Innovative Technologies in Libraries under Industry 4.0 : A Review of Challenges and Opportunities

Innovative Technologies in Libraries under Industry 4.0: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities

Firdaus Abdul Rahman¹*, Azyyati Anuar², Suci Yanti Ramadhan³, Asmadi Mohammed Ghazali⁴

^1,4Faculty of Information Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Kedah, Kampus Sungai Petani, Malaysia

²Faculty of Business and Management, Digital Innovation & Social Entrepreneurship, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Kedah, Kampus Sungai Petani, Malaysia

³Program Studi Perpustakaan dan Sains Informasi, Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia

^*Corresponding author

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.909000645

Received: 23 October 2024; Accepted: 03 November 2024; Published: 24 October 2025

ABSTRACT

The adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, and blockchain, presents both significant challenges and transformative opportunities for libraries. However, many libraries, particularly smaller institutions, face substantial barriers in fully integrating these advanced technologies. These challenges include financial constraints, inadequate digital infrastructure, and a shortage of skilled personnel to manage and maintain new technologies. The aim of this study is to explore the current landscape of Industry 4.0 technologies in libraries, identify the key challenges inhibiting their widespread adoption, and highlight the opportunities for libraries to modernize their operations and enhance user engagement. The literature review focuses on case studies of libraries around the world that have successfully implemented Industry 4.0 technologies, such as the Singapore National Library’s use of AI and IoT for cataloging and retrieval, and the Qatar National Library’s blockchain integration for secure digital archiving. Findings from these case studies suggest that while initial costs and infrastructure challenges are significant, the long-term benefits of increased operational efficiency, improved user experiences, and enhanced data security outweigh these obstacles. Additionally, libraries that invest in staff training and align their technological goals with user-centered services tend to achieve more successful outcomes. The implications of this study highlight the need for libraries to prioritize investment in digital infrastructure and staff development while fostering collaborations with technology firms and research institutions. Furthermore, policymakers should develop frameworks to support these advancements and provide financial and strategic resources to help libraries navigate the digital transformation. By overcoming these barriers, libraries can effectively position themselves as dynamic, innovative institutions equipped to meet the evolving needs of the digital age.

Keywords: Industry 4.0, Industry 4.0 in Libraries, Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain Technology, Big Data Analytics and Internet of Things (IoT)

INTRODUCTION

Industry 4.0 represents a transformative paradigm shift, where advanced digital technologies are integrated into industrial processes, creating a network of smart systems that enhance efficiency and enable real-time decision-making. The core technologies driving Industry 4.0 include the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, big data, and blockchain. IoT facilitates seamless communication between devices, allowing for real-time monitoring and data collection across systems (IBM, n.d.). Artificial Intelligence (AI) enhances modern data processing and decision-making by leveraging machine learning and deep learning to improve the accuracy and efficiency of predictive models across various sectors, including healthcare, finance, and business operations (Sasmal, 2024). Robotics contribute by automating repetitive tasks, thereby improving efficiency and precision in operations (IBM, n.d.). Big data, combined with analytics, plays a vital role in interpreting the massive volumes of data generated by these systems, leading to better-informed decisions (SAP, n.d.). Lastly, blockchain technology, characterized by its decentralized and secure ledger, has emerged as a transformative solution for ensuring data integrity and privacy, particularly in environments where security is critical. The inherent properties of blockchain, such as immutability and transparency, facilitate the creation of secure data-sharing frameworks that are resistant to tampering. For instance, Peng et al. highlight that blockchain technology can eliminate the need for third-party supervision in transactions, thereby enhancing trust and ensuring data integrity through its tamper-proof nature (Peng et al., 2022). Collectively, these technologies create a cohesive framework that supports the transformation of libraries into smart institutions under the industry 4.0 paradigm.

