Lived Experiences of Collaborative Synergy in Community Policing: A Phenomenological Study of BPAT and Police Partnership

Lived Experiences of Collaborative Synergy in Community Policing: A Phenomenological Study of BPAT and Police Partnership

Marc Jason F. Taganas., Elma Fe E. Gupit

Misamis University, HT Feliciano St., Aguada Ozamiz City

Master of Science in Criminal Justice, Misamis University, Ozamiz City, Philippines

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.913COM0021

Received: 08 May 2025; Accepted: 16 May 2025; Published: 16 June 2025

ABSTRACT

Community security involves the collective efforts of local authorities, law enforcement, and residents to ensure the safety and well-being of all members within a given area. This study explored the dynamics of collaboration between Barangay Peacekeeping Action Teams (BPATs) and police officers in ensuring the safety and security of the community in one of the barangays of Manolo Fortich Bukinon. This study utilized a phenomenological research design which is participated by total of twelve (12) participants chosen using purposive sampling. Moustakas’ method of data analysis was used in analyzing data. The study revealed five interrelated themes—ranging from collaborative synergy and trust-building to communication barriers and crime reduction—that underscore the critical role of sustained partnerships, clear communication, and coordinated efforts in enhancing public safety outcomes through BPAT-Police collaboration. The study concluded that strong collaboration among BPATs, police officers, and the community is essential in building trust, improving coordination, and achieving effective and sustainable public safety outcomes. It was recommended that local government units and law enforcement agencies institutionalize structured collaborative frameworks.

Keywords: collaboration, community participation, crime reduction, dynamic, policing

INTRODUCTION

Community security involves the collective efforts of local authorities, law enforcement, and residents to ensure the safety and well-being of all members within a given area (Spasić & Radovanović, 2019; Van Dijk et al., 2019, Alipio, 2020). It not only focuses on crime prevention but also addresses other social issues such as conflict resolution, disaster preparedness, and the promotion of public health, thereby fostering a stable and resilient community environment. Community security challenges are becoming increasingly complex in many parts of the world, including the Philippines, due to rising crime rates, social unrest, and limited resources for law enforcement (Simons & Bergh, 2021).

In the Philippine context, the importance of community security is underscored by a number of pressing local conditions. According to the Philippine National Police (PNP), more than 375,000 crime incidents were reported in 2023, with theft, physical injury, and robbery comprising the most common index crimes (PNP, 2024). Many of these incidents occur in areas characterized by poverty, lack of infrastructure, and insufficient police visibility. The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) also notes that as of 2023, around 18.1% of the population lives below the poverty threshold, with rural communities experiencing significantly higher poverty rates (PSA, 2024). These socio-economic disadvantages often correlate with heightened vulnerability to criminal activities, strained community relations, and weakened institutional trust—making grassroots security mechanisms not only relevant but necessary.

Security measures are more crucial during nighttime than during the day due to the natural limitations posed by darkness, which facilitates criminal activities. Darkness reduces visibility, making it easier for individuals to commit crimes such as theft, assault, and vandalism without being easily detected (Smith & Brown, 2021). Additionally, the reduced presence of people and law enforcement during nighttime creates opportunities for illegal activities to thrive (Johnson et al., 2020). The circadian rhythm of human activity also plays a role; most people are asleep during nighttime, leaving properties and individuals more vulnerable to threats (Davis & Miller, 2019). Thus, enhancing surveillance and security measures during the night is imperative to deter potential criminals and maintain safety.

Rural areas often require closer security monitoring compared to urban areas due to their isolated nature and limited law enforcement presence. Unlike urban areas with comprehensive security infrastructures and rapid response systems, rural communities often have sparse police coverage and delayed emergency response times (Jones & Taylor, 2022; Gonzales & Fernandez, 2020; Vicente & Codmor, 2019). The geographical spread of rural areas also makes it challenging to maintain consistent surveillance, leaving residents more susceptible to theft and other crimes (Anderson et al., 2021). Furthermore, the communal lifestyle in rural areas can paradoxically lead to a false sense of security, making these regions attractive targets for criminal elements (Clark & Evans, 2020). Therefore, strengthening localized security measures in rural areas is essential to address these vulnerabilities.

