The Bengali Emancipation Charter and the Six Points: A Review

The Bengali Emancipation Charter and the Six Points: A Review

Dolon Chakrabarty

Lecturer, Department of Political Science, North Bengal International University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.90400509

Received: 09 April 2025; Accepted: 19 April 2025; Published: 24 May 2025

ABSTRACT

Six points movement is a very important part for the Bangali Nation. Actually, East Bengal became a part of Pakistan after the division of Indian Sub-Continent in 1947. Afterwards, the people of East Bengal became a special part of oppression by the West Pakistani rulers. In order to get rid of that oppression and discrimination, the people of East Bengal started doing several movements in different times. Six points movement is one of them. With Six points movement, the people of East Bengal started protesting against the discriminations that they were facing. This movement was essentially a very important step towards gaining autonomy of East Bengal. The first point out of the Six points was to gain autonomy. Apart from that, currency, economy, military and other aspects were also there. At bottom, the six points were Bengali Nation’s record of freedom or ‘Magna Carta’. This paper delves deep into those discriminations the people of East Bengal were facing. Further, the demands of Six points movements and the importance of six points movement behind the independence of Bangladesh is also discussed here.

Keywords: Bangladesh, Provincial Autonomy, Discrimination, Six Point Movement.

BACKGROUND

After the British rule, two states of India and Pakistan were created in the Indian subcontinent on August 14 and 15. Since the country was divided on the basis of religion, the then East Bengal was associated with Pakistan, named after East Pakistan. This population of East Pakistan was higher than West Pakistan. Moreover, most of the exports were exported from East Pakistan. Although there is an abundance of population and trade in the region, discrimination was observed here in terms of economic benefits and political power. The rulers of West Pakistan were entitled to all political powers. They were also ahead of economic benefits. The day after day, the people of East Pakistan were acknowledging economic discrimination. As a result, the six -point movement was created. The six -point movement in the history of Bangladesh is a historic event. The independence movement of Bangladesh started with the six -point movement. The inspiration for the struggle of the Bengali nation and the real structure of their dreams has been found from these six points. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman submitted a six -point demand from the Awami League at a conference of opposition political parties held in Lahore on February 7 and 8 to establish the autonomy of East Pakistan. Focusing on this movement, the Agartala conspiracy case of 9, the mass uprising of 9, the victory in the elections of the year and the last 5 independence war were organized. The influence of these six points is immense on the map of the world to get the place of independent and sovereign Bangladesh. Below is the topic.

Partition 1947: The partition of the country is mainly divided into the Indian subcontinent, the establishment of two independent states called India and Pakistan. The riots that took place between Hindu and Muslim communities throughout India at different times are considered as one of the reasons for the partition of India. At this time the British were able to realize that without dividing India, peace in the region could not be ensured. As a result, the British government decided to divide the Indian subcontinent. Although the Congress could not accept this decision at first, they were forced to accept it later. India’s Viceroy Lord Mountbatten handed over India to British lawyer Cyril Radcliff. He divided India in just 6 weeks. Pakistan was formed with East Bangla, West Punjab, Sindhu Pradesh, Baluchistan province and North Western border provinces. On the other hand, the rest of the British India was formed with the rest of India. Bengal and Punjab are divided because of the Hindu-Muslims here almost equal numbers. The state of India was born on August 7 and the state of India on August 7th. And it is through this that the partition of India is divided.

Objectives of the study

• To analyze the significance of the Six-Point Movement as a political and economic demand for Bengali self-determination within Pakistan.
• To examine the concept of “Bengali Emancipation Proclamation” and its relevance to the Six-Point Movement.
• To explore the economic, political, and social discrimination faced by Bengalis under West Pakistani rule and how these factors contributed to the movement.
• To assess the impact of the Six-Point Movement on the broader struggle for Bangladesh’s independence in 1971.
• To review historical sources, speeches, and documents related to the movement and its consequences.
• To evaluate the movement’s role in shaping Bangladesh’s political identity and its legacy in South Asian history.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study follows a qualitative historical research approach to analyze the Bengali Emancipation Proclamation and the Six-Point Movement. It employs historical, thematic, and discourse analysis to examine political, economical, and social factors that contributed to the movement. The research aims to provide a critical review of how the Six-Point Movement played a crucial role in Bangladesh’s path to independence.

