Residents’ Knowledge and Appreciation for Heritage Tourism Site in Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya

Residents’ Knowledge and Appreciation for Heritage Tourism Site in Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya

Cutib, Gerlie Joy B.; Dulay, Tristan Miguel; Domincel, Maeve Rae A.; Soriano, Mark Ian J.

The Faculty of the School of Accountancy and Business Saint Mary’s University, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.90400387

Received: 04 April 2025; Accepted: 11 April 2025; Published: 17 May 2025

ABSTRACT

This study examines the residents’ knowledge and appreciation of the Saint Dominic Cathedral as a heritage site in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. Saint Dominic Cathedral serves as a hub of faith, history, and culture in the community, giving a spiritual growth, preserving local heritage, and supporting nearby businesses through religious tourism and community activities. Its significant role enhances the social and economic fabric of Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. The research aims to determine the extent of residents’ awareness and valuation of the cathedral’s historical and cultural significance and to develop an Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) plan to enhance local understanding of this important site. Using qualitative research methods, particularly round-table discussions, data were gathered from residents living near the cathedral. The findings reveal that while most residents share a common understanding and appreciation of the heritage site, some lack sufficient knowledge about its historical and cultural importance. The informants seem to know more about the dark past of the Saint Dominic cathedral such as the fire and earthquake. To address this gap, the study recommends crafting an IEC plan using platforms such as social media, newspapers, websites, and other communication channels to effectively disseminate information about the Saint Dominic Cathedral. These efforts aim to foster greater awareness and appreciation of the cathedral as a heritage site, encouraging preservation and community pride. Saint Dominic Cathedral is crucial in heritage conservation, symbolizing historical and cultural preservation while boosting tourism and fostering economic opportunities for the local community. Its presence strengthens community pride, promotes cultural identity, and highlights the importance of safeguarding significant landmarks for future generations.

Keywords: Saint Dominic Cathedral, heritage site, residents’ knowledge, appreciation, IEC plan, cultural heritage awareness.

INTRODUCTION

Traveling primarily aims for learning about a place’s history and heritage which is also known as historical or heritage tourism. It may be as easy as taking in the well-known historical buildings on a leisurely stroll around the area’s museums, which preserve the past through antiquities, antiques, and literary artifacts, or as sentimental as trying out original historical recipes where they were created. History buffs frequently mix their passion for the past with other tourist attractions like shopping, theme parks, and opulent resort stays. Therefore, the most well-liked locations for tourists are those with a rich cultural legacy and a well-designed tourism infrastructure that welcomes visitors from various backgrounds (Etravelteam, 2019).

Heritage tourism is a phenomenon based on tourist motivations and perception rather than on specific site attributes meanwhile, tourism is one of the world’s fastest-growing industries and a major foreign exchange and employment generation for numerous countries. It is one of the most remarkable economic and social phenomena (Poria et. al. 2001). Heritage tourism is a type of tourism that relies on experiences related to historical attractions that include historical sites, cultural sites, and architectural sites in tourism. Heritage site benefits the local communities, culturally, and economically (Sustainable Tourism Online, 2010).

Saint Dominic Cathedral a heritage of Bayombong is meaningful landmark that is incorporate the rich historical, cultural, and aesthetic heritage of Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. Built during the Spanish colonial period, it showcases the centuries of religious and architectural history, serving as a tangible link to the past and physical evidence to the enduring faith of the community. Its physic beauty and craftsmanship pinpoint the artistry and dedication of its builders, making it not just a place of worship but most importantly the symbol of cultural identity and pride. On the other hand, its spiritual function the cathedral contributes to heritage conservation, making sure that future generations can appreciate and be aware to its historical value. Moreover, it plays a crucial role in tourism development, attracting visitors seeking cultural and historical experiences, creating opportunities for local businesses and fostering economic growth. The cathedral’s presence inspires a sense of community pride and unity, emphasizing the importance of preserving such landmarks as pillars of tradition, faith, and shared history. In order to understand the esthetic in its ultimate and approved forms, one must begin with it in the raw, in the events and scenes that hold the attentive eye and ear of man, arousing his interest and affording him enjoyment as he looks and listens. The context-bounded nature of daily life means that we have to pay attention to interactions and relations in the context of concrete state. For instance, if we want to understand the nature of a flower, we will not only study the roots, stems, leaves, and petals, but also how soil, water, sunlight, and air interact with the flower. This is an interesting approach because we have inherited the habit of analyzing situations or objects by breaking them down into their component parts, which leads us to pay more careful attention to the parts than the whole. However, if we are unable to comprehend how these parts relate to one another or interact, we not only overlook other pertinent facts, but also the nature of that situation or object. (Shockley, 2012)

In order to help Christians and Christian groups understand their own and other Christian groups’ origins, the reasons behind their specific commitments, and the assumptions and presuppositions from the past that shape their current Christian worldview, church historians also examine important individuals, events, documents, movements, developments, and teachings throughout the church’s history. (Why Church History Matters, 2014)

A large portion of domestic and international travelers engage in cultural and/or heritage activities while traveling, and those who do so tend to stay longer, spend more money, and travel more often. National Trust for Historic and cultural conservation interpret “heritage tourism” like “traveling to experience the site, artifacts, and activities that truly represent the stories and people of the past and present.” In addition to the benefits of heritage tourism is to protect resources and generate jobs and commercial opportunities, heritage tourism frequently raises locals’ standards of living (Heritage Tourism | Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, n.d.).

UNESCO designates World Heritage special locations around the globe, whether they are man-made or natural, with exceptional universal value or cultural significance. Rather than being solely the heritage of a certain territory, nation, or region, these locations are regarded as the heritage of all humankind. Such locations are frequently linked to thriving tourism and can be great informational resources for both locals and the broader public (Rakytová, et. al. 2019).

However, the expansion of cities, population growth, lifestyle changes, and improving the quality of life are examples of the inevitable movements that almost all cities around the world are experiencing. Although this new progress has brought many opportunities and benefits in terms of development and socio-economic welfare, it has also triggered some challenges for sustainable urban planning, particularly in terms of conservation and preservation of cultural heritage (Seyedashrafi, Ravankhah, & Schmidt, 2017) particularly any investment in heritage. The historic environment has been accepted as a source of benefit to local economies, predominantly through tourism (Mowforth & Munt, 2015).

As cultures embrace lifestyles, different ways of living together, value systems, traditions, and beliefs, the protection and support of their rich diversity invite us to rise to new challenges problems at the local, national, and international levels. This will involve integrating the principles of dialogue and mutual knowledge in all policies, particularly education, science, culture, and communication policies, in the hope of correcting flawed cultural representations, values, and stereotypes (UNESCO, 2010).

An alluring past helps to sustain already-existing enterprises of all stripes and encourages outside investment. According to Talboys (2016), heritage landscapes are also thought to be a great educational resource for individuals of all ages. Understanding a location’s past can help communities come together by fostering an appreciation for the distinct cultural identity that each location contributes to the community. Additionally, legacy gives a place personality and uniqueness and is essential to a community’s development of a “sense of place” (Graham et al., 2004).

In the Philippines, a group of photography enthusiasts has exhibited photographs of churches recognized as National Cultural Treasures, National Historical Landmarks, Important Cultural Properties, or UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The exhibition includes popular churches like Barasoain in Bulacan, the Basilica Menor de Sto. Niño de Cebu, Miag-ao in Iloilo, and Daraga Church in Albay, also showcase lesser-known churches like Tumauini Church in Isabela, Santa Maria in Ilocos Sur, and San Vicente Ferrer in Nueva Vizcaya. The exhibition`s goal is to promote the Philippines as a prime destination by focusing on heritage churches, which have survived many political, social, natural, and historical upheavals. The exhibition encourages people to contemplate the underlying issues surrounding these sacred structures, allowing them to understand the unique stories behind their architecture, facades, and bricks.

The photographs not only allow the audience to appreciate the form and ornamentation of the facades but also the subtexts of political interests, the impositions and resistance that marked Spanish colonial rule, and the acceptance of Christianity in Filipino narratives. The exhibition raises questions about the future of these centuries-old structures, such as how many more earthquakes they can survive and their significance to the modern generation (Nicolas,2018).

Societies have tried to preserve their history for thousands of years. They used different methods depending on what was available at the time. For example, the Egyptians documented their history with a complex architecture built to last for centuries. Jewish scribes copied manuscripts in great detail for the same purpose. The Irish had bards who were like professional poets whose purpose was to celebrate historical events. These are just a few examples of how societies have realized the importance of documenting heritage. Generations of people have documented their history in part to ensure that the stories are preserved accurately. They want to make sure that future generations understand the knowledge of their culture. There are many experiences and a wealth of wisdom that can be lost over time if not recorded. Once this information is documented, the reader, viewer, or listener has access to historical information that can have significant value in the present (Heritage Films, 2020).

If living heritage is not supported in the community, it faces the risk of disappearing forever or becoming a thing of the past. Investing in living heritage strengthens this history, ensures that it is passed down to future generations, and allows it to change and adapt to any situation. As the fourth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), quality education has identified examining the role of living heritage in promoting education for sustainable development as a critical objective. The eight SDC Economic growth fosters local entrepreneurship through tourism, creating a job and also boosting local economies and eleventh Sustainable Goals the sustainable cities and communities contributes to a long term sustainable for the town of Bayombong`s cultural identity that ensuring maintaining the historical landmarks for future generations while promoting also the responsible tourism. The purpose of this article is to collect data on living heritage conservation to build a sustainable community. To do this, the community-based education model will be used to assess the attitudes, cultural knowledge, and awareness of the communities regarding the value of living heritage, as well as the communities’ level of participation in living heritage conservation (Abdul et.al. 2022).

In Manila, natural and man-made tragedies forced three rebuilds of the San Agustin Church. It has endured natural calamities ever since and has grown to be the oldest church in the Philippines. Both the government and UNESCO officially acknowledge it as a historical monument (About San Agustin, 2012).

For communities all around the nation, heritage sites are important sources of inspiration, knowledge, identity, and culture. Additionally, via their efforts in the fields of tourism and cultural promotion, heritage tourism sites are made accessible to a broad range of recipients. In the upcoming years, heritage tourism will rise in popularity and at a rate that is faster than the global average (Cajimat et. al. 2017).

In the province of Nueva Vizcaya, several heritage sites were also listed as National Cultural Treasures. In 2001, the San Vicente Ferrer Church for its distinct architectural significance was one among the 26 Spanish colonial churches declared as part of National Cultural Treasure by the National Museum of the Philippines. In 2015, the Dampol Bridge, a Spanish colonial period single-arched brick masonry composition was declared an integral component of the church complex as a part of National Cultural Treasure, by the National Museum of the Philippines. It is now referred to collectively as The San Vicente Ferrer Church Complex and Dampol Bridge of Dupax Del Sur, Nueva Vizcaya (The San Vicente Ferrer Church Complex in Dupax Del Sur | Architectural Heritage in Nueva Vizcaya, n.d.).

Christianity began in Bambang in 1609 when Father Tomas Gutierrez, a Dominican, founded the mission known as Ytuy to convert and help the Isinay tribe. A church was built in Bambang nearly identical to the Dupax Del Sur Church except for a few minor details like the absence of blind windows on the first floor, a slightly steeper pediment, and the presence of clay insets adorning the oculus on the third floor (Galende & Hornedo, 2002).

Another church can be found in the capital town of the province. Bayombong is the location of Saint Dominic Cathedral. The catholic church, which was conserved to become the province’s first cathedral, is a surviving example of the splendor that formerly marked the ancient town. Twice destroyed by fire and rebuilt in the same location, the cathedral still sports its original facade, making it a true gem and a reminder of its rich Christian heritage both historically and aesthetically (Vigattin Tourism, 2024).

In the management of cultural heritage sites, a deficiency of understanding of the intricate relationship through tangible and intangible historical assets, the significance and assessments of the site to the residents, and the complexity of space in the World Heritage Site (Aidatul et. Al. 2022).