Barangay Peacekeeping Action Teams (BPAT) and police officers work hand in hand to keep communities safe—BPATs, as local volunteers, bring deep understanding and trust from within the community (Martinez & Cruz, 2021), while police officers provide the authority and skills needed to enforce the law and respond to serious incidents (Garcia & Santos, 2020); together, they create a supportive partnership that strengthens safety and encourages shared responsibility among residents (Rivera & Lopez, 2022).

Barangay Peacekeeping Action Teams (BPATs), organized under Executive Order No. 001, Series of 2022, are volunteer community-based peacekeeping units that work in close collaboration with police and local government agencies to uphold public safety through regular patrols, crime monitoring, conflict mediation, and emergency response—an approach that leverages their grassroots presence and contextual knowledge to foster community trust, ensure early intervention, and promote restorative justice in line with community-oriented policing strategies (Balanquit, 2019; Boller-Piol et al., 2024; Llorin et al., 2019; Villanueva & Santos, 2019; Garcia, 2019).

This study contributes to the field of community policing by examining the collaborative efforts between BPATs and police officers—an area that remains underexplored despite its growing relevance (Balanquit, 2019; Gonzales & Fernandez, 2020). By highlighting the challenges, strategies, and outcomes of their partnership, the research offers practical insights that support policies aimed at enhancing grassroots security and aligns with government efforts to promote peace, order, and safer communities (Llorin et al., 2019).

This research investigated the effectiveness of the collaborative efforts between Barangay Peacekeeping Action Teams (BPATs) and police officers in enhancing community security by examining the nature and extent of their partnership, identifying its challenges and opportunities, and evaluating its impact on crime reduction, public safety perception, and overall community well-being. The study aimed to provide practical insights for policymakers, law enforcement agencies, and community leaders by highlighting ways to strengthen community policing, optimize resource use, empower local stakeholders, and guide policy and program development. Its significance lay in offering evidence-based knowledge that supported informed decision-making, promoted active community participation in safety initiatives, and advanced the field of criminology and community policing. Ultimately, the research sought to deepen understanding of the factors that contributed to successful BPAT-police collaboration and to support the development of more effective, community-driven security strategies that could lead to safer and more resilient communities.

METHODS

This study utilized a qualitative approach through a phenomenological research design to examine the experiences of BPAT and police officers in the context of their collaborative efforts with the community during security operations.

This study was conducted in one of the barangays in Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon. This setting was chosen due to its presence of a well-established BPAT program. The barangay also has a documented history of successful BPAT-Police initiatives, providing valuable insights into the factors that contribute to effective partnerships. Furthermore, access to relevant data and key stakeholders within this setting is readily available, facilitating data collection and logistical considerations. This setting is selected to ensure the feasibility and representativeness of the study while also allowing for in-depth investigation of local dynamics and their impact on community security.

This study involved BPAT members, police officers, and residents from the selected research setting, who were chosen through purposive sampling based on specific inclusion criteria: (1) BPAT members had at least one year of experience in the target barangay and were actively engaged in security initiatives with police officers; (2) police officers had served in the area for at least six months and were involved in collaborative efforts with BPAT members; (3) residents were at least 18 years old, had lived in the community for a minimum of one year, and had knowledge of or experience with BPAT-police collaboration; and (4) all participants expressed willingness to take part in the study.

Guide questions, translated into the local language, were used during in-depth interviews to gather detailed responses from BPAT members, police officers, and residents. The interviews followed a structured format with open-ended questions and were documented using digital recording equipment for accuracy. Prior to data collection, the researcher secured approval from the university’s ethics board and obtained informed consent from all participants, ensuring voluntary participation and the right to withdraw at any time. Interviews were scheduled at the participants’ convenience, and their identities were kept confidential through anonymized labeling. Throughout the study, ethical standards—including those outlined in the Data Privacy Act of 2012—were strictly observed to protect participant welfare and data privacy.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This study explored the dynamics of collaboration between Barangay Peacekeeping Action Teams (BPATs) and police officers in promoting community safety and security through a phenomenological approach. Participants, including police officers, BPAT members, and residents, played complementary roles in law enforcement, public engagement, and safety promotion. Their duties involved patrolling, responding to emergencies, organizing safety initiatives, and fostering communication with the community. Twelve participants—six BPAT and police members and six residents—voluntarily joined the in-depth, face-to-face interviews, sharing experiences that reflected a strong commitment to building trust and community well-being.