DISCRIMINATION

After the creation of Pakistan, many discrimination between East Pakistan and West Pakistan is observed, which is one of the six points. Among the discrimination, West Pakistanis discriminate against the Bengalis in all aspects of economic, political, military, agriculture, education and industry. Below is a little light on the discrimination-

The economic development of Pakistan was more in West Pakistan than East Pakistan. At this time, the annual budget of Pakistan was about tk 1 crore. About 5% of these were spent on the defense sector. Out of 5 percent of the defense sector, West Pakistan cost 5% and 5% for East Pakistan. The cost of the civilian sector was 5%. In this allotment, 20% west and 5% are only spent on East Pakistan. In a word, the annual budget was 20% for East Pakistan and 5% for West Pakistan. East Pakistan earns 5% of export earnings but can import from abroad 5% of the total earned income. For these reasons, West Pakistan has seized tk 1.5 crore from foreign currency in East Pakistan in 5 years from 1-3 to 5-7 years. Thus the economy of East Pakistan was destroyed.

The demand for a session to be in East Pakistan was rejected and no session was in Dhaka. The total number of members of the Constituent Assembly was 5. Of these, 5 from East Pakistan and 20 in West Pakistan. But the first one non -Bengali is a representative of East Bengal. Within a few days, five more members of the People’s Council were appointed for West Pakistan. Because of this, the majority of members from East Pakistan in the Constituent Assembly no longer remained. The opposite of 5 Bengalis is 12 West Pakistanis. In the first cabinet in Pakistan, out of 5 ministers, 5 were taken from East Pakistan, the rest was taken from West Pakistan. Of the 4 state ministers and 4 deputy ministers, East Pakistan had 5. From the 5th to the 5th, only one from East Pakistan became Governor General. Pakistan was never democratic from 3 to 5 years. Since birth, the army has dominated the administration. The people of Bengal did not share much in the army service. Most of the army was West Pakistanis. The land, naval and air force and the central government’s headquarters were located in West Pakistan. It is seen that East Pakistan had 5 officers (1.5%) in the army, 5 in West Pakistan, East Pakistan in the Navy, 5 in West Pakistan and East Pakistan in the Air Force. There were 5 people (5.7%) and 5 in West Pakistan.

Regardless of the nature of the government, there is no way for the bureaucrats to do. We notice the influence of this session in the politics and state system of Pakistan. After the partition of the country, the bureaucrats rarely fall into East Pakistan. It can be seen that even though the West Pakistani were 5 secretaries, there was no secretary of East Pakistan. There were 4 joint secretaries of East Pakistan, 5 deputy secretaries and 5 assistant secretaries. In that case, West Pakistan had 4 joint secretaries, 122 deputy secretaries and 5 assistant secretaries. Only 5 percent of East Pakistan and 5 percent are West Pakistan. Therefore, there was not much officer to see about the protection of the interests of East Pakistan. West Pakistanis were appointed in the post of civilian government and East Pakistanis were appointed to the remaining 5% of the central government.

Education is the backbone of the nation, but the people of East Pakistan did not get the necessary and appropriate educational institutions for any time. From British rule to Pakistan, only deprivation has been subjected to deprivation. Due to the establishment of a small number of educational institutions in East Pakistan, the students here get less opportunities for school. There were 222 students at the university level around 9am. Of these, 5 were admitted from East Pakistan and 120 in West Pakistan. Thus, in 1-3, 5 were admitted from East Pakistan and 5 in West Pakistan. It is understood here that the disadvantaged behavior of the Pakistani government is obvious in education. At the time of the birth of Pakistan, the number of primary schools was 5 in West Pakistan and 25 in East Pakistan. Later, the number of schools in West Pakistan stood at 5 and 25 in East Pakistan. In the case of secondary schools and colleges, there were 5 secondary schools and 4 colleges in West Pakistan and in East Pakistan there were 5 secondary schools and 4 colleges. In West Pakistan, the number of university graduates increased by 5.7% but in East Pakistan it was 12%.