With this, the researchers aim to have a research-backed Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) plan for the continuity of knowledge and appreciation of locals in Saint Dominic Cathedral leading to tourism awareness not just for the residents but also the tourists. IEC plan can help to preserve the heritage site, particularly the Saint Dominic Cathedral also it can help to promote the community. This IEC Plan can be helpful to the residents and tourists to provide information and help them to explore and enjoy the site and also to learn about the different programs and charities offered by the site. The IEC plan can be also the strategic plan to develop and make improvements to the site. Maintaining the site and making use of the IEC plan for upcoming scholars. Also, there is no research papers about the of knowledge ang appreciation about the SDC in which the future generation or the future researcher can use in their research paper. Addressing the gap that residents` is not enough knowledgeable of the brighter side of the church aside from its dark past this study will be the community`s eye opener to the positive side such as the uniting the community, fostering the local pride, and promoting tourism. This study aims to reshape perceptions, enhance appreciations and encourage active participations. This particularly rely on local communities to safeguard the church value and ensure sustainability. The community and heritage management must engage in ongoing communication, cooperation, and collaboration to reduce these dangers and guarantee that the legacy is handed on to the future generation in the same condition as it is now (Aas, Ladkin, & Fletcher, 2005).

Heritage Tourism

Dropping by a historical and cultural landmark among the most well-liked tourist/visitors’ activities. There are events happening today. Families, the elderly, gatherings of friends, and even tourists from abroad choose to stay here. Take a vacation and visit historical locations. As a result of the environment and economic development, there is increased tension between the development of heritage tourism and creating a “saleable tourism product” and an “environment for living and working.” Sustainable development is necessary to achieve political, social, and environmental stability (Clout, & Burtenshaw, 1992). Heritage tourism, a subset of cultural tourism, involves trips to historical or intangible sites, with heritage management preparing sites for public visits and addressing challenges (De La Calle Vaquero, M., & García-Hernández, M. 2023).

One of the most prominent and popular forms of tourism, heritage tourism is one of the oldest forms of travel and usually falls under the umbrella of cultural tourism (and vice versa). History demonstrates that even the Romans and Ancient Egyptians, as well as famous people from the Middle Ages, traveled to see historically significant locations (Towner,1996).

The promotion of cultural, historical, and natural treasures is referred to as heritage tourism. Additionally, the ethnic makeup of a community or area is utilized as a resource to draw visitors and grow the leisure and tourism sector (Chang,1997).

Private heritage, according to Chambers (2006), focuses “on the ways in which the previous dynamically linked to the present, with heritage values identified and explained by community members rather than by outsiders,” which he calls its significance. Public heritage, on the other hand, emphasizes historical authenticity as judged by professional heritage elites. In this way, private heritage is directly associated with culture and significance, whereas public heritage is closely associated with history and authenticity (Chambers, 2006). Heritage politics, religious tourism, and tourism are key themes in understanding the relationship between heritage and ordinary people. Research is encouraged in areas such as supply and demand, conservation issues, heritage economics, authenticity, and the rise of heritage in developing countries Timothy, D. (2015).

Cathedrals and Churches as Heritage Site

One may argue that while the conceptual borders are becoming hazier, the relationships between religion and tourism are becoming closer. The thousands of religious structures that draw interest from and are frequented by tourists are the most obvious examples of the relationship between tourism and religion. However, it should be noted that more than their religious significance, the foundation of this attention must increasingly be linked to their cultural and historical worth as heritage items (Aulet & Vidal, 2018).

Religious tourism experiences vary across different types of sites, such as grand cathedrals and small Marian shrines. Scholars have often overlooked the differences in visitors’ experiences at different religious sites, believing they provide identical experiences regardless of the tasks performed by each site. This gap in religious tourism literature highlights the importance of understanding and addressing these differences (Raj & Griffin, 2015).

IEC Plan for Heritage Sites

Although Tubbataha was managed according to custom after it was declared a no-take marine protected area in 1988, park awareness campaigns were conducted by various organizations on a rotating basis. Philippines started working in Tubbataha in 1997, mostly with awareness campaigns that produced tourist information  materials  and  maximized  community events.  It  carried  out  the Tubbataha Conservation Project from 1999 to 2004, which the David and Lucille Packard Foundation and GEF-UNDP co-founded. This was the start of the campaign to raise awareness of conservation, which was subsequently incorporated into the 2003 TRNP Management Plan. Beginning in 2003, TMO gradually assumed the implementation of the conservation awareness program with WWF Philippines taking a supportive In 2008, CI Philippines enabled the formulation of a 35Year IEC Plan. The New 7 Wonders of Nature campaign, an online global search or natural wonders, served as the springboard for these information activities in 2008 (Tubbatahareef.org, 2014).

Conceptual Framework

Saint Dominic Cathedral serves as one of the valuable parts of a intercommunity’s religious identity, cultural and historical. It also emits a significance of belonging and pride, preserving stories, traditions, and values. In terms of the Saint Dominic Cathedral in Bayombong, its historical and religious importance highlights the necessary to explore how heritage sites are perceived and maintained by the local community. Like other heritage site, this heritage site serves as a landmark and is key in showcasing cultural awareness and tourism. On the other hand, the preservation and support of such sites are mainly influenced by how residents understand the cathedral`s historical and cultural value. The residents’ knowledge of a heritage site is needed to its preservation.

Knowledge about the site’s origins, significance, and role in the community helps enrich a sense of ownership and responsibility among the local population. Through document scanning, relevant historical and cultural records can be gathered to gage the expands of residents’ appreciation. Moreover, round-table discussions do allow residents` to share their views, opinion, experiences, and discuss the importance of the heritage site from their own perspective. This approach emits a deeper understanding of the site’s meaningful and impact on their daily lives. The residents’ appreciation of a heritage site goes over their knowledge and involves passionate and cultural connections.

When residents appreciate the site’s value, they are more likely to participate in its preservation and promotion. The appreciation and awareness can be assessed by transcribing data gathered from the round-table discussions, highlighting areas where further engagement or educational initiatives may be necessary. Sentiments of residents’ emotional connection to the heritage site is important for creating sustainable tourism strategies and enriching a community-driven approach and process to its conservation. This framework ties the residents’ knowledge and appreciation of heritage sites’ long-term sustainability and viability, ensuring their continued relevance for future generations.

Research Design

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

Residents’ knowledge acquired personal knowledge about the cathedral. Recollected historical events and figures of SDC. Understands past figures’ contributions to the cathedral. Residents’ Appreciation consists of Historical, religious, economic, and architectural significance. Appreciation for S.D.C.’s beauty and architecture. Potential for attracting tourists and supporting nearby businesses. Heritage site Comprises three parts: History, Culture, Tradition, and language. Heritage sites are locations with deep-rooted history, significant events in their history, or man-made structures. These sites are meant to be passed down from generation to generation.

In document scanning, the researchers conducted document scanning to study Saint Dominic Cathedral’s history, past events, significant figures, cultural activities, and contributions. In round table discussions, the researchers gathered community informants for a guided discussion about Saint Dominic Cathedral, asking open-ended questions about their knowledge and appreciation, with barangay officials’ assistance. In the transcription of the discussion, the researchers plan to conduct a guided discussion about Saint Dominic Cathedral, involving community informants and barangay officials, to gather their knowledge and appreciation.

Recommendations are formed based on informants’ responses during the RTD or Round Table Discussion to address problems hindering Saint Dominic Cathedral or improve its aspects. An Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) plan will be implemented to disseminate knowledge about Saint Dominic Cathedral, ensuring it is accessible to both residents and tourists.

Objectives of the Study

This research determined the residents’ knowledge and appreciation for Saint Dominic Cathedral as a heritage site in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya for the 1st semester of AY 2024-2025.

Specifically, it aimed to provide answers for the following objectives:

1. Determine the residents’ knowledge and appreciation for Saint Dominic Cathedral as a heritage site in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya.
2. Crafted an IEC (Information, Education, and Communication) plan pertaining to the Saint Dominic Cathedral.

METHODOLOGY

Researchers used qualitative research to collect data from Bayombong residents living in barangays close to the heritage site. They used purposive sampling to choose informants as part of the round table discussion. They administer and conducted round table discussions. The researchers work together to better understand the nature, traits, elements, and issues that may prevent locals from understanding and appreciating heritage property. The researchers used round table discussions to get a sense of the people’s knowledge and enthusiasm for the heritage tourism attractions. Data for qualitative research is obtained from interview guide questions. The majority of the data is non-numerical (Creswell, 2022).

Research Locale

The study take place at Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, the research location and source of respondents for the study. Specifically, the barangays Don Mariano Perez, and Don Domingo Maddela were selected to be the research locale due to its proximity distance to the Saint Dominic Cathedral.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (2020), the municipality of Bayombong has a total population of 67, 714 in the 2020 Census. In addition, Barangay Don Mariano Perez (District III) has a total population of 2,290 (3.38%), and Don Domingo Maddela has a total population of 1,019 (1.50%).

The Spanish Augustinian Friars founded Saint Dominic Cathedral in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines, in 1739. Church history: On April 12, 1739, the first Eucharistic Celebration took place there, presided over by Fray Pedro Freire. This cathedral was still known as The Church of St. Augustine in the 18th century.

The church façade is reported to be a near reproduction of the San Vicente Ferrer Church in Dupax del Sur and the Santa Catalina de Siena Church in Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya, with its doors, windows, and oculus. Its pediment shape is likewise similar to that of the ancient Tuguegarao Cathedral in Cagayan. This church, however, varies from the other two in that the windows are not framed by columns. Another distinguishing element of the Bayombong church is its octagonal, slightly detached campanile. The squat façade is divided into four sections by cornices. The façade is adorned with two windows flanking a saint’s niche on the second floor and an oculus on the third story.

Figure 2. Map of the 5 Barangays of Bayombong (Google Map,2024)

Table 1. Distance of each barangay from S.D.C. (Google Map, 2023)

Informants of the study

Informants are chosen from the population of Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. Specifically, those who live close to the town center and the Saint Dominic Cathedral. The roster of participants gathered in coordination with the barangay officials of Don Mariano Perez and Don Domingo Maddela of Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. With the help of the barangay officials, the researchers are able to identify participants who have a background in Saint Dominic Cathedral.

The chosen participants have been living in the selected barangays of Bayombong- Don Mariano Perez and Don Domingo Maddela. These barangays were selected due to their proximity distance to the Saint Dominic Cathedral. Participants are between the ages of 20 years old to 50 years old.

Excluded from the sample population are the ones 15km past the city center or outside the four mentioned barangays, as well as residents who have only lived within Bayombong for 4 years and below. Non-Permanent residents, those who are from other towns, municipalities, and cities, who are just boarding in Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya for work or education-related reasons.

In this study, the researchers are helped by barangay officials to gather enough informants for the round table discussions. The participants are 6 barangay officials and 4 residents from both barangays.

Research Instruments

The study used a researcher-made Interview guide question that is validated by their adviser-promoter and panelist that determines the respondents’ knowledge and appreciation of the Heritage Tourism site within Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya.

The questions range from subjective to objective. Questions about how much they appreciate Heritage Tourism sites will look into how they rate the importance of said sites, to see if they deem it necessary for the municipality. The questions also ask how often they visit the site.

The subjective points of the interview guide question are answered in an interview guide question. The more objective questions will use an interview guide question, these questions are to determine the respondent’s knowledge, and they will not be judged for incorrect answers, this is a test to see if they still remember facts about said heritage tourism sites.

Data Gathering Procedure

Figure 3. Data gathering Procedure

The researchers conducted a site visit to coordinate with the barangay. After coordinating with the barangay officials of the chosen barangay the researcher asked for assistance in choosing the informants who will be joining in the round table discussion. After choosing the informants the researchers asked permission and explain to the informants about the informed consent form and discuss also the flow of discussion. Before the discussion begins the researchers asked permission to record the session and attendance per barangay is conducted. The researchers transcribed the data afterward

Treatment of Data

The resident’s knowledge and appreciation of the heritage site of Bayombong were clustered into themes and interpreted following the six-phase analysis process outlined by Braun and Clarke (2006), as cited by Byrne (2022). The steps involved in this process are: familiarization with the data, generation of initial codes, searching for themes, reviewing themes, expounding and naming themes, and producing the report. For a sample of qualitative analysis using this full cycle, refer to Appendix J.