Over the past several decades, libraries have progressively embraced technology, evolving from traditional institutions into modern, digitally enabled entities. Initially, this evolution began with the digitization of physical collections, converting books, manuscripts, and other materials into digital formats to enhance accessibility and preservation (Jones, 2023). This process laid the groundwork for the development of online databases, allowing users to access vast amounts of information remotely. By the late 20th century, libraries had widely adopted online catalogs and databases, making it easier for users to search, retrieve, and utilize information globally (Smith, 2022). As technology advanced, libraries integrated more sophisticated systems, such as digital repositories, electronic resource management tools, and automation technologies, to manage their growing digital collections more effectively (Brown, 2021). Recently, the rise of cloud computing and mobile technologies has further enhanced access to library services, enabling seamless interaction with resources across various platforms and devices (Garcia, 2023). This progression demonstrates libraries’ ongoing commitment to leveraging technological advancements to meet the evolving needs of their users.

Despite the increasing body of literature on Industry 4.0 technologies, there is a significant gap in comprehensive reviews that specifically explore their impact on library systems. While many studies have examined the integration of digital tools in libraries, they tend to focus on isolated technologies such as digitization or cloud computing (Johnson, 2023). However, the comprehensive approach offered by Industry 4.0 which integrates IoT, AI, robotics, big data, and blockchain has not been thoroughly examined in the context of libraries. This article seeks to bridge this gap by analyzing how these cutting-edge technologies can revolutionize libraries, improving both operational efficiency and user experience. The primary objectives of this review are to identify the challenges and opportunities that libraries face in adopting Industry 4.0 technologies and to provide actionable insights for library administrators, technologists, and policymakers as they navigate their digital transformation journey.

The article is structured into several key sections. The first section offers an in-depth overview of Industry 4.0 technologies and their potential applications in library systems, with a focus on core innovations such as AI, IoT, and big data analytics. The second section examines the challenges libraries may encounter when adopting these technologies, such as financial constraints, infrastructure limitations, and the need to upskill staff. The third section highlights the opportunities these innovations present for enhancing library services, including improved resource management and personalized user experiences. The article concludes with case studies of libraries that have successfully implemented Industry 4.0 technologies, offering recommendations for future research and practical applications. By providing a comprehensive review of the challenges and opportunities in this intersection, the article aims to fill the existing research gap and serve as a valuable resource for stakeholders in the library sector.

INDUSTRY 4.0 TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN LIBRARIES

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing libraries by significantly enhancing data management, cataloging, and user experiences. In data management, AI streamlines processes by automating data extraction, classification, and analysis, allowing libraries to manage vast amounts of information more efficiently. AI-driven algorithms improve data quality by identifying and removing redundant or irrelevant data, ensuring more accurate records and insights (DataCamp, 2023). In cataloging, AI is transforming traditional methods by automating the creation of metadata and bibliographic records. Natural language processing (NLP) helps AI systems analyze and categorize resources, reducing human error and the time spent on manual cataloging tasks (Librarianship Studies & Information Technology, 2020). Additionally, Artificial Intelligence (AI) significantly enhances user experiences in libraries by powering personalized services such as recommendation systems and virtual assistants. These tools are designed to provide tailored search results and real-time assistance, effectively anticipating user needs based on their past behavior. This results in more engaging and efficient interactions with library resources. For instance, Rahmani discusses how AI integration in public library services can lead to improved user experiences through personalized recommendations and automated assistance, which aligns with the evolving landscape of library services (Rahmani, 2023). Overall, AI is driving the modernization of libraries by improving operational efficiency and user satisfaction.

Internet of Things (IoT)

Similarly, the Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming inventory management, smart environments, and user interactions within libraries. In inventory management, IoT-enabled devices automate various processes, reducing the need for human intervention and minimizing errors. These devices continuously collect real-time data on stock levels, location, and movement, allowing libraries to optimize resource allocation and make informed decisions regarding inventory (Relevant Software, n.d.). Furthermore, IoT facilitates the creation of smart environments by integrating smart devices and sensors into everyday settings, such as homes, offices, and cities. These interconnected devices enhance efficiency by communicating and coordinating with each other to offer personalized services to users (ScienceDirect, n.d.). In addition, IoT improves user interactions by providing seamless, data-driven experiences. IoT-powered systems anticipate user needs and preferences, enhancing the quality of interactions in domains such as smart homes or retail environments. This interconnected ecosystem ensures that users have a more efficient, personalized experience across different platforms and devices (Multishoring, 2024). Overall, IoT’s potential lies in its ability to automate, personalize, and streamline processes, significantly boosting operational efficiency and user satisfaction.