East Pakistan is the main region of agriculture. Because no industrial factory has been established here for a long time. Although agriculture is the main, nothing has been done to improve it. The government spends tk 26.5 lakh every year for agriculture in West Pakistan. On the other hand, the expenditure of East Pakistan was tk 1.5 lakh. The need for development is to produce electricity in both agriculture and industry. In this case it is seen that 5% for West Pakistan and 5% for East Pakistan are provided for power generation. Nothing has been done for the development of jute. The jute that was a golden fiber, gradually moves towards destruction. Pakistan gets 1.5 percent of the allocation for agriculture. West Pakistan receives the majority of the money paid as agricultural loans (1.5%).

Health is one of the basic things of human beings. In this sector, the Pakistani government’s disrespectful behavior can be noticed. Comparative discussions show that West Pakistan is much less in terms of population, but the number of hospitals was higher there. There were 120 such clinics in the whole of Pakistan in the 5th. Of these, there were 5 in West Pakistan and 20 in East Pakistan. Later in the year, there were 222 such medical care in Pakistan. Of these, there were 5 in West Pakistan and the number in East Pakistan was 5.

As far as agriculture has not been developed, East Pakistan has not been allowed to rise in the industry. According to the calculation of a large official of the Planning Commission, the 20 families of West Pakistan control 5% of Pakistan’s industry. G. F. Papnik has shown that “Only 2 out of the 25 major industrialists were East Pakistan and their names were at the bottom.” Most of the industrial factories in Pakistan were located in West Pakistan when the country was divided. Later, the industrial factories did not develop that much.

Discrimination is seen everywhere. Basically, the hope that the people of the region struggled to create Pakistan ended within a few days. Whose first hit comes above the language.

Provincial Autonomy: One of the reasons for the six -point demand was provincial autonomy. All forms of discrimination, torture, oppression of the West Pakistani ruling nation are demanded for East Pakistan. This provincial autonomy was published through the six -point program.

Basically, provincial autonomy means we understand the independence of the province. In fact, the provincial autonomy is to free the control of the central government independently of its own jurisdiction to distribute its wealth, collect revenue and manage the governance. That is, a state is called provincial autonomy in its province’s own law, rules and constitution. Through this, the provinces can make decisions in almost all cases except the foreign state. Annual payment is paid to the central government in exchange.

This provincial autonomy is one of the characteristics of the US government. One of the features of the federal government is to guarantee that every province can manage their own governance independently. The central and provincial governments are divided as a single -centric and US government by focusing on the sharing of relations or power. All the powers of the monopoly government are entrusted to the central government. The regional government is just agent of the central government. But in this case, power is distributed according to the provision of the regime between the central. The federal government means that we are an agreement between the central and provincial government for governance. According to the agreement or treaty, one government cannot interfere with the distributed power of another government. According to the Professor Daisy, “Federal government is a political strategy where coordination of national solidarity and organism is possible.”

Six -point Program: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman announced a program on East Pakistan’s demand for political, economic and defense of East Pakistan at the All -Party National Solidarity Conference held in Lahore on February 7. In history it is known as the 6 -point program. On February 7, a booklet titled ‘Our Salvation Demand: 6 -Part Program’ was aired in the name of Bangabandhu. Later, at a Lahore press conference on March 27, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman officially announced a 5 -point announcement. The six -point program is based on the historical ‘Lahore proposal’. The six -point program is known as the Bengali nation’s claim, ‘the release certificate’ charter of freedom or ‘magnacarta’.  The strike was observed in East Bengal on June 7, the call of the Awami League on June 7, to make the six -point demand. During the strike, police and EPR opened fire on unarmed people. Manu Mia of Sylhet, Mujibul Haque and many others were martyred. That is why the six -point day is celebrated on June 7 every year.