Interpreting the Saint Dominic Cathedral: A Local Historical Tourism in terms of Round Table discussion and the recorded interview session is transcribed, Record keeping and observations from the respondents is done through qualitative analysis, more specifically through the use of interview guide questions. A thematic analysis of the data is conducted. Once the respondents have completed the discussion, it is tabulated and subjected to the following statistical tools: qualitative data is systematizing descriptive data collected through interviews and observations and interpreting it. The collected data provide the qualitative researchers with a detailed analysis, like a thematic analysis of subject matters. While collecting it, the researchers tend to probe the participants and can gather ample information by asking the right kinds of questions. The data collected is used to conclude a series of questions and answers. It can also be used to conduct future research. Since the questions asked to collect qualitative data are open-ended, respondents are free to express their opinions, leading to more information. The respondents are interviewed in a group discussion. Focus groups are done in a group discussion setting where a moderator is assigned to moderate the ongoing discussion. Processes of observation, such as taking notes, and other documentation methods, such as video and audio recording, photography, and similar methods, can be used.

Ethical Considerations

In accordance with ethical guidelines for research, Saint Mary’s University Research Ethics Board (SMUREB) will be contacted for ethics approval of this study. The address and contact information are as follows: Second Floor, Rev. Fr. John Van Bauwel Hall, SMU Main Campus, Ponce Street, Don Mariano Marcos, Bayombong, 3700 Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. (email: ureb@smu.edu.ph; phone: 09177053041). Conflict of interest. There was no conflict of interest in this study.

Confidentiality and Data Protection. All collected information will be treated through several measures with care, and each respondent’s privacy will be kept strictly confidential. Any identifying information will be removed from the data and each participant will be given an exclusive identification code. Additionally, all information will be kept confidentially in electronic files that are password-protected and only accessible by the researchers.

Management of Vulnerability. The study is considered low-risk however vulnerability may occur depending on the respondent’s situation. When responding to serious questions, vulnerability may occur. All aspects of the study and guide questions will be explained in terms that are understandable in order to lessen participants’ sensitivity. In case the participants are vulnerable enough to participate in the study, the participants can withdraw from the participation. The informed consent form should be obtained in the following ways: voluntarily (freely), with a full understanding of the request being made of them, and with the capacity to consent on the part of the affected person. This indicates that in order to participate in a research study, participants must be fully aware of the research, comprehend the subject matter, and have the option to participate or not to participate.

Risk/Benefit Ratio. The study presents minimal risk to participants. Participants might, however, experience discomfort when responding to specific questions. The respondents may immediately withdraw their participation in the study if they experience any kind of discomfort while completing the interview. In case the participants might feel any risk such as Information risks, Psychological or emotional risks, social risks, Physical risks, and Legal the participants can discontinue participating as per the informed consent form agreement. The study will not result in any financial gain for the researchers and solely for the purpose of research. This study is beneficial to the residents, as it brings awareness to their knowledge of heritage tourism.

Informed Consent. The researchers started selecting respondents after they have received SMUREB’s authorization for data gathering. The interview guide questions and consent form are delivered personally. Before agreeing to participate, each participant will get information on the study’s objectives, procedures, risks and benefits, and alternatives. The study’s entire outline, including how participants’ data will be used, who will have access to it, and how it will be stored, will be laid out in a printed informed consent form that is given to participants. Additionally, the consent form will emphasize that participation is completely voluntary and that participants can withdraw from the study at any moment without incurring any consequences. The responder can start completing the interview after deciding.

Terms of reference. For Saint Mary’s University’s research study, the research output will be owned by the university, but the students will remain as the authors. The results of this study may be disseminated within Saint Mary’s University through students’ research fora. Also, the study may be submitted for publication in national or international journals.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter comprises the analysis, presentation and interpretation of the findings and results of this study. The analysis and interpretation of data is carried out in two sections. The first part was based on the interview guide questions during the Round-Table Discussion. The second part was based on the result of the first section.

Of the 4 barangays that the researchers selected for this study, only two of them, specifically Barangay Don Mariano Marcos (DMM) and Barangay Don Mariano Perez (DMP) responded to the researchers request for the interview and were used as the basis for results. Eleven (11) questions were used in the descriptive interview and the officials within the barangay are the respondents. The barangay officials represent the overall population of the barangay wherein there are 5 representatives for barangay DMP and 5 officials from barangay DDM.

Section 1. Resident’s Knowledge and Appreciation in Heritage Site of Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya The Greatest Contribution of Saint Dominic Cathedral for the Residents of Bayombong.

Churches have had a customary role in building a sense of belonging where people feel valued and can refine trusting relationships, often referred to as social capital Azzopardi, J. (2019). During the conduct of the study of the two barangays, the key informant shared their answers in the greatest contribution of the Saint Dominic Cathedral to the residents of Bayombong. Informant 2 answered, “Ang pinaka ambag ng simbahan marami silang natutulungan na may sakit lalo na yung matatanda. Binibigyan ng ayuda ganon mga gamot tapos yung mga mahihirap din kung merong manghihingi sakanila sinususuportahan ng simbahan lalo na yung mga senior…” (The contribution of the church is that they help a lot of sick people, especially seniors. They provide relief goods like medicines and the poor ones, if they ask for help, the church also provides support, especially the seniors). St. Dominic Cathedral provides support to the residents of Bayombong specifically those who are seniors who need medicine and those who are in need of support. The Church contributes to community development by fostering spiritual growth, promoting social values, and supporting programs that address education, livelihood, and healthcare needs. Initiatives like charity drive, youth programs, and cultural preservation efforts enhance the well- being of individuals and strengthen community connections, aligning with sustainable development and social progress goals. According to Gallet, (2016) local church is a place not just where people can connect with others as well as receive assistance, warmth and kindness, particularly during times of distress.

The informant 7 also shared, “Sa akin malaki ang tulong ng cathedral dito sa sa amin kase kung ano yung activities ng simabahan nasasali kami kumbaga nabibigyan kami ng participation sa simbahan like tulad ngayon may patronal fiesta mag kakaroon ng contest sa mga organization at bukas pag 10 11 may mga prosisyon.” (To me, the cathedral is a big help here for us because of the activities of the church we participate in. It seems like we are given participation in the church like today August 08,2024 there is a patronal fiesta, there will be a contest among organizations and tomorrow at 10 11 there will be processions). Informant 7 shared the different church activities that the cathedral conducts where the residents can play part like contests during the Bayombong Fiesta and Patronal Fiesta. The Saint Dominic Cathedral contributes to the community by serving as a spiritual center and a cultural and religious landmark of the town. This heritage site offers residents not just a place to worship and reflect but also major life events while preserving its history and traditions and supporting the residents through different assistance programs. Moreover, the cathedral fosters social unity through community gatherings and activities such as religious festivals. Its wonderful architectural and historical significance can also attract a lot of visitors.

The Diocese of Quirino and the Diocese of Bayombong, serves as a center seat at Saint Dominic Cathedral, share a profound historical and spiritual connection rooted in the Catholic Church’s mission in northern Luzon. Saint Dominic Cathedral, established by Fr. Juan Crespo, OP, during the Dominican Order’s missionary work, serves as the mother church of the Diocese of Bayombong and a symbol of Catholicism’s growth in the region. The Dominicans, known for their dedication to education, evangelization, and cultural integration, laid the foundation for the Catholic faith among the indigenous Isinai and Gaddang peoples, influencing adjacent areas, including present-day Quirino. The transition from Dominican leadership to the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (CICM) missionaries renewed the focus on pastoral care, social justice, and community-building, further strengthening the Church’s influence. The Diocese of Quirino, originally part of the Diocese of Bayombong, maintains a spiritual bond with its mother diocese, as both share programs, clergy exchanges, and joint celebrations of major religious events. The enduring legacy of Fr. Crespo, whose missionary zeal established Saint Dominic Cathedral as a beacon of faith, and the combined efforts of the Dominicans and CICM missionaries continue to guide the Catholic communities in both dioceses. Together, they embody a shared commitment to fostering faith, service, and unity across the region. (St. Dominic Cathedral, 2021)

The Importance of Saint Dominic Cathedral to the Residents of Bayombong

Saint Dominic Cathedral in Bayombong and the historical and heritage churches in Batangas share some similarities—Spanish colonial influence, connecting them through shared Catholic heritage and architectural style in the Philippines. In the province of Batangas, religious acts are still practiced until today, which is renowned for its deep religious beliefs and the ways its resident`s express appreciation for one another through dances, ceremonies, and serenades Deri et al., (2018).

In the case of Saint Dominic Cathedral, the respondents emphasized the cathedral’s central role in their religious lives, viewing it as a symbol of their faith and a space for personal reflection. When the researcher asked the informants about the cathedral’s role in the community, they provided insightful responses that highlighted the church’s multifaceted impact. For instance, informant 2 noted, “Puro born again na kase tong mga to e, hindi ano syempre ang simbahan ang pari si mon senior. Siguro yung mga nakokolek nilang mga tithes ay binibigay din nila sa mga nangangailangan, yung mga kailangan ng gamot din, yung mga ayuda sa mga barangay. Sa poverty mga mahihirap na tao” (These people are all born again, of course, the church is led by the priest, MonSenior. Maybe the tithes they collect are also given to those in need, especially for medicine and aid in the barangays. They support the poor). This illustrates how the church not only serves spiritual needs but also addresses social issues. Informant 2 added, “As Catholics, magsisimba ka every Sunday. And then, kung may activities sila, naka-suporta din naman kami, gaya nung last na fiesta ng Bayombong, nag-sponsor kaming barangay” (As Catholics, we attend church every Sunday. And if they have activities, we also support them, like when our barangay sponsored the last fiesta of Bayombong). This involvement reflects a deep commitment to communal and religious activities. Informant 7 further stated, “Syempre, bilang Katoliko, yun na yung naging panata naten” (Of course, as Catholics, that’s what we vowed to do). This sense of obligation strengthens the community’s collective identity.

Informant 8 added, “Ayun, pag may kasal tsaka binyag, nakakatulong po sila, may libreng binyag” (When there are weddings and baptisms, they help by offering free baptisms). Local churches do not just portray a vital role in the spiritual and social lives of the community, fostering devotion through practices like attending Mass every Sunday and personal “panata” or vows.

This commitment not only strengthens people’s connection to their beliefs but also promotes community cohesion. Additionally, the church supports the community by offering mass weddings and free baptisms, making sacraments accessible to all. Moreover, the tithes collected by the church often benefit its charitable activities, helping the less fortunate and reinforcing the church’s role as a source of spiritual support.

According to (Gallet, 2016), Churches have traditionally built a sense of belonging where people feel valued and can develop trusting relationships, often called social capital. The local church is where people can connect with others and receive assistance, warmth, and kindness, particularly during distress.

Historical Value of Saint Dominic Cathedral

Several respondents highlighted Saint Dominic Cathedral as a significant historical landmark that symbolizes the endurance of Catholicism in Bayombong. Informant 2 shared, “Syempre nung naitayo yang simbahan wala pa yatang bahay bahay sa paligid niyan e… church palang ang nagsosolo… kapag kinakalembang daw yan dinig hanggang sa malayong lugar bumabatingaw ayun alam na nila nagigising na sila para magsimba… after the World War II… nagkaroon ng mga establishments na marami ng tumira marami ng umaasenso habang tumatagal so yung simbahan siguro ang may ano don.” (When the church was built, there weren’t houses around; it was the only structure standing. The church bells could be heard from far away, waking people for Mass. After World War II, establishments were built, and the town prospered, perhaps because of the church). This highlights the church’s foundational role in the community’s early development. Informant 2 also mentioned, “Nasunog yan noon tsaka lindol nagiba yung part naayos na. Meron pang time na may kwento na may treasure daw jan sa loob e…” (It was burned, and the earthquake damaged parts of it that were later repaired. There were even stories about a treasure inside). These incidents reflect the challenges the cathedral has faced over the years as a historical landmark.