Collaborative Synergy in Public Safety: Enhancing Trust, Efficiency, and Community Capacity

Collaborative Synergy in Public Safety refers to the coordinated efforts between BPATs, police officers, and community members to enhance public safety by building mutual trust, improving the efficiency of crime prevention and response, and strengthening the community’s capacity to address security concerns through shared responsibilities and open communication (Tyler & Huo, 2022; Santos, 2024; Vicente & Codmor, 2019).

Within this theme, two important sub-themes emerged: (1) Coordinated Response and Efficiency; (2) Trust-Building and Community Engagement.

Coordinated Response and Efficiency. Participants emphasized that coordination between BPAT members and police officers improves the efficiency of community security by ensuring clear roles, swift action, and timely information sharing. This teamwork reduces delays and overlaps, leading to more effective crime prevention and response, while also strengthening public trust in local security efforts.

The participants’ statements collectively underscore the value of collaboration between BPAT members, police, and the community in fostering a safer and more responsive public safety environment. Participant 1 emphasized that coordinated partnerships lead to quicker and more effective responses to local issues, directly contributing to community safety. Participant 2 supported this by pointing out how collaboration improves communication and proactive intervention to prevent conflict escalation. Participant 6 added that trust, open communication, and quick response are key outcomes of such synergy. These views suggest that joint efforts enhance operational efficiency while building a stronger foundation of trust and shared responsibility in maintaining peace and order.

These are their shared statements:

“It is important because this partnership allows for more coordinated response to community issues, ultimately leading to a safer environment for residents.” (P1)

“Public safety will be more secure if the community, BPATs, and police officers work together. With this collaboration, it will be easier for each organization to communicate and prevent the situation from escalating.” (P2)

“Strengthens trust, communication, and rapid response actions.” (P6)

Choi and Robertson (2020) support the participants’ views, finding that coordination between law enforcement and groups like BPATs leads to more proactive security and stronger community trust. Their study highlights that effective communication enhances emergency response and fosters cooperation, echoing the insights shared by the participants.

This study implies that fostering stronger relationships and communication between police officers and community groups can significantly improve public safety efforts. As seen in the participants’ responses, creating a coordinated environment where different groups work together can prevent escalation of situations, enhance trust, and ensure rapid and efficient responses to incidents.

Trust-Building and Community Engagement. Trust-building and community engagement are key to effective collaboration between BPAT members and police officers in ensuring security (Crosby et al., 2019; Jara 2021; Brimba et al., 2023). Their partnership promotes mutual respect and accountability, helping bridge the gap between law enforcement and the public. With BPATs’ strong community ties, this collaboration encourages resident involvement in safety efforts. It also fosters shared responsibility and strengthens communication. As Tyler and Huo (2022) note, trust and engagement form the foundation for lasting success in crime prevention and emergency response.

Participants 4 and 5 highlighted the importance of teamwork and information sharing in keeping communities safe. Participant 4 said working together builds trust and leads to better communication and quicker solutions. Participant 5 added that no single group can handle public safety alone—it takes the combined efforts of BPATs, police, and residents. BPATs often know local issues well, helping police respond faster. When the community feels heard, they become more involved, making safety efforts stronger and more effective.

These are their statements:

“Working together is important because it helps everyone trust each other and share information. When the community, BPATs, and police work as a team, they can solve problems faster and keep the area safer.” (P4)

“I believe teamwork between BPATs, police and the community are crucial. No single group can handle public safety alone. When we all work together, it becomes easier to prevent crime and respond more effectively when something does happen.” (P5)

Several studies in the Philippines emphasize the importance of collaboration between BPATs, police, and the community in enhancing public safety. Saligan et al. (2020) found high community satisfaction with BPAT services, particularly in emergency response and dispute resolution, demonstrating the value of trust and cooperation. Alvarico (2022) highlighted the critical role of BPATs in Ozamiz City, where their close relationship with the community improved public order. Similarly, Songalia et al. (2022) noted that collaboration between BPSOs, police, and the community is key to crime prevention and building trust. These studies collectively show that cooperation among community members, BPATs, and law enforcement improves communication, response times, and safety (Tyler & Huo, 2022).