Historical Six-point Demands: Extreme discriminatory behavior of the West Pakistani ruling group towards the Bengali nation, undemocratic governance, wrongdoing and exploitation policies and the insecurity of East Pakistan during the Pak-India war of 9, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He protested the government’s negligence in the region. He then presented a six -point program to demand full autonomy and democracy of East Pakistan. The sixth point is the Spending Charter of the people of East Pakistan. It was through this program that Sheikh Mujibur Rahman demanded the people of East Pakistan to the Western ruling group. The programs are discussed below-

1.     On the basis of the historic Lahore proposal of 9, a federal government system must be established for Pakistan. The central and provincial legislatures formed by the adult votes will be sovereign. That is, the full autonomy of East Pakistan must be provided.

2.     The power of the central government will be limited to only two fields. They are the powers of the country, respectively and foreign affairs. All power will be in the hands of the provincial government.

3.     In the third round, there were two alternative proposals about the coin and one of them demanded acceptance. The proposal is as follows two:

A.     Two separate but free exchange coins will be on for the entire country.

Or,

B.     There will be only one coin for the whole country. However, in that case, such effective measures should be kept in the governance so that the trafficking of capital trafficking from East Pakistan to West Pakistan is closed. In this case, separate banking reserves should be arranged for East Pakistan and a separate financial policy for East Pakistan should be introduced.

4.      The Federation will have a sovereign power in terms of taxes or tariffs. The central government will not have the power to pay taxes. However, a portion of the province’s revenue will be allotted to the central government for the expenditure of the necessary expenses. The central government’s funds will be formed at the same rate as the percentage of taxes in the provinces.

5.      Some of the most important issues of foreign trade are mentioned. The following is discussed:

A.     Foreign currency income of the two regions should be kept separate accounts.

B.     Foreign currency earned through foreign trade will be under the jurisdiction of the states.

C.     The demand for foreign currency required for the center will be met at equal rate or at any unanimous rate.

D.     There will be no barriers or tax barriers to the movement of domestic commodities.

E.     In the governing body, the states should be given the power to send their commercial representatives abroad, open trade missions and perform commercial agreements in self-interest.

6.      For the security of East Pakistan, a militia or paramilitary force must be formed in this province. So that this province can be self -sufficient in defense.

After the announcement of this six -point program, the Bengali people of East Pakistan welcomed it. People accept this claim as their demand for their release. After the announcement of this six -point program, Sheikh Mujib said at a press conference on February 7, “The question of autonomy appears to be more important after the war. The time has come to make East Pakistan Self-Sufficient in All Respects. Sheikh Mujib campaigned for six points in East Pakistan from mid -February to mid -May. As a result, he was able to gain huge support.

Response to the six-point movement: With the announcement of the six -point program publicly, the entire administration became busy in the reputation of Sheikh Mujib. The administration’s official, Ayub Khan, said in the Muslim League’s public meeting in Dhaka on March 7, “The six-point program is separatist activities, it will break Pakistan, but those who talk about the program will be used against those chaos.” Almost all political parties in Pakistan have widely criticized the 9-point. NAP says, “It has no instructions for the economic liberation of the hungry people.” The NAP leaders opposed the six-point program, and on the contrary, they announced the six-point program. But the NAP declared a 6-point program could not create any impact against the six-point program announced by Mujib.

The six-point program was also criticized from the Awami League. One of them was Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan. The rightists called the six -point Islamic State Pakistan the program organized by Communal India and the leftists were the result of the imperialist inspiration. The government was well -known in opposition to the six -point program and the publication of the Daily Ittefaq was banned and the press was seized, editor Manik Mia was arrested. Thus, despite the thousands of immenseness, the Pakistani government could not overcome the true liberation movement of the Bengalis.

The importance of the six -point movement: The importance and significance of the six -point movement was immense. It was a great certificate for Bengalis. The importance and significance of the six -point movement is highlighted:

The first claim of the six -point program was the autonomy of East Pakistan. Through the 9th of the year, the Bengalis first submitted the demand for autonomy in writing. On the basis of the Lahore proposal, a separate homeland for East Pakistan was proposed. Basically, it was only through six points that East Bengal was identified as a separate region and demanded more autonomy.