Figure 4. Saint Dominic Cathedral Before the Fire

Similarly, informant 6 also shared, “Nasunog na dati… pumupunta kami sa may bell dahil hindi pa strikto yung mga paring americano…” (It was burned down before. When we were young, we used to visit near the bell because the American priests were not strict). This anecdote illustrates the personal memories tied to the cathedral and its significance in the lives of residents. Informant 9 added, “Then nung lindol yun nahulog yung bell.” (During the earthquake, the bell fell). The picture shows the old bells that the cathedral used even before the tragic events happened. The Cathedral decided to change the bell due to its sensitivity that the fire and earthquakes caused.

Figure 5. Old Bells before the fire

The historical value of Saint Dominic Cathedral is deeply connected with residents’ memories and events. From its early days as the only standing structure to its development alongside the town, the cathedral’s history is marked by tales of fires, earthquakes, and even rumored treasures. These stories highlight not just the church’s architectural history but also its role in the social fabric of Bayombong, reflecting the connection between community, faith, and resilience. In this way, the cathedral will be serve as evidence of enduring spirit of the people and their shared experiences.

In other destinations, the same happenings had happened to other significant churches and cathedrals. For instance, the 2019 Notre Dame Cathedral fire caused extensive damage, particularly to the roof and the spire. Fortunately, much of the stone structure remained intact due to the vaulted ceiling, and some of the most valuable artifacts, like the Crown of Thorns were saved. An electrical short circuit likely caused the fire amid restoration work, though investigations continue. Despite the challenges, the fire revealed the global cultural and spiritual significance of Notre Dame, leading to international efforts for its restoration. Similarly, after the Christchurch earthquake 2011, the Anglican Cathedral in New Zealand suffered severe structural damage, leading to partial demolition. This tragedy sparked debates over preserving heritage versus rebuilding, emphasizing the community’s emotional attachment to such landmarks (Smiley, 2019).

Heritage structures, such as churches in the Philippines, are known for their structural stability and resilience. However, they can be prone to uncontrollable factors like natural disasters. The country’s diverse history has left numerous structures, including centuries-old churches, built using traditional methods without technology. This research explores the reasons behind these structures’ stability and integrity, focusing on their history, structural components, architectural features, and building materials (Soliman, 2019).

Visitor Experiences at Saint Dominic Cathedral: Balancing Tradition and Community Dynamics

Visitor experiences at churches can vary widely, often influenced by the infrastructure and facilities available. According to (Othman et al., 2013) Many churches are of artistic and historic as well as spiritual interest and attract many visitors. This means that the role of the church is not only a place of worship but a place for diversion and information and learning in informal settings, as well as place for social and cultural activities

Informant 1 stated, “Bad experience? Sa akin wala” (Bad experience? I have none). However, informant 4 shared, “May mga beggars pumupunta doon sa loob, hindi nila dapat papasukin kase nakaka distract din sila” (There are beggars coming inside, and they shouldn’t let them because they are distracting). This indicates a contrasting perspective on the environment within the cathedral. Each of the respondents shared a range of experiences while visiting the Cathedral. Some of them are disrupted by the beggars presence while the mass is going on, and some of them have no negative experience.Informant 2 added, “Napapansin ko din very maluwag na yung ano hindi gaya nung ano na very strikto yung mga pari… okay na mejo maluwag na yung mga pari” (I’ve noticed the priests are more relaxed now, unlike before when they were stricter). This observation further emphasizes the shift in the atmosphere… with what they experienced before compare to this generation wherein the priest is more less strict. Informant 1 also noted issues with the dress code, saying, “Merong hindi naka dresscode…yun yung dapat striktohan nila” (Some don’t follow the dress code, and that’s something they should be strict about). This concern reflects a desire to maintain tradition within the community.

Meanwhile, informant 6 mentioned, “Wala pa naman saken. Puro good, syempre si God e” (Nothing yet, it’s all good, of course, it’s God). This positive sentiment underscores the overall experience of faith in the space. Saint Dominic Cathedral acts as a community hub where sacred and everyday life intersect. While this fosters a sense of belonging, distractions such as children playing and varying attire standards highlight the blend of joy and challenges within the space. Ultimately, the overall experiences reflect the essence of faith lived in everyday life, balancing tradition and modernity.

The increasing popularity of tourism at religious sites presents a challenge for managers. Many sites still serve their religious purpose as places of worship and ceremony, yet they must also cater for the differing and sometimes conflicting demands of tourists seeking historic and cultural information, architectural insights and/or an entertaining recreational experience. To manage such sites effectively, it is important to identify aspects that are critical to the design of tourism experiences at religious sites and explore methods of appealing to, and satisfying, a diverse and often demanding range of visitors (Hughes et al., 2013).

Potential of Saint Dominic Cathedral to Aid Local Businesses

Businesses within the church vicinity play a crucial role in improving the overall experience for visitors and congregants and local economy. These establishments provide convenient services and products and contribute to the community’s cultural and social fabric, creating a vibrant atmosphere around the church. According to (Kamran, 2020) cultural heritage ties present communities to their historical origins and makes an equal contribution to the economic development.

Informant 4 remarked, “Ngayon on going na ata marami ng nagbebenta mga vegetables mga kakanin, mga keychains, kung ano-ano andon na sa harap ng simbahan” (There are many sellers of vegetables, food, keychains, etc. in front of the church). This observation highlights small businesses in the church, it has a two- perspective negative and positive effect for the cathedral. Informant 1 added, “Okay naman yun nakakatulong siya sa mga tao total nasalabas naman sila” (That’s okay, it helps people, since they are only located outside). This sentiment reflects a community-oriented perspective on the vendors, moreover they don`t really distract the people attending the church because they are outside the church. The church really helps the small businesses around the cathedral. Informant 2 affirmed, “Oo naman kapag tapos ng misa” (Of course, when the mass is over), agreeing with other respondents that cathedral really helps small businesses especially after the mass, People will not need to go in the public market.

However, Informant 6 expressed concern, saying, “Sana…ayaw ko mangyari sana yung mga nagtitinda doon sa bench wag sa loob” (I hope the vendors don’t stay on the benches, not inside the church). This concern illustrates a desire to maintain the sanctity of the church space. Somehow, we researchers do agree that vendors should not go inside to sell because they might distract the people attending the mass. Although, they might hit two birds in a one stone while selling their goods while attending mass also. Informant 8 also noted, “Lalo pag Sunday kase madaming nagtitinda, pag enter andon na sila sa side” (Especially on Sunday because there are many vendors when you enter). This further emphasizes the impact of vendor presence on the worship experience. People attending the mass might find the vendors not a disruption at all but some find them disruption especially they are first thing you will saw upon entering the church. Additionally, Informant 7 suggested, “Sana magkaroon sila ng lugar yung nasa iisang lugar lang sila” (I hope they have a designated area to sell), indicating a need for organization so that the vendors have a organized space where they can sell their goods not affecting the vice versa experience.

Saint Dominic Cathedral serves as a vital heritage site in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, supporting nearby businesses like street food vendors, coffee shops, and groceries. By attracting visitors during events, the cathedral fosters economic activity, which in turn helps local businesses thrive. This dynamic interplay between community and commerce enriches the overall experience of the cathedral as a place of both worship and local engagement.

Furthermore, its role as a community hub promotes loyalty among residents who support these businesses. Collaborations between the cathedral and local shops, such as fundraising and sponsorships, could further enhance these economic opportunities. Community development often involves various stakeholders working in harmony to uplift and enhance the living standards of a neighborhood or society. (Phillips, 2024)

Room for Improvement at the Cathedral

Improving the cathedral infrastructure and services can boost visitors over all experiences and can make the cathedral more welcoming. According to (Luna et al., 2022) earliest churches were built using Spanish experience in construction using locally available materials. The practice essentially evolved from timber materials, but when frequent fires were realized as threats, the approach eventually shifted to masonry and concrete materials.

As informant 2 shared, “Sa mga plants namementain naman ng church mga decorations. Siguro kulang lang ng mga tagalinis tsaka yung disiplina ng mga tumatambay doon, yung mga estudyante kase maluwag na e napapabayaan na di gaya nung araw strikto sila. Tsaka yun siguro si fr. Nalang kailangan niyang mag ikot pag sabihan yung mga estudyante kase estudyante naman tumatambay doon, nag vavandal ba” (The church maintains the decorations, but there is probably a lack of cleaners and discipline among the students hanging out there; it’s more relaxed now than in the past when they were strict. The priest probably needs to walk around and talk to the students because they are vandalizing). This highlights a concern for maintaining the church’s cleanliness and surroundings. Church can appoint someone to roam around to make maintain the church`s cleanliness. Informant 1 added, “Mga nagkakalat” (There’s trash all over), further emphasizing the issue of cleanliness and waste literring outside the church because of the visitors not putting their trash in designated area.

In contrast, informant 7 commented, “Maraming development sa simbahan, ngayon may covered court na siya” (There have been many developments at the church now there is a covered court).

Figure 6. Newly Built Covered Court

The church is evolving and improving its facilities adding some infrastructure that can increase the vistors experinces. Informant 6 further reflected, “Dati pag namatayn ka wala ng schedule…Pero ngayon, sila pa nag schedule hanggang umabot na sa 10 days” (Before, when someone died, there was no schedule. Now they are scheduling up to 10 days). This indicates a shift toward better organization back then in handling services like funeral services for Catholics.

However, Informant 1 expressed concern about the increasing costs associated with these services: “Yun nga, sana always na may available kase mahal ang gastos…Ngayon ang daming babayaran. Yun sana ang ibalik nila ang iimprove nila” (I hope there are always available services because the costs are high…Now there are many fees to be paid. They should give back and improve that). This desire for more available priest to service funerals because at this moment funeral fees increases and they want to bring back their experience back then when they don’t need to wait for a priest and with this people will not need to extend days of funeral.

Figure 7. Newly Built Ruangan ni Sto Domingo

Overall, regular upkeep and infrastructure upgrades at Saint Dominic Cathedral are essential for enhancing the visitor experience. Addressing cleanliness and maintenance concerns, as highlighted by Informant 2, is vital.

The presence of students suggests a need for stricter oversight to prevent vandalism and littering, as mentioned by Informant 6. While recent developments like the covered court have improved facilities, calls for expanding visitor amenities— such as benches for elderly guests and parking options—remain.

Historical Knowledge of the Cathedral

In the work of Peterson (2016), he emphasizes the importance of local knowledge in preserving heritage sites, as these sites are often imbued with meanings tied to the community’s history. Many respondents demonstrated awareness of significant events in Saint Dominic Cathedral’s history, such as the fire in the 1970s and the earthquake damage in 1991.

For instance, informant 1 stated, “Yun lang alam ko nasunog” (That’s all I know; it burned). The image shows a church on fire evokes a sense of tragedy and loss, as it visualizes the destruction of a physical structure and a place of spiritual refuge for the community

Figure 8. The Cathedral amidst the fire.

This brief remark underscores the effect of the fire in the community’s memory. Informant 4 added, “Ay may nakita ako may panchon, icheck niyo pag mag simba kayo” (I saw someone’s grave. Check it when you go to church), We researcher saw changes in the infrastructure of the church they improve the inside and outside of the church. Although, when it comes to a major history of cathedral, we don`t have a lot of experience except with encountering with the grave of the priest but honestly, we do not know that it was a priest`s grave until we conduct this research.

Based on our interview with the staff of the cathedral, the tomb under the bell tower, where Bishop Alberto Van Overbeke, CICM, the cathedral’s first bishop, is buried, and holds deep historical significance. However, there has been some confusion regarding the identity of the individual interred there. While one informant shared that a Belgian priest is buried in the tomb, this contradicts the understanding that only Bishop Alberto is laid to rest in this specific location. A staff member from the cathedral clarified that, although a Belgian priest is buried at the cathedral, he is not in the bell tower tomb but the cemetery. This clarification helps to settle the mystery, confirming that Bishop Alberto Van Overbeke remains the sole occupant of the tomb beneath the bell tower.