Their statements implies that collaboration between BPATs, police, and the community is crucial for building trust and improving communication. By sharing information, each group can respond more quickly and effectively to issues. When the community feels valued, they are more likely to participate, strengthening the partnership. This shared responsibility fosters ownership of local safety, leading to proactive crime prevention and a safer environment. Overall, trust-building and community engagement are key to successful collaborative security efforts.

Building Strong Partnerships; Communication, Capacity, and Community

Pillars of BPAT-Police Collaboration

This theme emphasizes how open communication fosters coordination, how building the capacity of BPAT members through training and support enhances their effectiveness, and how active community involvement reinforces the legitimacy and responsiveness of peacekeeping efforts (Brimba et al., 2023; Jara 2021; Leckie, 2024) . These three pillars: communication, capacity, and community which serve as the foundation for trust, teamwork, and shared responsibility, allowing BPATs and police officers to respond more efficiently to local issues and build a safer environment together.

The participants emphasized that effective collaboration between BPATs and police officers relies on clear communication, mutual respect, shared goals, and trust. P1 and P4 highlighted the importance of communication and respect in aligning efforts toward community safety. P5 noted that open communication enhances coordination and speeds up responses, while trust ensures both groups work smoothly toward common goals. P5 also mentioned that regular training and joint activities help build teamwork. P6 reinforced that trust, communication, and shared goals are essential for effective partnerships, highlighting the importance of strong relationships in maintaining peace and security

These are their statements:

“The key factors for effective collaboration between BPATS and police include clear communication, mutual respect and shared goals for community safety.” (P1)

 “Clear communication, mutual respect, and shared goals. It can help to respond better to community issues.” (P4)

“One of the most important factors is open communication. When both sides can freely share updates, concerns and information it leads to better coordination. Trust is also essential when BPATs and police officers trust each other’s intentions, it becomes easier to work toward a common goal. Lastly, regular training and joint activities help build teamwork and ensure everyone is on the same page.” (P5)

“Trust, clear communications, shared safety goals.” (P6)

​The participants’ emphasis on communication, mutual respect, trust, and shared goals for effective BPAT-police collaboration is supported by local studies. Doquilla et al. (2023) found that in Cabanatuan City, BPATs were more effective due to strong communication and joint training with the police. Baisac et al. (2022) showed that in Barangay Tubod, Davao del Sur, BPATs’ success relied on effective coordination with law enforcement. Bienes et al. (2022) reported that in Ozamiz City, mutual trust and collaboration between BPATs and police led to successful public safety measures, including curfew enforcement.

These findings implies the critical importance of fostering strong partnerships between BPATs and police officers, grounded in open communication, mutual respect, and shared objectives. Such collaborative dynamics not only enhance the efficiency of community policing efforts but also build public trust and ensure a more responsive approach to maintaining peace and order at the grassroots level.

Collaborative Security: Building Trust, enhancing Coordination, and Achieving Tangible Community Safety Outcomes

Collaborative Security involves BPATs, police, and the community working together to build trust, improve coordination, and achieve safer outcomes. Through effective communication and shared responsibilities, they address local security issues, enabling faster responses and proactive crime prevention. This partnership strengthens community involvement, fostering a safer, more resilient environment (Santos, 2024; Vicente & Codmor, 2019; O’Leary & Vij, 2022).

P1 explains that collaboration between security sectors strengthens trust, boosts community involvement, and leads to the successful implementation of safety programs. Building on this, P2 emphasizes that partnerships between security forces and the community foster accountability and collective problem-solving, ultimately creating a safer environment for everyone. P4 highlights that this trust encourages individuals to report concerns and actively support community safety initiatives. Meanwhile, P5 reinforces that when people feel involved and heard, they become more committed to maintaining peace and order, sharing the responsibility with security forces—an essential factor in ensuring the sustainability of long-term security efforts.