On the basis of these six points, East Pakistan desires to be self -sufficient. In the future, the people of East Pakistan are desired to become self -sufficient in the future, etc.

In fact, there was a six -point charter of Bengal’s liberation against the exploitation, torture, and injustice of the Pakistani rulers. In this program, the intellectuals, businessmen, businessmen, government of government and student people, in this program, were spontaneous in the whole of East Bengal. Because of the six-point East Pakistan’s autonomy, the people of the people were very voted and the release of the people in the people was very strongly stated. About this, Sheikh Mujib said that the six -point farmers, workers, laborers, middle class and the whole of Bengalis are a sure step in establishing the rights of Bengal.

The six -point demand was the first tool to awaken Pakistan’s democracy under the dictator. Through this movement, the Bengali people were first aware of the democratic values. They realized that if the Bengali people were not united, they would not be able to earn their entire claim. As a result, they were united through this movement program and were able to awaken democratic values ​​among themselves.

The symbol of the aspirations of the Bengalis was six points. The West Pakistani rulers began to discriminate against the people of East Pakistan soon after the creation of Pakistan. In fact, they continue to take away all the fundamental rights of the Bengali people. In this case, the people of Bengal are counting the days in the hope of getting rid of it. At that moment, the six-point program was revealed to the Bengali people as a symbol of hope and desire. The people of East Bengal can understand that there is no alternative to six points to uphold the provincial autonomy and Bengali nationalism.

The seeds of independent Bangladesh were shed within the six -point program. In addition to the political, economic, administrative, cultural and social liberation of Pakistan, the freedom movement was mentioned in six points. The people of East Bengal realize that it is possible to liberate Bangladesh through the implementation of these six points. Therefore, the six -point program played an important role in the history of the independence movement of Bangladesh. Based on this movement, the Bengali people jumped into their own freedom movement.

It is through the source of the six -point program that the people of Bengal have developed their nationalism and engaged in a bloody struggle of the 5th to establish an independent state. Bengali nationalism is strengthened through these six points. The unity of the students, workers, intellectuals and ordinary people of East Bengal is further strengthened. The people of East Bengal realize that they are completely different from the people of Pakistan. The first nationalism was introduced among the Bengali people through the language movement of the 12th. But this nationalism developed through this six -point program.

The six -point protest was that the West Pakistanis had been discriminating against the Bengalis since the birth of Pakistan. Through the six -point program, the Bengali people protested against discrimination by finger in the eyes of the Pakistani ruling party.

The six points of 6 were protests against wrongdoing. Ayub Khan banned all political parties in Pakistan by issuing military rule. He conducted an arrest against the political leaders of East Pakistan. The hard -earned money of East Pakistan was smuggled into West Pakistan, the majority of defense expenditure was spent on the West Pakistani military. The fair value of the crop produced in East Pakistan could not be found. So it was time to protest against wrongdoing.

The mass movement of the 9th played an important role. Based on this program of the Bengali freedom movement, it jumped into the mass movement of the nineteenth. The mass movements of the 1970s made a significant contribution to the independence of Bangladesh.

The Awami League made the six -point program as its election manifesto in Pakistan’s general election. And on the basis of these six points, the Awami League gained an absolute majority in the elections.

Six -point turned into a Round: The demand for the survival of the Bengalis was six points, but later became one point in the focus of various issues. Below them are highlighted-

The Awami League’s election issue, who participated in the general election of 9, is the 5 -point certificate of liberation of the Bengali nation. Awami League chief Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman also called the general election a referendum on the 5 -point program during the election campaign. Elections were held on December 5 in the National Assembly of Pakistan on the basis of the first universal voting rights. Due to the cyclone, the elections were held on January 5, the 5th. Of the four seats in East Pakistan, the Awami League won 5 seats and won the absolute majority in Pakistan. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s Pakistan People’s Party won four of the seats in 5 western Pakistan seats. The ruler of Pakistan was surprised at this huge victory of the Awami League.