Figure 9. Bishop Alberto Van Overbeke, CICM Tomb

Informant 2 also noted, “Yung lindol, yun lang naman, yung 1991 ata yon” (The earthquake in 1991), highlighting another crisis that shaped the cathedral’s history. Meanwhile, Informant 10 mentioned, “May mga father na galing sa Belgium” (There are priests from Belgium), introducing the influence of international priest in the church that contributes a lot for the church`s sake.

Informant 6 further elaborated, “Ay wen, taga Belgium, adda pay ji inpunpon da nga taga Belgium. Ji inpunpon da ji uneg” (Yes, they are from Belgium; there is also one who is buried inside the church). This connection emphasizes with the other respondents experinces with the international priest being buried inside the church where they serve and contributed a lot. In contrast as the researcher discussed above there is no Belgian priest that is buried inside the church but only the first bishop of the cathedral which is Bishop Alberto Van Overbeke, CICM. The historical knowledge surrounding Saint Dominic Cathedral reflects its deep roots in the community and its resilience through significant events. Many respondents recalled pivotal moments, such as the fire and the earthquake, highlighting a shared memory of the challenges the cathedral has faced. Informant 1’s succinct acknowledgment of the fire illustrates how these events have become part of the collective consciousness, even if not all details are known.

The mention of local traditions, such as observing graves within the church, signifies the cathedral’s role as a place of remembrance and connection to the community’s history. Informant 4’s comment encourages visitors to engage with these historical aspects, suggesting a blend of reverence and curiosity among parishioners. Additionally, the presence of Belgian priests, as noted by Informants 10 and 6, underscores the cathedral’s international connections and the diversity of its leadership. This aspect enriches the church’s heritage and fosters a sense of global community among the congregation.

As the informant’s recount, the cathedral’s history highlights a pattern familiar in dark tourism—a form of tourism driven by an interest in sites associated with death, tragedy, and suffering. While not explicitly framed as such, the community’s knowledge of the fire, the earthquake, and the graves within the church reflects an engagement with darker elements of the cathedral’s history. These traumatic events such as the destructive fire, the devastating earthquake, and the burial of priests are central to the collective memory of the site, making it a location not only of spiritual significance but also of historical tragedy and loss.

This form of dark tourism is a personal and intimate ties to the cathedral for the residents. Their recollections not just framed purely in terms of architectural or religious beauty but instead emphasize the community’s challenges. The fire in the 1970s and the earthquake of 1991 are not just distant events they are parts of the memory that continue to shape how the community interacts with the site. Even the graves of the priests are markers of death and devotion, underscoring the connection between loss, remembrance, and community identity. Many respondents focus more on the negative or tragic aspects of the cathedral’s history rather than its triumphs. Informant 1’s succinct mention of the fire, for instance, reflects a community where trauma is as much a part of the site’s story as its moments of peace or divine significance. Similarly, Informant 4’s mention of the graves inside the church might evoke a sense of curiosity mixed with respect for those who have died, making the cathedral a site of both reverence and somber reflection. The earthquake’s mention by Informant 2 further underscores this connection to darker events that have become deeply ingrained in the local consciousness.

While the residents’ focus on the negative aspects of the cathedral’s history may stem from personal experiences with these events, it also hints at a broader cultural practice of dark tourism. This form of engagement with the cathedral emphasizes memory, loss, and resilience, inviting visitors to reflect on the harsh realities of life, including death and destruction, alongside its spiritual and cultural significance. The international presence of Belgian priests adds another layer to this dark narrative, as their graves within the church symbolize the global nature of the church’s history and the many lives that the cathedral’s legacy has touched. Thus, for the local community, dark tourism is not just an external phenomenon but an internal one that weaves together the painful and transformative aspects of the cathedral’s history. By focusing on the fire, the earthquake, and the graves, the community keeps these stories alive and integral to their identity. Visitors to the cathedral are invited to engage with its sacred elements and darker, more tragic history, fostering a deeper understanding of its resilience and role in the community’s ongoing narrative of survival and remembrance. In recent years, there has been a amplification in the practice and research of dark tourism, the wonder of visiting sites of tragedy or disaster. Expanding on this vogue, this book examines dark tourism through the new lens of pilgrimage. It focuses on dark tourism sites as pilgrimage destinations, dark tourists as pilgrims, and pilgrimage as a form of dark tourism. (Olsen & Korstanje, 2020)

Memories of Key Church Events or Members

Historical studies on church leadership, such as those by Benson (2015), suggest that charismatic and active leaders play a crucial role in fostering community engagement within religious institutions. Several respondents shared fond memories of past clergy members, notably Father Juan, who was renowned for his active community involvement.

Informant 2 highlighted the vibrant participation during events, saying, “Yung mga activities, kapag fiesta ng Saint Dominic Cathedral, yun maraming involve na sumasali sa activities ng Saint Dominic Cathedral. Marami din naman nakiki-parade proseso ganon kapag ‘Christ the King,’ marami din naming sumasali. Lahat naman ng activities sumasali naman ang bawat barangay” (During the activities for the feast of Saint Dominic Cathedral, many people participate in the church’s events. There are also many who join the parade procession during “Christ the King”; everyone from each barangay takes part in all activities). This illustrates the strong community spirit surrounding church celebrations where the church`s events creats a strong bond between the barangays of the municipality.

Informant 4 added, “Kahit sa mass wedding, mga baptism. Libre kasal, libre binyag, pero ang magbabayad ay yung mga sponsors” (Even in mass weddings and baptisms, it’s free for the couples and infants, but the sponsors pay). This reflects the church’s commitment to inclusivity during significant life events through helping people via finding sponsors that can support the free events for the people of the community. Informant 8 noted, “Kapag April, may nilay nilay, station of the cross, mga mass” (In April, there are prayers, Stations of the Cross, and masses), emphasizing the ongoing religious activities that engage the community throughout the year by doing this activities and events.

Additionally, Informant 7 mentioned, “Bale nagsimula ng August 4 novena mass in honor of St. Dominic De Guzman, August 7 bisperas day, tapos kahapon nagkaroon ng novena mass, bawat barangay nag-sponsor” (The novena masses honoring St. Dominic De Guzman started on August 4, with the eve day on August 7; yesterday, there was a novena mass sponsored by each barangay). This illustrates the collaborative effort among local barangays to honor their faith with Jesus Christ. Finally, Informant 3 also recalled, “Nung may din nag-ano sila ng Flores De Mayo” (When they also held Flores De Mayo), highlighting the church’s role in preserving cultural traditions and enriching community engagement through various festivities such as this flores de mayo wherein youths are the main participants of the activity. With this approach, they are allowing children to engage more not just with this kind of event but also all the events of the cathedral.

The fond memories shared by respondents about past clergy members and significant church events illustrate the deep connection between Saint Dominic Cathedral and the community it serves. Father Juan’s active involvement highlights how clergy can shape community engagement, fostering a sense of belonging among parishioners. Informant 7’s remarks about lively participation during festivities, such as the feast day of St. Dominic and the “Christ the King” procession, reflect a vibrant communal spirit. The involvement of multiple barangays in these activities not only strengthens local ties but also enhances the overall sense of celebration and unity.

The mention of free weddings and baptisms, with costs covered by sponsors, underscores the cathedral’s commitment to accessibility and support for families.

This approach encourages participation in significant life events without financial burdens, fostering a welcoming environment. Seasonal activities, such as the novena mass leading up to the feast of St. Dominic and traditional practices like “Flores De Mayo,” enrich the community’s cultural fabric. These rituals not only serve religious purposes but also create opportunities for social gatherings, reinforcing communal bonds. Overall, these shared experiences highlight the cathedral’s role as a center for worship, culture, and social activities that bring the community together, creating lasting memories and traditions.

In Germany, major commemorations are held at heritage churches, especially during anniversaries that mark significant events like the Reformation. These churches host special services and concerts that reflect their historical importance, drawing visitors who seek to experience their connection to the past. Additionally, some churches have served as venues for critical socio-political events. For example, the role of Mennonite heritage churches in Canada during public lectures that discuss peace, immigration, and community struggles during wartime is well documented. Such events foster memories of collective resilience and spirituality, making these churches more than just places of worship but also community anchors (Mennonite Heritage Archives, 2020).

Past Leaders of the Cathedral and Their Contributions

Contributions of past church leaders are often pivotal in shaping the spiritual, cultural, and community aspects of a church (Robin Gallaher Branch, 2007). Many respondents recalled leaders who contributed significantly to renovation efforts following natural disasters, with Father Martinez being a notable figure who spearheaded restoration after the earthquake.

Informant 2 remarked, “Sa mga foundations ata yun si Fr. Vic, involve sila sa Tumaliwan Foundation, mga lahat ng barangay nagbibigay sila bigas, delata ganon yearly yung schedule nila. Meron yung time na nag-iikot sila sa mga bahay-bahay, pinupuntahan nila yung mga may sakit, pinag-cocommunion. Pero ngayon wala ata kasi kulang na sila” (In the foundations, that’s Fr. Vic; they’re involved with the Tumaliwan Foundation; all the barangays give rice and canned goods on a yearly schedule. There was a time when they went around from house to house, visiting the sick for communion. But now it seems they have less involvement). This highlights the significant community outreach that was once a hallmark of the church’s activities. Wherein, we researchers wished to comeback so that they can help more people by inviting youths to be a volunteer so that they can assist in the said activity.

Informant 9 added, “Si Fr. Edmund Veronio, parang siya yung may pinaka malaking nag-donate. Under sa kanya yung mga development noon” (Fr. Edmund Veronio seems to be the one with the largest donations; the developments were under his leadership). This points to the role of key clergy members in fostering development within the community. These memories of clergy members, particularly Fr. Edmund Veronio, underscore the strong leadership and community spirit within Saint Dominic Cathedral. This shows the big contribute of Fr. Edmund in the cathedral.

Furthermore, informant 7 highlights the ongoing contributions of clergy like Father Vic, who organized yearly donations through the Tumaliwan Foundation. This outreach demonstrates the church’s commitment to supporting those in need, reinforcing the idea that the cathedral serves not only as a place of worship but also as a center for social support and solidarity. Moreover, Informant 9’s mention of Father Edmund Veronio emphasizes the importance of financial support in driving development projects within the church, illustrating how leadership and community engagement work hand in hand to foster a supportive environment for all.

His leadership in securing donations for renovations reflects the critical role that engaged clergy play in the sustainability and growth of the cathedral’s mission. However, concerns about a decline in outreach activities and community engagement signal a need for renewed efforts in these areas. The gap left by reduced clergy involvement could present an opportunity for the church to foster new initiatives and rebuild connections within the community, ensuring that the spirit of support and involvement remains strong.

Contributions of past church leaders are often pivotal in shaping a church’s spiritual, cultural, and community aspects such as the missions of the first Bishop of Diocese of Bayombong Bishop Alberto Van Overbeke, CICM which are the schools, parishes and many others. For example, early church figures such as Barnabas played an integral role in spreading Christianity, primarily through missionary journeys and efforts to unite Jewish and Gentile believers. Leaders like Barnabas were characterized by their generosity and commitment to community-building, which was crucial in establishing early Christian churches. Significant historical events such as the Edict of Toleration in 311 AD, issued by Emperor Galerius and later supported by Constantine, allowed Christians to practice their faith openly. This set the stage for leaders to contribute more freely to the growth and development of Christian communities without fear of persecution. Constantine, often referred to as a Christian emperor, played a crucial role in cementing the Christian faith within the Roman Empire, supporting church leaders in expanding their influence and securing religious freedoms (Robin Gallaher Branch, 2007).

The Historic Event with the Most Impact on the Cathedral

In the research conducted by Thomas (2019) emphasizes that historic events, particularly disasters, often lead to major renovations that redefine a heritage site’s role in the community. The fire in the 1970s was frequently mentioned as the event with the most lasting impact on the cathedral, prompting a significant reconstruction project that revitalized the site.