Blockchain Technology

Blockchain technology plays a crucial role in enhancing secure digital archiving, data provenance, and privacy in library systems. As a decentralized and immutable ledger, blockchain ensures that records stored in digital archives are tamper-proof and securely maintained, which is vital for the long-term preservation of important information. By using blockchain, libraries can guarantee the authenticity of archived materials, as any changes to the records are permanently logged and visible, preventing unauthorized alterations (Abdelmajied et al., 2022). Blockchain also supports data provenance by providing a transparent and traceable history of document ownership and modifications. This is particularly beneficial in libraries, where tracking the origin and version history of digital resources is crucial for ensuring their credibility and reliability (IntechOpen, 2022). Moreover, blockchain enhances user data security by encrypting transactions and minimizing the need for centralized control, thereby reducing the risk of data breaches (Khan et al., 2023). Thus, blockchain offers a robust framework for secure digital archiving, ensuring data integrity and privacy while providing transparent data provenance within library systems.

Big data analytics offers powerful tools for optimizing library services and resource management by providing data-driven insights into user behaviour, resource utilization, and operational efficiency. Through big data, libraries can analyze vast amounts of information on user habits, such as the most frequently accessed materials, peak usage times, and preferred services. This enables libraries to tailor their offerings to better meet user needs, improving overall satisfaction and service delivery (Garoufallou, 2021). Additionally, big data has emerged as a transformative force in library management, enabling libraries to make informed decisions regarding resource management by tracking usage patterns and predicting future demand. By analyzing data on book checkouts and digital resource access, libraries can optimize their acquisitions and reduce costs by investing in resources that align with user preferences. This capability is underscored by Liu, who emphasizes the importance of utilizing big data to analyze reader behavior, including library entry, borrowing, and electronic resource utilization, to better understand user needs and preferences (Liu, 2021). Moreover, big data supports predictive analytics, allowing libraries to anticipate trends in resource use and enabling more proactive management of inventory and services. Overall, leveraging data-driven insights through big data analytics enhances libraries’ ability to provide efficient, user-centered services and to allocate resources more effectively.

Finally, robotic and automation solutions are increasingly being integrated into libraries to improve efficiency in book retrieval, cataloging, and personalized user services. Automated storage and retrieval systems (ASRS) enable libraries to store and retrieve books with precision and speed, reducing the time and effort needed for manual book handling. These systems use robots to locate, retrieve, and return books to designated spots, significantly enhancing operational efficiency, especially in large libraries with extensive collections (Garoufallou, 2021). In cataloging, automation tools powered by machine learning and AI can quickly categorize and index new materials, streamlining the traditionally labor-intensive process of metadata creation and improving accuracy (Smith, 2023). Additionally, robotic solutions are transforming user services by providing personalized assistance through AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants. These tools can recommend books, answer queries, and help users navigate both digital and physical library resources based on their preferences and past behaviors (Jones, 2022). Together, these technologies are reshaping how libraries manage their collections and interact with users, making services more efficient, accessible, and tailored to individual needs.

Challenges In Implementing Industry 4.0 Technologies In Libraries

The implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies in libraries faces numerous challenges, with financial constraints being one of the most significant. According to Garoufallou (2021), libraries often struggle with high costs associated with acquiring and maintaining advanced technologies such as big data analytics and AI, limiting their ability to fully embrace these innovations. Additionally, inadequate infrastructure presents another major hurdle. Abdelmajied et al. (2022) highlighted that many libraries lack the necessary digital infrastructure to support advanced tools like blockchain and IoT, further complicating technological integration efforts.

