The Impact of Digital Gadgets and Internet Use on Human Health: A Comprehensive Review

The Impact of Digital Gadgets and Internet Use on Human Health: A Comprehensive Review

Latha Varadaraj

Dr. Agarwals Eye Hospital

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.1215000111P

Received: 17 July 2025; Accepted: 24 July 2025; Published: 20 August 2025

ABSTRACT

The widespread adoption of digital technologies has significantly reshaped modern life, providing unprecedented access to information, communication, and convenience. However, excessive or unregulated use of digital devices is associated with a range of health challenges. This review explores the multifaceted consequences of digital gadget and internet use on physical, mental, and social health. We also discuss the specific vulnerabilities of children and adolescents and offer strategies for responsible digital engagement. Finally, we highlight the benefits of technology when used mindfully and propose guidelines for healthier digital habits.

INTRODUCTION

Digital gadgets such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, and wearable technology have become central to personal, academic, and professional life. While these tools improve communication, productivity, and learning, their overuse has given rise to several health concerns. This review synthesizes the current understanding of how digital technology affects human health, drawing on recent literature and guidelines to promote balanced digital habits.

1. Physical Health Implications

Digital Eye Strain and Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS)

Prolonged exposure to screens can lead to a cluster of visual symptoms collectively known as Computer Vision Syndrome. Symptoms include dry or irritated eyes, blurred or double vision, frequent headaches, and eye fatigue. The causes include decreased blinking, poor lighting, and improper viewing distances. Blue light from screens is known to disrupt circadian rhythms and may also lead to retinal stress over time.

Musculoskeletal Strain

Sedentary postures, particularly with poor ergonomics, can result in chronic discomfort or musculoskeletal disorders. Common issues include neck and shoulder pain, often referred to as “text neck,” lower back strain from prolonged sitting, and repetitive strain injuries like carpal tunnel syndrome due to improper hand positioning while typing or swiping on screens. These conditions are increasingly observed in younger demographics due to extended screen exposure.

Sleep Disorders

Exposure to blue light, particularly during evening hours, suppresses melatonin secretion, which regulates the sleep-wake cycle. This can result in insomnia, delayed sleep onset, and poor sleep quality. The light emitted by digital screens interferes with the body’s natural circadian rhythm, making it harder to fall and stay asleep. Evidence suggests avoiding screen use at least an hour before bedtime to improve sleep hygiene.

2. Mental and Emotional Health Effects

Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD)

Excessive reliance on the internet and digital gadgets can lead to compulsive behaviors characterized by Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD). Affected individuals may spend excessive hours online, neglecting offline responsibilities and personal relationships. They often exhibit signs of withdrawal when unable to access the internet and may require increasing amounts of time online to achieve satisfaction. Over time, this can impair academic performance, occupational functioning, and mental well-being.

Anxiety, Depression, and Social Comparison

Social media platforms contribute to heightened levels of anxiety, depression, and dissatisfaction, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Users are frequently exposed to curated, idealized portrayals of others’ lives, leading to negative self-comparisons and body image concerns. The Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) is another psychological phenomenon that drives users to constantly check updates, causing emotional exhaustion and insecurity.

Cognitive Overload and Inattention

Multitasking across digital devices leads to fragmented attention, reduced working memory, and decreased ability to concentrate for extended periods. This ‘cognitive overload’ results in mental fatigue, poor academic or professional output, and difficulties in retaining information. The brain struggles to process simultaneous streams of information, contributing to what is colloquially known as ‘brain fog’.

3. Social And Behavioral Impact

Decline in Face-to-Face Interaction

Digital engagement has significantly replaced traditional in-person communication, leading to a decline in social and emotional skills. Individuals, particularly children and adolescents, may struggle with empathy, active listening, and conflict resolution. Reduced face-to-face interactions can foster social isolation and hinder the development of meaningful interpersonal relationships.

Online Harassment and Cyberbullying

Increased access to online platforms exposes users, especially teenagers, to cyberbullying and harassment. This includes mean-spirited comments, doxxing, impersonation, and unsolicited sharing of private content. The anonymity of the internet often emboldens perpetrators. Victims may suffer from long-term psychological effects such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation, making cyberbullying a critical public health issue.

4. Vulnerability of Children and Adolescents

Children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of digital overexposure due to their developing brains. Prolonged screen time can interfere with cognitive, emotional, and physical development. It may delay language acquisition, reduce physical activity, and hinder social skills. Excessive screen use can also displace essential activities such as outdoor play, family interaction, and sleep.

Pediatric guidelines emphasize the importance of age-appropriate and supervised screen use. Children under the age of two should avoid screens entirely, except for video chatting. Those aged 2–5 should be limited to one hour of high-quality content per day, and children six years and older should have consistent limits placed on screen time.

5. Positive Applications of Digital Technology

Despite the concerns associated with digital overuse, technology also brings substantial benefits when used responsibly. Digital tools can enhance healthcare access, support education, and improve connectivity across communities and continents.

1. Telemedicine allows patients to consult healthcare providers remotely, especially useful in rural or underserved areas.
2. – Online learning platforms provide flexible, self-paced education to students of all ages.
3. – Mental health apps offer tools for self-monitoring, meditation, and remote therapy sessions.
4. – Productivity tools such as calendars, reminders, and project management software increase efficiency and time management.
5. – Global connectivity fosters cross-cultural communication, collaboration, and knowledge sharing.

6. Strategies for Healthy Digital Habits

Developing a balanced relationship with digital devices is essential for maintaining well-being. Here are key strategies to promote healthy usage:

1. The 20-20-20 Rule: To prevent digital eye strain, every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds.
2. – Digital Detox: Designate screen-free times or zones, such as during meals or one hour before bed, to allow mental rest.
3. – Ergonomic Workspaces: Use chairs and desks that support posture, keep screens at eye level, and maintain neutral wrist positions.
4. – Parental Controls: Parents should actively monitor and limit screen time while guiding children toward high-quality digital content.
5. – Mindfulness: Integrate regular breaks, nature walks, and breathing exercises to reduce digital fatigue and improve mental clarity.

CONCLUSION

Digital gadgets and internet use are integral to modern life, offering many conveniences and opportunities. Awareness is required to avoid excessive or unregulated usage of digital gadgets and internet in order to reduce negative impacts on physical health, mental well-being, and social functioning. Children and adolescents are especially becoming vulnerable on a daily basis and require guidance in cultivating responsible digital habits. Therefore, there is serious need for strong political will and policy pronouncements and increase awareness, digital literacy, and conscious effort, by individuals and institutions to promote balanced technology usage in order to avoid having dysfunctional society due to mental disorder and addiction, stress and depression. The goal is not to eliminate screens but to embrace their advantages while mitigating the risks.

REFERENCES

1. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Media and Young Minds.
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3. Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2018). Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents. Preventive Medicine Reports.
4. World Health Organization. (2019). Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep for children under 5 years of age.