The victory of the Awami League frightened Pakistan’s ruling groups that the center of power would be transferred from West Pakistan to East Pakistan. That is, the Bengalis of East Pakistan will become the center of Pakistan’s state power. At the end of January, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came to Dhaka for discussion with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Bhutto announced February 7 that he would boycott the session of the National Assembly called on March 7. In this situation, President Yahya Khan made the session of the National Assembly convened indefinitely on March 7 at noon.

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman announced in the historic address of March 7 that if his five conditions were not accepted, he would not go to the National Assembly session. These 3 conditions were – 1. Military rule must be withdrawn; 2. The military must take the barracks back; 3. The killings that have taken place by the military must be investigated; 3. Power must be handed over to the elected public representative. All government offices in East Pakistan were closed to put pressure on the ruling group of Pakistan. Responding to Mujib’s call, the whole of East Pakistan became stagnant. The people present at the public meeting on March 7 hoped that Sheikh Mujib would declare independence. But he did not do so and continued the movement in the systematic process. In this situation, the pressure on Sheikh Mujib from different places began to create an independent Bangladesh. The movement of Bengalis became the movement of independence.

Yahiya Khan spoke to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman multiple times. On March 25, Yahiya Khan left Dhaka. Before leaving, he ordered the military to suppress the Bengali freedom movement by weapons. For a long time the Pakistani ruling group had been preparing for such a step, which has not been able to realize the leadership of the Awami League. On the evening of March 25, many of the Awami League thought that Yahiya Khan’s announcement on the constitution would come. At midnight on March 25, the West Pakistani army suddenly launched an attack on the innocent people of East Pakistan. The military attack is known as the Operation Search Light, which is one of the worst genocide in the history of the world.

As a result of the language movement of 12, Bengali nationalism was born on the ruins of Pakistani nationalism. Later, this nationalism was further strong in the united movements and struggles of the Bengalis. With the formation of the six -point Awami League in the 5th, the Bengali population became aware of the exploitation, governance and injustice of the ruling groups of the West Pakistan. On the other hand, Bengali nationalism was established on a strong basis. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman showed the world that he had devoted the power to the systematic way.

December 16 is our Victory Day. Behind this is the history of the sacrifice of 4 million Bengali men and women. The beginning of which was started in the 5th. During this time, two different states, India and Pakistan were created by dividing the Indian subcontinent. Although Pakistan’s territory was divided into East Pakistan and West Pakistan, its governance was governed by the mainland, West Pakistan. In this governance, there was a huge opportunity for the West Pakistanis and deprivation for the East Pakistanis. The East Pakistan did not even get their right. At the core of it was discrimination. Bengalis could not stop after seeing the March 25 massacre of the Pakistani Force. Then the liberation war began. The war goes on for 6 months. Bengalis were damaged in the war. After a long 6 -month war, the Pakistani military signed the surrender document at the racecourse ground in Dhaka on December 7. General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi was present on the occasion, Joint Force Chief Jagjit Singh Arora, Deputy Chief of the Liberation Army of Bangladesh Group Capt. Abdul Karim Khondokar.  The name of this surrender document was ‘INSTRUMENT OF SURRENDER’. Through this, the map of the world is born an independent and sovereign country, Bangladesh.

CONCLUSION

The sixth point is the most important event in the history of Bangladesh’s independence struggle. It did not come on December 7, the victory came through six points. A conference of the opposition parties was held in Lahore early in the year. At the conference, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on behalf of the Awami League presented a clear and important outline of the future governance of Pakistan through five demands. This is the six-point charter of the liberation of Bengal, such as the development of democracy and fundamental rights, such as the French Revolution, such as the French Revolution, such as Magnacarta and Rights Bill, Communal-Friendship Bill, the French Revolution in the history of democracy in England. So we can say that the importance of the six -point program in the history of Bengal was immense.

REFERENCES

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