Informant 2 noted, “Nasunog tsaka nalindol, yun lang naman. Nalindol muna ata” (It burned and was also hit by an earthquake. The earthquake happened first; I think). This sets the stage for the significant challenges faced by the cathedral. Informant 4 added, “Nasunog yon pero di ko alam kung kailan basta nasunog yon. Try niyo Salvacion, San Nicolas tsaka don tomas” (It burned, but I don’t know when; it just burned. Try visiting Salvacion, San Nicolas, or Don Tomas), indicating a broader context of community knowledge and remembrance.

Informant 7 asked, “Yun yung sunog, mga 1970s? 80s?” (Is that the fire in the 1970s? 80s?), which reflects the timeline of these events in community memory. Meanwhile, Informant 6 reflected, “Oo, bata pa ako noon 70s. Nabago na, pero yung harap ganon na yon” (Yes, I was young in the 70s; it has changed, but the front is still the same). This personal connection emphasizes how the fire in the 1970s stands out as a pivotal event in the history of Saint Dominic Cathedral, leaving a lasting impact that shaped its future.

The picture above showcases the transformation of the church, with the left side displaying its original structure before the fire, showcasing its historical and architectural beauty. On the right, we see the church as it stands today after being rebuilt, highlighting the extensive restoration efforts that have brought it back to life. This before-and-after comparison reflects both the loss the community faced and the resilience shown in reconstructing the church, ensuring that its legacy continues for future generations.

Many respondents recall the fire’s devastation, which prompted a major reconstruction project that revitalized the site. This shared recollection underscores the cathedral’s resilience and the community’s role in its recovery, highlighting the importance of collective memory in preserving the church’s legacy.

Figure 10. Cathedral Before the fire and after the restoration

Informant 2 mention of both the fire and the earthquake highlights how these disasters intertwined, marking a challenging period for the community. Informant 4’s suggestion to explore nearby barangays underscores the interconnectedness of the region’s religious history. Informant 1’s reflection on changes since the 1970s shows how memories of the past inform current perceptions of the cathedral. The structural renovations not only restored the building but also revitalized community spirit, as parishioners came together to support the restoration efforts. Ultimately, this event transformed the cathedral into a symbol of resilience and renewal, with its enduring architectural features serving as a reminder of the challenges overcome by the congregation. While the fire was tragic, it catalyzed a deeper connection among parishioners, fostering a renewed appreciation for their shared heritage.

Programs or Charities Offered by the Cathedral

Programs like those at Saint Dominic Cathedral align with Smith’s (2018) findings that religious sites often engage in charitable activities that strengthen their relationships with the local community, particularly among the youth.

Several respondents noted the cathedral’s outreach initiatives, which include charity events and leadership camps for young people, as well as food drives for the needy. Informant 4 remarked, “Maraming fundraising naman ang ginawa ng simbahan like sa Flores de Mayo. Ginawa ng money matters. Fundraising na ang Flores de Mayo” (A lot of fundraising was done by the church, such as during Flores de Mayo, which was organized by money matters. Flores de Mayo became a fundraising). This highlights the church’s proactive role in community support.

Informant 3 added, “Involve yung mga kabataan kasi may age limit na parang participations every barangay” (The youth are involved because there’s an age limit, encouraging participation from every barangay). This involvement fosters a sense of belonging among the youth and encourages them to engage with their communities. Informant 7 noted, “Yung mga bata ngayon nag sa sacristan, collector, usher. Mga teenager kasi nakakatuwa, makikita mo sila. Nalalayo yung mga bata sa masama kasi nakafocus sa simbahan; may organisasyon sila” (The kids today are sacristans and collectors, ushers. It’s fun to see the teenagers; they stay away from bad influences because they focus on the church and have an organization). This observation underscores the positive impact of church involvement on youth behavior and development.

The youth outreach programs at Saint Dominic Cathedral are vital in engaging young people and fostering a sense of community. Respondents highlighted various initiatives, such as charity events and leadership camps, that provide valuable experiences and instill a sense of responsibility among the youth. Informant 4’s mention of fundraising events like “Flores de Mayo” illustrates how the church creatively mobilizes the community to support charitable causes, reinforcing the idea that these initiatives play a crucial role in building a connected and responsible community.

This tradition not only raises funds but also strengthens ties among participants, allowing young people to contribute meaningfully. Informant 3’s emphasis on age limits for participation promotes inclusivity, ensuring that every barangay is represented and youth involvement is encouraged. This structured approach helps young people feel a sense of belonging and ownership in their community. Furthermore, Informant 7’s observations about youth serving as sacristans and ushers demonstrate how these roles empower them to take on responsibilities and steer them away from negative influences. Their active engagement in church activities fosters personal growth and enhances the cathedral’s community spirit.

The program promoted in the flyer is a vocation invitation from the Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Holy Mother of God (SFIC), encouraging individuals to consider a religious life dedicated to service, community, and faith. The call to action, “Dare to Say Yes!” emphasizes the transformative impact of choosing a life of purpose through the Catholic faith. This approach is important in the St. Dominic Cathedral in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, as this reflects the cathedral’s role in fostering religious vocations and strengthening the faith community.

Moreover, through these outreach activities, education, and charity work, the SFIC Sisters provide spiritual guidance and support, particularly for those discerning a religious path. This program aligns with the cathedral’s mission of evangelization, offering opportunities not just for individuals but also specifically young women to explore a life dedicated to service. The flyer highlights education, social work, and media engagement, showcasing how the SFIC Sisters contribute to religious and community development.

Figure 11. Flyers of SDC Programs

Overall, these programs reflect the cathedral’s commitment to nurturing the next generation, creating a positive environment where youth can thrive, develop leadership skills, and contribute to their community.

Residents Knowledge and appreciations towards the heritage site.

Finally, the researchers compiled, presented, and interpreted the findings, arranging in the manuscript according to the objectives and prescribed format. The actual presented output for this step is shown below.

Step 6. Knowledge and Appreciation of residents

Table 2. Residents Knowledge and appreciations towards the heritage site.

Note: 100% at 10 Total Respondents.

The table – present the responses from 10 residents of 2 barangays, who expressed their strong recognition and appreciation for the cathedral’s contributions to the local community, as well as its historical and cultural value. The residents’ feedback, wherein the data is collected through a series of structured themes, give important insights into their notion of the cathedral’s role in their daily lives.

The table – present the responses from 10 residents of 2 barangays, Cathedral’s Contribution to Residents and Community Impact. The cathedral continues to serve as a sanctuary of worship and community events, giving significant value to the residents of Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya. According to the 100% response of the chosen respondents, the cathedral plays a significant role in supporting the visitors and locals. It serves as a spiritual place where also offers practical assistance to those in needs through donations of medicines and other form of help especially to with the poor and elderly. This approach strengthens the role of cathedral as a pillar to support social within the community.

Historical and Cultural Significance. All the respondents recognize the cathedral`s cultural and historical value, it is considered a memorable structure from the Spanish era. The cathedral symbolizes the local heritage and historical identity, providing the residents with a pride and continuity. Most of the respondents reflected on the church`s being resilient through facing challenging events such as the fire and earthquakes, highlighting the church`s ability to overcome and remain a central fixture in the lives of the community.

Moreover, some of the respondents from the both barangays Don Mariano Perez and Don Dominggo Maddela shared a personal memory from their childhood that is tied with the cathedral, Showcasing its longstanding presence intercommunity. The cathedral is not only a structure but a cultural landmark that has shaped the community`s identity over the generations.

Tourism Potential and Impact. The cathedral is recognized not only for its religious importance but also for its tourism potential. Respondents from barangays Don Mariano Perez and Don Mariano Maecos mentioned the cathedral`s historic architecture as a major attraction, leading the tourists and visitors to be interested in capturing the historical value and its beauty. This recognition gives an opportunity and contribute to preserve the local culture to showcase the heritage to a wider audience.

The cathedral also benefits the local economy. Vendors and small businesses, particularly those selling foods, vegetables, and other goods, gain economic opportunities during mass events and religious festivals. This creates economic ripple effect, supporting small businesses and providing livelihood opportunities for nearby residents, especially during the peak tourist season.

Issues and Improvements. Despite the cathedral`s positive image, some issues have been raised by the respondents during the round table discussion. Concerns were also raised about the disruptive noise from children inside the church, presence of beggars, which detracts the solemn religious services. Moreover, some respondents suggest the enforcing of dress codes and setting clearer guidelines that would help preserve the sanctity of the church. In addition, the respondents highlight the need for more discipline and structured oversight to maintain a peaceful environment during the religious services.

Additional suggestions include the need for improvements in church facilities specifically cleanliness around premises. Respondents also mentioned the importance of vendors locations around the cathedral so that they do not interfere with the church`s spiritual environment. Nevertheless, these suggestions propose a well maintain and more welcoming atmosphere while preserving its respect for worship and reverence.

Religious and Youth Programs. The cathedral plays a significant role in maintaining spiritual life of the community, especially among youths. All the respondents agreed the importance of religious programs such as flores de mayo and mass events, which encourages the participation of young peoples and parishioners. This approach values the opportunities for social engagement and spiritual growth, making sure the cathedral remains a center of faith. In addition, volunteers like sacristan duties and other church roles give a more active youth involvement.

Leadership and Contributions of Past Church Leaders.

Informants from both barangays shared a deep appreciation for the leadership of past priests, particularly those from Belgium, who contributed significantly to the growth of the Cathedral and its relationship with the community. A memorable figure among the past leaders is Fr. Edmund Veronio, whose tenure is remembered fondly for his commitment to church development and community outreach. His leadership not only facilitated physical improvements to the Cathedral but also helped strengthen its role as a beacon of support and guidance for residents.

These past leaders’ contributions are still felt today, as they helped shape the Cathedral into the spiritual and cultural center it is. Their efforts have left a lasting legacy, one that continues to inspire both current and future members of the community.

Significant Events Affecting the Cathedral. The Cathedral has experienced its fair share of challenges throughout history, with respondents recalling events such as fires and earthquakes that caused significant damage to the structure. These events necessitated extensive restoration efforts, underscoring the resilience of both the building and the community. Despite these hardships, the Cathedral remains an enduring symbol of strength and continuity, reinforcing its significance as a central place of worship and cultural heritage.

Additionally, stories and legends related to the Cathedral, including accounts of treasured artifacts and sacred relics, continue to capture the imagination of older residents. These tales contribute to the church’s mystique and historical importance, adding to the rich tapestry of its legacy.

Section 2. Information, Education and Communication Plan Pertaining to the Saint Dominic Cathedral

Background

The Saint Dominic Cathedral of the Diocese of Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya is one of the province’s most significant heritage and religious sites. The cathedral was built during the Spanish Colonial era, and it reflects the influences of Catholicism in the region, serving as a religious and historical covenant to the town’s culture and religion as Bayombong’s Heritage. The cathedral is a place of worship and a significant symbol of the province’s history, as it has witnessed significant events and transformations throughout the years. As such, having a great appreciation and awareness of this historical landmark is crucial in retaining the cultural and historical identity of the community. The Philippines, a nation rich in diverse traditions and complex history, faces a growing concern regarding the erosion of its cultural heritage amidst these modern shifts (Alvero, 2023).

According to UNESCO (n.d.), the convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage, emphasizes the importance of safeguarding heritage sites not only for cultural preservation but also for ensuring that they contribute to the social, economic, and environmental development of local communities. Despite its importance, the cathedral needs help preserving its structure and promoting its historical significance. Many people even locals are unaware of the cathedral’s rich historical background, leading to a lack of understanding and appreciation for the site. A structured approach to educating the local community and tourists about the cathedral has made engaging them in preservation efforts easier.