Data privacy and security are also significant concerns, particularly with blockchain technology. Khan, Ahmed, and Sultana (2023) discuss the challenges of secure data management, noting that blockchain poses implementation barriers due to concerns over data privacy and the complexity of managing secure systems. Furthermore, a lack of skilled staff is a critical issue. Smith (2023) notes that many libraries do not have sufficient staff trained in operating AI, robotics, and other Industry 4.0 technologies, which hinders the effective deployment and management of these systems.

Automation in cataloging processes also faces challenges. Librarianship Studies and Information Technology (2020) argue that traditional cataloging tasks are difficult to fully automate, with AI and automation struggling to manage the complexities of cataloging systems, slowing down the adoption of these technologies. Additionally, internal resistance to change presents an organizational barrier. As Relevant Software (n.d.) points out, libraries often face reluctance from staff and management when trying to integrate IoT technologies, which can impede progress.

Integration difficulties further complicate the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. Multishoring (2024) discusses the struggles libraries face in integrating new technologies with their existing legacy systems, especially with IoT and AI, making it challenging to create a cohesive technological ecosystem. Finally, user adaptability is a challenge, as Jones (2022) observes that users may struggle to fully adapt to and utilize AI-driven services, which can negatively impact overall user satisfaction and engagement with new technologies.

In summary based on the Table 1, the challenges in implementing Industry 4.0 technologies in libraries span financial, infrastructural, security, and human resource issues. Overcoming these barriers requires a combination of investment in infrastructure, staff training, and efforts to address organizational and user adaptability concerns.

Table 1: Summary the findings of Challenges in Implementing Industry 4.0 Technologies in Libraries

Opportunities For Libraries in the Industry 4.0 Era

Enhanced User Experience

Industry 4.0 technologies offer libraries remarkable opportunities to provide personalized services, improve  accessibility, and enhance user engagement. With artificial intelligence (AI), libraries can implement recommendation systems and virtual assistants that cater to individual user preferences, enabling more personalized and efficient access to resources (Jones, 2022). The Internet of Things (IoT) further enhances accessibility by allowing users to interact with library systems remotely, such as checking book availability or reserving materials through mobile apps, creating a seamless user experience (Multishoring, 2024). Additionally, big data analytics can analyze user behaviour and usage patterns, providing libraries with valuable insights to refine their services and offerings, leading to increased user engagement (Garoufallou, 2021). By integrating these advanced technologies, libraries can move beyond traditional models and offer dynamic, user-centered services that meet the evolving demands of the digital age.

Smart Libraries

Smart libraries, powered by the integration of IoT, AI, and automation, are redefining the user experience by creating a seamless, intuitive environment that adapts to individual needs. IoT-enabled devices, such as sensors and mobile applications, allow users to interact with library services remotely, whether it is locating books, reserving study spaces, or accessing digital collections (Multishoring, 2024). AI enhances these capabilities by offering personalized recommendations based on users’ reading habits and preferences, providing virtual assistants that guide users through library systems with real-time responses (Jones, 2022). Automation further improves efficiency by streamlining routine tasks like book retrieval and inventory management through robotic systems, reducing wait times and enhancing overall service delivery (Smith, 2023). Together, these technologies create a smart library ecosystem that optimizes operations while offering users a highly tailored and engaging experience, transforming how they interact with library resources.

Resource Optimization

Big data analytics and automation play a crucial role in optimizing resource allocation and improving operational efficiency in libraries. By analyzing large volumes of data on user behaviours, such as resource usage, peak visitation times, and material preferences, libraries can make data-driven decisions to better allocate resources. This allows libraries to invest in high-demand materials, optimize staffing schedules, and improve service offerings tailored to user needs (Garoufallou, 2021). Automation further enhances operational efficiency by streamlining repetitive tasks such as cataloging, book retrieval, and inventory management. Automated systems, such as robotic retrieval units, reduce manual labour, speed up processes, and minimize human error, resulting in more efficient service delivery (Smith, 2023). Together, big data and automation enable libraries to operate more effectively, ensuring that resources are used wisely and services are optimized to meet user demands.