These are their statements:

“The collaborations between security enhances trust, increases participation and leads to more successful implementation of community security programs.” (P1)

“Collaborations between security forces and the community significantly enhances the success of community security programs by fostering trust, accountability, and collective problem-solving. When both parties work together, it’s a safer environment for everyone.” (P2)

“It builds trust and encourages people to report problems. When the community feels involved, they support and follow the programs more.” (P4)

“When the community feels involved and heard they become more engaged in maintaining peace and order. Their cooperation allows security forces to act. It also creates a sense of shared responsibility, which is key to sustaining long-term security programs.” (P5)

The collaborative approach in statements P1 to P5 aligns with Goldstein’s Community Policing Theory (1970) and Ansell and Gash’s Collaborative Governance Theory (2007). Goldstein emphasizes proactive police-community partnerships to solve problems together, enhancing trust and participation. Ansell and Gash highlight involving multiple stakeholders for effective, sustainable outcomes. Both theories show that when communities are involved and heard, they are more likely to engage in maintaining peace, making security programs more successful and responsive.

This imply that true and lasting community safety cannot be achieved by security forces alone—it requires the active involvement and cooperation of the community. When trust is established through open communication and inclusive decision-making, people are more likely to participate, report issues, and support security initiatives. This cooperation not only enhances the effectiveness of programs but also promotes a culture of shared responsibility and accountability. The implication is clear: by fostering collaboration and ensuring that the community feels heard and involved, security efforts become more sustainable, responsive, and successful in creating a safe and secure environment for all.

Communication Barriers and the Need for Clear Channels

This theme highlights the importance of clear communication in successful collaborative security efforts. Poor communication can hinder trust, delay responses, and reduce community involvement, weakening security programs. Open and reliable communication channels enable timely information sharing and coordinated action. In collaborative security, overcoming communication barriers is key to building trust, improving coordination, and achieving safety outcomes that reflect the community’s needs.

P4 emphasizes that differing priorities and communication barriers significantly hinder collaborative security efforts, often leading to misalignment and inefficiencies. However, P4 suggests that these challenges can be overcome by fostering unity through regular meetings and joint training sessions, which promote shared understanding. P2 supports this view, identifying miscommunication as a critical obstacle, and stresses the importance of clear communication channels and consistent coordination to ensure all parties are aligned. Both participants agree that open communication and regular interactions are key to resolving conflicts and enhancing the effectiveness of security collaboration

These are their shared statements:

“Challenges include differing priorities and communication barriers which can be overcome through regular meeting and joint training sessions.” (P4)

“One major challenge in collaborating with the other security stakeholders is miscommunication, which can lead to confusion and inefficiencies. To overcome this, establishing clear communications channels and regular coordination meetings is essential to ensure everyone is aligned and informed.” (P2)

“Sometimes, lack of communication and different priorities are the problem. Through regular meeting and open communication can help solve these issues.” (P4)

Studies emphasize the importance of overcoming communication barriers and aligning priorities in collaborative security efforts. Innes (2020) highlights how poor communication can hinder intelligence gathering and security outcomes. Somerville (2021) stresses that conflicting goals undermine collaboration, while Miller et al. (2024) argue that regular meetings and clear communication strengthen law enforcement-community partnerships. Ansell and Gash (2020) and Bryson et al. (2021) further emphasize that consistent dialogue and clear channels are crucial for aligning stakeholder priorities and avoiding inefficiencies.

These insights imply that for collaborative security to be effective, intentional efforts must be made to establish structured and consistent communication practices. Addressing communication gaps and aligning priorities through regular interaction and cooperative training will enhance coordination, reduce misunderstandings, and lead to more unified and successful community safety initiatives.

Crime Reduction Through Collaboration

This theme encapsulates Crime Reduction Through Collaboration, emphasizing the significant role of joint efforts between law enforcement, local government, and the community in reducing crime rates. Collaborative approaches, such as community policing, where police work closely with residents to address the root causes of crime, have been proven effective in improving safety and fostering stronger community bonds.

P1 highlights a successful collaboration between BPATs and police in establishing a neighborhood watch program, leading to a significant drop in crime rates. P5 describes how a partnership between the police, BPATs, and community volunteers addressed a series of thefts by organizing nightly patrols and sharing crime prevention strategies. P6 reinforces this success, noting that joint patrols between security forces and the community further reduced neighborhood crime. These statements collectively demonstrate the effectiveness of collaboration in achieving tangible crime reduction outcomes.