The International Cultural Tourism Charter continues to emphasize the importance of managing tourism in a way that respects and conserves the integrity of heritage sites while providing meaningful and educational visitor experiences (ICOMOS, 2011). The charter underscores the need to balance heritage preservation with sustainable tourism practices that support both local communities and the conservation efforts of the site. Given this defiance, this Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) plan aims to raise awareness about the cultural, historical, and religious importance of Saint Dominic Cathedral. Through a sequence of strategic communication volitions, the plan seeks to engage various stakeholders—locals, tourists, students, and government authorities—in actively participating in the preservation and responsible promotion of the cathedral. By doing so, the IEC plan will contribute to this heritage site’s sustainable management, ensuring that future generations can still appreciate its value and significance.

OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES

The overarching goal of the IEC plan for Saint Dominic Cathedral is to promote cultural heritage awareness and enhance voluntary support for preserving the cathedral. As an important historical site in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, the cathedral serves as a cultural, historical, and spiritual landmark for locals and visitors.

The specific objectives of this IEC plan are as follows:

1. To raise public awareness about the historical, cultural, and religious significance of Saint Dominic Cathedral.
2. To persuade residents and tourists to visit the cathedral and appreciate its heritage.
3. To foster a sense of pride and ownership among the local community in preserving the cathedral.
4. To promote responsible tourism practices that respect the cathedral as a religious site.

The strategy combines public outreach activities and develops informative materials to achieve this goal. These materials will target the general public and more specific audiences, such as local schools and religious organizations. Emphasis will be placed on engaging the youth, tourists, and heritage advocates.

Table 3. Matrix of target audiences for Saint Dominic Cathedral with key messages and tools.

Table 4. Timeline of the IEC Plan

Strategy and Distribution Channels

The IEC plan for Saint Dominic Cathedral will focus on the following strategies for distributing information to different target audiences:

1. Printed Media- Brochures and posters containing essential information about the cathedral’s history and architectural significance will be produced. These will be distributed in local schools, churches, tourist information centers, and municipal offices. A primer for educators will also be created to facilitate teaching about local heritage in schools.
2. Mass Media -Short radio segments, documentaries, and news articles will be produced to inform the public about the cathedral’s history. These will be broadcast on local radio stations and published in newspapers to reach a wider audience, including those who may not visit the cathedral but would still be interested in its cultural significance.
3. Website- A dedicated webpage for Saint Dominic Cathedral will be developed and linked to tourism websites for Nueva Vizcaya. The website will feature virtual tours, historical timelines, and articles about the cathedral’s importance. This will serve as a cross-cutting tool to educate visitors before and after their visit.
4. Social media- Social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram will be utilized to create visual content that engages younger audiences. Posts will highlight the cathedral’s beauty and historical relevance, encouraging people to visit the cathedral. Media campaigns will promote upcoming events, restoration efforts, and educational programs.
5. Integrated IEC Materials- Integrated Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) materials will be designed to provide comprehensive and accessible information about Saint Dominic Cathedral. These materials will include a variety of educational resources tailored for different audiences, such as interactive modules for schools, brochures, and workbooks that incorporate local heritage topics. This objective to foster a deeper notion of the cathedral’s historic and cultural significance among students and the community by distributing these materials in local schools, community centers, and during events. This approach will enhance educational efforts and ensure that the cathedral’s importance is communicated effectively to diverse audiences.
6. Audio-Visual and Digital Content- The development of audio-visual and digital content will engage audiences through multiple platforms. This will include producing promotional videos and documentaries that showcase the architectural beauty and historical narratives of Saint Dominic Cathedral. To maximize reach, these materials will be shared on various channels, including local television and online platforms. Additionally, interactive elements such as virtual tours on the dedicated website will allow visitors to explore the cathedral remotely, deepening their understanding and appreciation of its significance. This digital presence will attract tourists and create an ongoing conversation about the cathedral’s role in the community and its heritage.
7. Public Outreach- Participation with the local church commemoration and celebrations is very important for vigorous public outreach. Activities such as workshops, seminars, and guided tours invite visitors and local community to participate and engage with the church’s teachings and history. Educational programs like school visits, can promote and appreciate the church’s role not just the intercommunity, whereas the volunteer’s diligence and fundraising can encourage wider community involvement. Festivals and celebrations related to Saint Dominic Cathedral will create an inclusive environment, strengthening community ties. Moreover, by being enthusiast and engaging in these initiatives, the church augments its engagement, public presence and continuous relationship that treasures the community.

Evaluating IEC Programs: Are Objectives Being Achieved

The evaluation of the IEC plan for Saint Dominic Cathedral will occur in phases over two years. This assessment will collect quantitative and qualitative data to determine whether the objectives are being met. The following indicators will be used to evaluate the program’s success:

Increase in Awareness: Surveys will be conducted among residents and visitors to gauge their knowledge of the cathedral’s history. Awareness levels will be compared before and after implementing the IEC plan.

Increase in Visitor Numbers: The number of visitors to the cathedral will be tracked monthly. A rise in visits and e-programs during key heritage events will indicate the success of the outreach campaigns.

Community Engagement: Participation in workshops, seminars, and heritage events will be monitored. The goal is to increase local involvement in preservation activities, particularly among the youth and religious groups.

Tourist Satisfaction: Feedback from tourists will be collected through surveys and comment sections on the website and social media platforms. Their responses will help gauge the effectiveness of the educational and promotional materials.

The results of these evaluations will guide any necessary adjustments to the IEC strategies to ensure that all objectives are achieved.

Considerations

When developing and implementing the IEC plan, several considerations must be taken into account to ensure its success:

Cultural Sensitivity: As the cathedral is a religious site, all IEC activities must respect its spiritual significance. The messaging and outreach efforts must avoid commercialization that could detract from the sanctity of the place.

Sustainability of Efforts: To achieve long-term preservation of the cathedral, there must be ongoing collaboration between local government units, the church, and community organizations. The IEC program should be a collaborative effort rather than a sustained movement to protect the heritage site.

Technological Accessibility: While digital media is a powerful tool for reaching audiences, it is essential to consider the accessibility of these materials. Residents in rural areas may have limited access to the internet, so traditional methods such as radio and printed materials should remain integral to the strategy.

Behavioral Change: Ultimately, the goal of the IEC plan is not only to increase awareness but also to inspire action. Behavioral change communication techniques will encourage responsible tourism, active participation in preservation efforts, and respect for the cathedral as a cultural and religious landmark.

Monitoring and Evaluation

Visitor Feedback Collect surveys from visitors, asking about their experience and understanding of the cathedral’s significance.

Social Media Metrics Help Track the number of likes, shares, comments, and reach on posts related to the cathedral’s history and conservation efforts.

Event Participation Monitor attendance at guided tours, workshops, and festivals.

Local Community Engagement Evaluate participation in volunteer programs and restoration efforts.

This cathedral was adjusted based on available resources and the community’s interest. However, it provides a comprehensive approach to raising the cathedral and promoting the preservation of Saint Dominic Cathedral.

SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS

The researchers conducted a round table discussion wherein the respondents had different perspectives regarding the questions that are asked to them during the discussions.

The following are the findings of the study:

1. There had been many natural calamities such as fires, typhoons and earthquakes that tried to destroy the foundation of the Church.
2. There are many activities such as religious processions, sagalas, mass at the barangays and many more that are led by the church wherein every barangay within the municipality are welcomed to participate.
3. The respondents are aware about the contributions of the past leaders of the church and how time changes the ways of praising and the things that are done inside the church like wedding, funeral ceremony and baptism.
4. The Church does not only play a vital role in the religious aspect of the people but in all aspects of living such as in economic and social.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The research was concerned with identifying the knowledge and appreciation of the residents of Bayombong towards the Saint Dominic Cathedral and crafting an Information, Education and Communication Plan that pertains to the Saint Dominic Cathedral. It took into consideration that:

1. Residents of Bayombong array a heavy appreciation for Saint Dominic Cathedral, with their knowledge that focuses on its dark past, highlighting the potential to integrate dark tourism as a means to deepen engagement with its heritage significance.
2. Developing an IEC plan for Saint Dominic Cathedral will effectively promote its cultural and historical value while fostering community engagement and sustainable tourism.

Recommendations

The following recommendations are addressed to the Diocese of Bayombong, the residents of Nueva Vizcaya, the Provincial Tourism Office, future researchers, and Hospitality and Tourism Management students. These stakeholders play a critical role in preserving and promoting the historical and cultural significance of Saint Dominic Cathedral while fostering sustainable tourism practices that benefit the community. Their collaborative efforts will foster the effective implementation of initiatives focusing the cathedral’s heritage, including its connection to dark tourism, for education and development.

1. The Diocese of Bayombong should develop guided tours that can balance the cathedral’s dark past with its positive contributions, such as fostering unity, charity programs, and vibrant religious festivals, offering visitors a well-rounded understanding of the cathedral`s historical and cultural significance.
2. The Provincial Tourism Office and Hospitality and Tourism Management students should collaborate on crafting and implementing an IEC plan that highlights both the cathedral’s challenges and its achievements, using storytelling, digital campaigns, and interactive events to educate locals and tourists about its dual legacy of resilience and community enrichment. This study can be used in Tourism course subject (Heritage Tourism). LGU, tourism office etc. can use this paper to enhance awareness program, promote community engagement, support tourism development.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to the people who have contributed to the success of this thesis.

First and foremost, we extend our deepest appreciation to our adviser-promoter, Mr. Mark Ian J. Soriano, MSTM for his unwavering guidance, patience, and dedication throughout the research process. His valuable insights and encouragement have been instrumental in completing this study.

We are equally grateful to our panelists, Dr. Mayvelyn S. Covita, CTP, CGSP , Mr. John Michael C. Ibarra, CGSP, CHP, MSHRM and Ms. Windell Marie S. Colobong, CGSP, LPT for their constructive feedback, valuable suggestions, and for challenging us to improve our work to its fullest potential.

Our sincere thanks to our research instructor, Dr. Mayvelyn S. Covita, for her continued support and mentorship.

To our research coordinators, Ms. Sheryl A. Adducul-Baria and Ms. Angela C. Garra, for their assistance and commitment in ensuring that we met all the research requirements.

We also extend our gratitude to the Dean of SAB, Dr. Regina D. Ramel, CPA for her leadership and encouragement, which have inspired us to strive for excellence in this endeavor.

Special thanks to our data analyst, Dr. Kenneth L. Maslang, for his expertise and support in analyzing and interpreting the data, which greatly contributed to the accuracy and credibility of our findings.

Lastly, we acknowledge the support of our families, friends, and everyone who, in one way or another, contributed to the successful completion of this research. To all of you, we are truly grateful, our Almighty God for giving them strength, knowledge and wisdom to struggle circumstances they incurred during the completion of their endeavor.

DEDICATION

This work is lovingly dedicated to the people who have been our constant sources of strength, love, and inspiration. To our Almighty God, we give our deepest gratitude for the wisdom, guidance, and strength You have blessed us with throughout this journey. Without Your grace, none of this would have been possible. You have been our light in times of uncertainty and our comfort during challenges. To Mr. and Mrs. Venancio Cutib Sr., Mr. and Mrs. Allan Domincel, and Mrs. Leila Dulay—our beloved parents—your unwavering support, sacrifices, and endless encouragement have carried us through this journey. Thank you for believing in us, even during times when we doubted ourselves. Your love and hard work are the reasons we have come this far, and this accomplishment is as much yours as it is ours. To our dear friends, who have been our pillars of laughter and comfort throughout this challenging process, thank you for being there when we needed a listening ear, a helping hand, or simply a reason to smile. Your friendship has made this journey lighter and more meaningful. This thesis is a reflection of Your divine guidance, the love of our families, and the unwavering support of our friends. We dedicate this milestone to all of you with our deepest gratitude and love.

