can guide the viewer’s eyes across the artwork, creating a sense of movement and flow that keeps them constantly engaged [110]. In addition, the choice of unique or intriguing subject matter can spark curiosity and invite deeper reflection from the audience [111].

Interactive elements and innovative presentation methods can further enhance viewer engagement with impressive drawings [112]. In contemporary art, this may involve the integration of mixed media, using augmented reality, or creating installations that invite physical interaction [113]. Such an approach can transform the viewing experience from passive observation to active participation, making the artwork more memorable and impactful [114]. In addition, by breaking the boundaries of traditional drawing, artists can create an immersive experience that captures the viewer’s attention and fosters a deeper connection with impressive works of art [115].

To maintain viewer engagement, the impact of emotion and intellect is an important aspect of impressive drawing [116]. An impressive drawing that evokes strong emotions or sparks thought can create a lasting impact [117]. The artist achieves this by utilizing universal themes such as love, conflict, identity, and transformation that resonate on a human level [118]. In addition, the subtlety of expression, gestures, and feelings conveyed through impressive drawings can evoke empathy and reflection. [119]. When viewers find personal meaning or connections in an impressive drawing, their engagement deepens, leading to a greater appreciation and a more profound relationship with the art [120]. Through thoughtful and intentional design, artists can create impressive drawings that not only capture attention but also hold it, fostering a rich and meaningful experience for the viewer [121].

CRITERIA: IMPRESSIVE DRAWING IN ART AND DESIGN PERSPECTIVES

A comprehensive contents analysis from the numerous previous literatures has found nine essential key criteria in technical skills that contribute to impressive drawing, as shown below in Table 2.

A. Technical Skills: are a key component in the production of impressive drawings because they can provide artists with the tools and ability to convey their vision accurately and effectively. Although technical skills alone do not determine the whole of impressive drawing, technical skills can form an important foundation on which creativity, expression and meaning are produced in impressive drawing.

Table 2: Criteria of Technical Skills in Impressive Drawing

A comprehensive contents analysis from the numerous previous literatures has found nine essential key criteria in creativity and innovation that contribute to impressive drawing, as shown below in Table 3.

B. Creativity and Innovation: are essential in impressive drawing because artists infuse artwork with originality, emotional depth and meaningful content by pushing boundaries, experimenting with new ideas and developing personal artistry, artists can create drawings that are not only technically proficient but also very interesting and impactful.

Table 3: Criteria of Creativity and Innovation in Impressive Drawing

A comprehensive contents analysis from the numerous previous literatures has found eight essential key criteria in expression and emotion that contribute to impressive drawing, as shown below in Table 4.

C. Expression and Emotion: are essential aspects of impressive drawing. Artists enhance the artwork’s ability to connect with the audience, convey meaningful content, and evoke a range of emotional responses. Through expressive technique, thoughtful subject matter, symbolism, and personal authenticity, artists can create impressive drawings that are not only visually appealing but also rich in emotional depth and resonance.

Table 4: Criteria of Expression and Emotion in Impressive Drawing

A comprehensive contents analysis from the numerous previous literatures has found nine essential key criteria in concept and meaning that contribute to impressive drawing, as shown below in Table 5.

D. Concept and Meaning: of drawing are an essential component in impressive drawing. A well-developed concept provides direction and coherence, while meaningful content enhances the artwork’s ability to communicate and interact with the audience. Through originality, depth, symbolism, context and emotional impact, artists can create impressive drawing that are not only visually appealing but also rich in conceptual significance and interpretive potential.

Table 5: Criteria of Concept and Meaning in Impressive Drawing

A comprehensive contents analysis from the numerous previous literatures has found seven essential key criteria in aesthetic appeal that contribute to impressive drawing, as shown below in Table 6.

E. Aesthetic Appeal: plays an essential role in defining an impressive drawing because it includes various elements, including composition, harmony, proportion, line quality, colour and detail. An impressive drawing that achieves high aesthetic appeal is not only visually appealing but also effectively engages the audience, contributing to its overall impact and success.

Table 6: Criteria of Aesthetic Appeal in Impressive Drawing

A comprehensive contents analysis from the numerous previous literatures has found nine essential key criteria in context and cultural relevance that contribute to impressive drawing, as shown below in Table 7.

F. Context and Cultural Relevance: are essential components of impressive drawing by providing depth and meaning by placing drawing within its historical, social and personal framework, as well as its cultural environment. When considering the context in which a drawing was created and the cultural factors that influenced its content and reception, viewers can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the artwork’s significance and impact. This contextual awareness enhances the appreciation of impressive drawing and acknowledges its role in wider societal and cultural conversations.

Table 7: Criteria of Context and Cultural Relevance in Impressive Drawing

A comprehensive contents analysis from the numerous previous literatures has found eleven essential key criteria in style and identity that contribute to impressive drawing, as shown below in Table 8.

G. Style and Identity: are essential for impressive drawing because style encompasses the artist’s distinctive techniques and visual choices, while identity reflects their unique perspective and emotional expression. As such, these elements contribute personality, depth and impact to an impressive drawing by making it a powerful and meaningful artwork. An impressive drawing that effectively conveys the artist’s style and identity can captivate and captivate the viewer, offering a rich and immersive experience.