These are evident based on their statements:

“The example of successful collaboration is when BPATS and police worked together to organize a neighborhood watch program, significantly reducing local crime rates.” (P1)

“Yes, there was a time when a series of theft occurred in one barangay. Instead of handling it solely, we partnered closely with the BPATs and community watch volunteers. We organized nightly patrols, shared tips on crime prevention and maintained an open line of communication.” (P5)

“Joint patrols reduced crime in neighborhood areas.” (P6)

Mariano (2021) notes that community policing in the Philippines has boosted public trust and proactive crime prevention. Lopez (2025) highlights the role of multi-agency collaboration in improving crime response, especially in urban areas. Alipio (2020) emphasizes the need for regular communication and coordination between security sectors for unified crime responses. These studies highlight the importance of partnerships in creating safer communities and reducing crime.

This implies that fostering partnerships between law enforcement, local security groups like BPATs, and community volunteers significantly enhances crime prevention efforts. The success of joint patrols and collaborative crime reduction strategies indicates that when security forces and the community work together, they create a more responsive and effective system of crime prevention. This collaborative approach not only reduces crime rates but also builds trust and increases community engagement in safety efforts, leading to long-term improvements in public safety and community resilience.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This study explored and understands the dynamics of collaboration between Barangay Peacekeeping Action Teams (BPATs) and police officers in Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon in ensuring the safety and security of the community.  Using a phenomenological design, the study gained an in-depth understanding of the experiences of Barangay Peacekeeping Action Teams (BPATs) and police officers in Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon, as a collaborative effort in ensuring the safety and security of the community. This study was participated in by six police officers and BPAT members, and six residents of the community who are actively engaged in the collaboration.

This study found that collaboration between BPATs, police officers, and the community plays a crucial role in strengthening community security by building trust, encouraging participation, and improving response efforts. Effective partnerships are shaped by factors such as mutual respect, open communication, shared goals, and regular coordination, which help overcome challenges like miscommunication and conflicting priorities. When these collaborative dynamics are present, security programs are more successful—leading to reduced crime, faster interventions, and a stronger sense of shared responsibility. Overall, the study emphasizes that well-coordinated efforts among all stakeholders create safer, more resilient communities.

Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that collaboration between BPATs, police officers, and the community is essential in creating a safer and more resilient environment by fostering trust, clear communication, and shared goals. Effective partnerships enable coordinated efforts, enhance responsiveness, and allow for more targeted public safety strategies. While communication barriers and differing priorities may challenge these efforts, regular dialogue and mutual understanding help overcome them. The success of joint initiatives, such as neighborhood patrols and crime prevention programs, highlights the value of collective action in reducing crime and strengthening community security.

To strengthen community security, local government units (LGUs), police departments, and community-based organizations are encouraged to institutionalize support for collaborative policing models such as the partnership between Barangay Peacekeeping Action Teams (BPATs) and local police. This can be achieved through dedicated budget allocations for operational needs, capacity-building programs, and inter-agency coordination mechanisms that ensure sustained implementation and monitoring.

LGUs may adopt ordinances that formally integrate BPATs into local peace and order councils, thereby giving them a more active and accountable role in local governance and crime prevention. This institutional recognition can be paired with performance-based incentives, structured reporting systems, and standardized training modules co-developed with law enforcement agencies. Police departments and BPATs may prioritize regular communication training, team-building activities, and establish clear communication protocols to overcome barriers and align their priorities. Mandating periodic joint evaluations between BPATs, police, and community leaders can help assess performance, identify bottlenecks, and recalibrate strategies in real-time.

Community leaders and police are encouraged to engage the public through regular meetings and participatory decision-making to sustain trust and cooperation. LGUs may also establish community safety forums as permanent structures where residents, BPATs, and law enforcement can co-design safety initiatives and provide feedback on local peacekeeping performance. Finally, these collaborative approaches—proven effective in enhancing safety—should be replicated in other barangays and municipalities facing similar security challenges. LGUs, with support from regional and national agencies, may pilot these frameworks in comparable rural and urban communities to test scalability and adaptability, thereby embedding community policing as a core function of local public safety governance.

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