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27. Othman, M. K., Petrie, H., & Power, C. (2013). Visitors’ Emotions, Touristic or Spiritual Experiences in Historic Churches: The Development of Church Experience Scale (CES). Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 97, 675– 683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.287
28. Poria, Y. Buttler, R. And Airey, D. (2001). Clarifying Heritage Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 28(4):1047- 1049 Public Events – Mennonite Heritage Archives. (2020). Mharchives.ca. https://www.mharchives.ca/happenings/events/
29. Raj, R., & Griffin, K. A. (2015). Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Management, 2nd Edition: An International Perspective. In Google Books. CABI. https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Py4ZCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd &pg=PA118&dq=church+as+a+heritage+tourism+sites&ots=0t9A7Xo7Tm&s ig=Mk2rlx7WcUQIhgCAoPn5u9H8IxQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=church% 20as%20a%20heritage%20tourism%20sites&f=false
30. Rakytová, I., Tomčíková, I. (2019). Using UNESCO world heritage site of Vlkolínec (Slovakia) in geopraphical education. Review of International Geographical Education Online (RIGEO), 9(2), 426-446. http://www.rigeo.org/vol9no2/Number2Summer/RIGEO-V9-N2-8.pdf
31. Robin Gallaher Branch. (2007). Barnabas: Early Church leader and model of encouragement: research article. In Die Skriflig/in Luce Verbi, 41(2), 295–322. (PDF) Barnabas: Early Church leader and model of encouragement. (n.d.). ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266345384 Barnabas Early Church leader and model of encouragement
32. Saint Dominic Cathedral. (n.d.). Vigattin Tourism (ARTICLES) – Philippines. https://www.vigattintourism.com/index.php?/tourism/articles/Saint-Dominic- Cathedral
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INFORMED CONSENT FORM

Appendix A

This form is for students in the School of Accountancy and Business in their participation to the research entitled “Residents’ Knowledge and Appreciation for Heritage Tourism Site in Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya”

Name of Researchers: Cutib, Gerlie Joy B.

Domincel, Maeve Rae Dulay, Tristan Miguel Soriano, Mark Ian J.

Organization Affiliation: Saint Mary’s University

School of Accountancy and Business Department of Tourism

You are being invited by student researchers from Saint Mary’s University to participate in their study on the “Residents’ Knowledge and Appreciation for Heritage Tourism Site in Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya” You can take your time to decide whether to participate or not. you can ask questions any time for any word or concept in this form that you may not understand.

The purpose of this study is to analyze and determine the Knowledge and Appreciation the residents of Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya have for their heritage tourism sites.

This study involves the use of a Interview guide questions that respondents will answer orally and in an open ended fashion. You are selected as a participant because you have been a resident of Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya for 5 or more years. You are one among 5-10 selected respondents per barangay. Please be informed that your participation is voluntary and you can withdraw any time without explanation

Should you choose to participate in the study, you shall be answering questions given to them through interviews containing questions about your knowledge of Heritage Sites of Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya, as well as how you appreciate the said Heritage sites. Additionally, the interview should not take more than 30 minutes

There is no risk or benefit in your participation in the study. However, you will be contributing to the potential improvement and maintenance of the heritage sites in Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya with your valuable insight.

You will not receive any payment for your participation nor any reimbursement even if you have chosen to participate voluntarily you have the right to refuse to continue and any information you have provided will not be used in the study. Rest assured that your privacy will be respected and your answers will be treated with utmost confidentiality. The accomplished interviews as well as any records of said interviews will only be received by the researchers and your identity will be anonymized, your name shall be hidden from everyone else and only the researchers will be able to identify you as one of their respondents. After the study has concluded and has been hard bound in a book, all physical data that was gathered will be shredded and disposed of properly, and all software data will be deleted and wiped from every laptop, pc, phone or any other device that could hold data.

The results of this study may be disseminated within Saint Mary’s University through Student research fora. Also, the study may be submitted for publication in national and international journals.

For any matter concerning this study you may contact Ms. Gerlie Joy B. Cutib through the following number: 0926 4841 807 emails joycutib.2219@gmail.com

This study is approved by the Saint Mary’s University Research Ethics Board (SMUREB) are Saint Mary’s University, Ponce Street, DMM, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya with cellphone number: 09177053041 and email: reb@smu.edu.ph.

Appendix B: Research Instrument

Appendix C: Specifications of Interview Guide Questions aligned with Reviewed Studies and Literature

Guide questions for the interview Knowledge

1. What was the greatest contribution of the cathedral to the residents of Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya?
2. How important do you believe St. Dominic Cathedral is to the residents of Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya? and why?
3. How important do you think St. Dominic cathedral is in terms of its historical and religious value to the town of Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya as well as the whole province.
4. Have you encountered something within the Cathedral premises that lessened your enjoyment or had a negative impact on your experience when visiting or attending mass?
5. In your opinion does St. Dominic Cathedral have the potential to aid the livelihood of those businesses close to the Cathedral?

Appreciation

6. Does the cathedral have room to improvement if so, share your insights as to what those improvements could be, if not then explain why you believe the cathedral doesn’t need to improve.
7. Historically speaking what do you know about the Cathedral?
8. Can you share a memory you had about one of the key members of the church, or about any big masses or events that was held within its walls, or any tragedy that happened inside the church or to the church itself?
9. Do you know of any past leaders of the Cathedral? What were their greatest contribution to the Saint Dominic Cathedral?
10. What historic event do you think had the most impact on the cathedral?
11. Do you have any idea if Saint Dominic Cathedral offers any programs or charity for the youth or any platform?

Tagalog Version of Questionnaires

1. What was the greatest contribution of the cathedral to the residents of Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya?

–   Ano ang pinakamalaking ambag ng katedral sa mga residente ng Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya?

2. How important do you believe Saint Dominic Cathedral is to the residents of Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya? and why?

–   Sa iyong paniniwala gaano kahalaga ang katedral sa mga residente ng Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya?

3. How important do you think Saint Dominic cathedral is in terms of its historical value to the town of Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya as well as the whole province.

–   Sa tingin mo gaano kahalaga ang kasaysayan ng kadetral sa Bayombong gayundin sa sa buong probinsya?

4. Have you encountered something within the Cathedral premises that lessened your enjoyment or had a negative impact on your experience?

–   May karanasan kana ba sa kadetral habang namamasyal na nakapag dulot ng di Magandang karanasan?

5. In your opinion does Saint Dominic Cathedral have the potential to aid the livelihood of those close to the Cathedral?

-Sa iyong palagay may potensyal ba ang kadetral na makatulong sa mga Negosyo malapit sa katedral?

6. Does the cathedral have room to improvement if so, share your insights as to what those improvements could be, if not then explain why you believe the cathedral doesn’t need to improve?

–   Sa iyong palagay may nakikita kaba na paraan upang mas mapaganda at mapabuti ito? Kung wala ay ipaliwanag mo kung bakit sa tingin mo ang katedral ay di na dapat mapabuti

7. Historically speaking what do you know about the Cathedral?

–   Sa larangan ng kasaysayan ng kadetral ikaw ba ay may alam?

8. Can you share a memory you had about one of the key members of the church, or about any big masses or events that was held within its walls, or any tragedy that happened inside the church or to the church itself?

–   Maari kabang magbahagi ng mga kaganapan sa katedral o kaya naman ay sa simbahan mismo?

9. Do you know of any past leaders of the Cathedral? What were their greatest contribution to the Saint Dominic Cathedral?

–   May kakilala kabang dating namumuno sa katedral kung oo ay ano ang mga nagging kontribyusyon nila?

10. What historic event do you think had the most impact on the cathedral?

–   Anong kaganapan sa kasaysayan ang sa tingin moy naka apekto ng Malala sa simbahan?

11. Do you have any idea if Saint Dominic Cathedral has programs offers for the youth or any platform?

–   Sa iyong palagay may mga program aba na ina alok ang simbahan sa para sa mga Kabataan oir mamamayan?

Appendix D: Student- Researcher`s letter of Intent for prospective adviser-promoter

Appendix E: Adviser- Promoter Acceptance Form

Appendix F: Agreement on Promotership

Appendix G: Certificate of Approval from SMU UREO

Appendix H: Qualitative Data Analysis Certification

Appendix I: Plagiarism Certification

Appendix J: Data Analysis Clearance

Appendix K: Plagiarism Clearance

Appendix L: Language Editing Clearance

Appendix M: Notarized declaration of originality

Appendix N: Ethics Clearnce

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Gerlie Joy B. Cutib
Date of birth: April 22,2003
Contact number: 09264841807
Email address: joycutib.2219@gmail.com
Address: Buag, Bambang Nueva Vizcaya
Affiliation	Name of Institution: Saint Mary’s University
	Name of Department: School of Accountancy and Business (SAB)
	Position (Academic and Administrative): Student
	Specialty: Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management (BSTM)
II. Educational Background
Name of Institution:		Course/Degree:	Year/s attended:
Saint Mary’s University		Tertiary	2021-Present
King’s College of the Philippines Laboratory High School		Senior          High School	2019-2021
Bambang National High School		Junior           High School	2015-2019
Bambang West Elementary School		Elementary	2009-2015
III. Research Related Trainings Including Research Ethics within the last 5 years
Name of Course:		Offered by:	Actual Date:
Product Development		Dr. Jonathan N. Tariga, DHM	September 17,2023
IV. Description of Past and Present Research Involvement (Summary of Research Topics, both published and unpublished)
·       “Socio- Cultural Adaptation Among G12 Humanities in Social Sciences in King’s College of the Philippines- Laboratory High School” (2021) Qualitative Cutib, Gerlie Joy B. And Abuan, Kristine Mei R. ·       “Positibo at Negatibong Epekto ng Pakikinig ng Pop Music ng America sa mga mag -aaral na nasa unang taon ng kursong Turismo sa Saint Mary’s University” (2023) Qualitative Balolong, Rolie May, Cutib Gerlie Joy B., Dalpig, Kyneshie, Domincel, Maeve Rae, Duran, Erika Gisselle, and Palisoc, Andrea Nicole.
Name and Signature Gerlie Joy B. Cutib		Date October 03,2023

I. General information
Name: Tristan Miguel Dulay
Date of birth: October 9, 2002
Contact number: 09984415460
Email address: tristandulay9@gmail.com
Address: Solano, Nueva Vizcaya
Affiliation	Name of Institution: Saint Mary’s University
	Name of Department: School of Accountancy and Business
	Position (Academic and Administrative): Student
	Specialty: Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management
II. Educational Background
Name of Institution:		Course/Degree:	Year/s attended:
Tertiary:		Saint        Mary’s University	2021-2025
Secondary:		Solano         High School	2019-2021
Elementary:		Solano          East Central School	2015
III. Research Related Trainings Including Research Ethics within the last 5 years
Name of Course:		Offered by:	Actual Date:
Product Development		Dr. Jonathan N. Tariga, DHM	September 17, 2023
IV. Description of Past and Present Research Involvement (Summary of Research Topics, both published and unpublished)
·       Effects of Malnutrition to the Grade 7 Students of Solano Integrated High School S.Y. 2020 ·       Kulturang Gen Z; Pagsusuri sa Pag-gamit ng Gen Z sa Makabagong Salita sa Wikang Filipino sa Facebook (2023)
Name and Signature Tristan Miguel Dulay		Date September 8, 2023

I. General information
Name: Maeve Rae A. Domincel
Date of birth: February 05, 1998
Contact number: 09278041700
Email address: maeverae5@gmail.com
Address: Purok 3 Vista Alegre, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
Affiliation	Name of Institution: Saint Mary’s University
	Name of Department: School of Accountancy and Business
	Position (Academic and Administrative): Student
	Specialty: Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management
II. Educational Background
Name of Institution:		Course/Degree:	Year/s attended:
Saint Mary’s University		BS           Tourism Management	SY 2021-Present
Nueva Vizcaya State University Laboratory School		High School	SY 2011-2015
Bayombong Central School		Elementary School	SY 2006-2011
III. Research Related Trainings Including Research Ethics within the last 5 years
Name of Course:		Offered by:	Actual Date:
Research Writing for Product Development and Tips for Journal Publication		Dr. Jonathan N. Tariga	September      17, 2023
IV. Description of Past and Present Research Involvement (Summary of Research Topics, both published and unpublished)
·       “Positibo at Negatibo epekto ng pakikinig ng Pop music ng Amerika sa mga mag- aaral na nasa unang taon ng Kursong Turismo sa Saint Mary’s University”
Name and Signature   Maeve Rae A. Domincel		Date   October 03, 2023