Table 8: Criteria of Style and Identity in Impressive Drawing

A comprehensive contents analysis from the numerous previous literatures has found twelve essential key criteria in viewer engagement that contribute to impressive drawing, as shown below in Table 9.

H. Viewer Engagement: is a key factor in impressive drawing as it involves capturing the viewer’s attention, stimulating intellectual and emotional responses, and encouraging a deeper interaction with the artwork. Effective engagement is achieved through visual appeal, conceptual depth, emotional resonance, and strategic artistic choices. Impressive drawing that successfully capture the viewer’s attention create a more effective and memorable experience, fostering a meaningful connection between the artwork and its viewer.

Table 9: Criteria of Viewer Engagement in Impressive Drawing

ID MODEL: IMPRESSIVE DRAWING FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

The “ID Model” for evaluating an impressive drawing in higher education through eight classifications, each with detailed criteria. These classifications include technical skills, emphasising craftsmanship and accuracy; creativity and innovation, encouraging originality and experimentation; expression and emotion, focussing on emotional depth and authenticity; concept and meaning, highlighting narrative complexity and symbolism; aesthetic appeal, ensuring visual harmony and refinement; context and cultural relevance, linking the artwork to broader social, political, and historical themes; style and identity, developing the artist’s unique process and technique; and viewer engagement, ensuring the drawing captivates and resonates with the audience. The classification has been divided into various specifications of criteria, aiming to foster well-rounded, impactful, and thought-provoking art in higher education.as shown below in Figure 1.

Figure 1: ID Model: Impressive Drawing for Higher Education

DISCUSSION: PRODUCING IMPRESSIVE DRAWINGS AND IMPROVING ASSESSMENT PRACTICES IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Figure 1 presents an impressive drawing model that demonstrates the need for a comprehensive understanding and application of various critical elements to improve assessment practices. These elements include technical skills, creativity and innovation, expression and emotion, concepts and meanings, aesthetic attractiveness, context and cultural relevance, style and identity, and viewer engagement. To effectively assess impressive drawings in art and design education, educators must consider all these elements in a holistic manner. Assessment practices should move beyond merely evaluating technical skills and include criteria that address creativity, innovation, emotional expression, conceptual clarity, aesthetic appeal, cultural relevance, stylistic identity, and viewer engagement.

A multi-faceted assessment approach allows for a more comprehensive evaluation of a student’s work, recognising the diverse aspects that contribute to the impressive of a drawing. For instance, develop rubrics that specifically assess creativity and innovation, not just technical proficiency. Additionally, feedback should be constructive and encourage students to explore and refine their personal style, engage with relevant cultural contexts, and develop their ability to convey emotions and ideas through their artwork.

Moreover, incorporating peer reviews and audience feedback as part of the assessment process can provide valuable insights into how well a drawing engages and attract attention with others, adding another layer of evaluation that aligns with real-world artistic practice. By embracing a more inclusive and comprehensive approach to assessment, art and design education can better prepare students to produce impressive drawings that not only demonstrate technical skill but also express creativity, emotion, and meaning, ultimately enriching their artistic practice and contributing to the broader discourse in the art world.

CONCLUSION: EFFICIENCY AND ATTRACTIVENESS IN ID MODEL

The impressive of drawing in the context from art and design perspectives in higher education is a rich and multifaceted concept because it goes beyond technical skills merely to incorporate creativity, expression, emotional resonance, and purpose. Each of these classification and criteria plays an important role in determining the overall impressive of the drawing. When combined, artists create drawings that are not only technically robust but also original, expressive, emotional, and purposeful. Such drawings attract the attention of the audience at various levels, leaving a lasting impression and raising the shape of the drawing to a higher level. To comprehensively deepen the study context must pay special attention to the essential classification and criteria of this ID model, including technical skills, creativity and innovation, expression and emotion, concepts and meanings, aesthetic attractiveness, context and cultural relevance, style and identity, and viewer engagement.

RECOMMENDATIONS

In contemporary higher education, particularly within the fields of art and design, the development of criteria for evaluating and classifying impressive drawings has become increasingly important. The research aims to address this need by creating a framework that can assist educators and students alike in identifying what constitutes an impressive drawing. This study not only seeks to define the subjective nature of “impressiveness” in visual artworks but also to provide clear, measurable standards that align with both artistic and design principles. By incorporating perspectives from both disciplines, the research aspires to balance creativity with functional design elements, ensuring that the criteria cater to a wide range of academic and practical applications. The focus on higher education further emphasises the relevance of this model in fostering critical skills among emerging artists and designers, preparing them for professional environments where the ability to produce impactful and conceptually strong drawings is crucial. Ultimately, the development of the ID Model will provide a valuable tool for educators to guide and evaluate students’ work while offering students a clearer understanding of the qualities that make a drawing stand out in both aesthetic and design contexts.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we are grateful to Allah because give us a chance to finish this research. I would like to thank the authority of Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI) and Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Perak Branch for providing us with a good environment and facilities to complete this research. Finally, an honorable mention goes to all researcher members which is Mohd Zahuri Khairani, Fareez Vincent Amos, Mohd Nasiruddin Abdul Aziz, and Ahmad Khairul Azizi Ahmad for the valuable guidance and advice. Once again, thank you very much, may Allah SWT bless you all.

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