Collaboration and Networking

Collaboration with technology firms and research institutions offers significant opportunities for libraries to foster innovation and enhance services. By partnering with tech companies, libraries can gain access to cutting-edge technologies such as AI, IoT, and big data analytics, which can be tailored to improve library operations and user experiences (Smith, 2023). These collaborations can lead to the development of custom software solutions for automated cataloging, resource management, and personalized services (Smith, 2023). Research institutions also play a crucial role by providing expertise in data-driven projects, contributing to the integration of advanced technologies in libraries, and facilitating the sharing of knowledge and best practices (Jones, 2022). Through these partnerships, libraries can remain at the forefront of technological advancements and continue to evolve in the digital era, creating environments that are not only more efficient but also more responsive to the needs of their users (Garoufallou, 2021).

Theoretical Perspectives on Technology and Innovation

Understanding the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in libraries requires reference to well-established theoretical frameworks in technology acceptance and organizational innovation. One of the most widely recognized is the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), developed by Davis (1989), which explains that user adoption is shaped by perceptions of a system’s usefulness and ease of use. Within libraries, this model provides insight into why staff and patrons are more likely to accept tools such as AI-assisted cataloguing or IoT-enabled services when these applications enhance efficiency, accuracy, and service quality. Building on TAM, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) introduced by Venkatesh et al. (2003) extends this perspective by incorporating additional elements such as social influence and facilitating conditions. These factors are particularly relevant for libraries, where organizational support, leadership encouragement, and adequate training resources play a critical role in enabling smooth transitions toward technology-driven services.

On a broader scale, innovation diffusion theories help explain how technologies spread across different institutions and user groups. Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations Theory (2003) conceptualizes adoption as a process that moves through categories of users: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. In the context of libraries, this theory sheds light on why pioneering institutions such as the Singapore National Library and Qatar National Library have been at the forefront of implementing AI, IoT, and blockchain, while others remain cautious due to budget limitations, infrastructural constraints, or resistance to change. This perspective highlights that adoption is not purely technological but is also influenced by institutional culture, leadership vision, and readiness for transformation.

From an organizational lens, other theories offer additional explanatory value. Disruptive Innovation Theory (Christensen, 1997) illustrates how emerging technologies can overturn established practices and reshape service delivery. For libraries, innovations such as blockchain for digital preservation or robotic retrieval systems can be viewed as disruptive elements that gradually replace traditional methods with more automated and user-centered approaches. Similarly, the Resource-Based View (RBV) of the firm (Barney, 1991) emphasizes that successful technology adoption depends on the resources and capabilities an organization possesses. In libraries, factors such as financial investment, technical expertise, and digital infrastructure determine the extent to which Industry 4.0 technologies can be integrated effectively and sustained over time.

Taken together, these theoretical perspectives provide a comprehensive understanding of both the individual-level determinants of technology acceptance and the organizational-level conditions that shape innovation. By grounding the discussion in TAM, UTAUT, Diffusion of Innovations, Disruptive Innovation, and RBV, the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in libraries can be analyzed not only as a matter of technical implementation but also as a process shaped by social, cultural, and institutional dynamics.

CASE STUDIES OF LIBRARIES USING INDUSTRY 4.0 TECHNOLOGIES

Global examples

Libraries worldwide are increasingly adopting Industry 4.0 technologies to modernize their operations and enhance user experiences. For instance, the Singapore National Library has successfully implemented artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) systems to automate cataloging and book retrieval processes, significantly reducing operational inefficiencies and user wait times (Tan, 2023). Similarly, Finland’s Helsinki Central Library Oodi has leveraged robotics and big data analytics to optimize inventory management, improving the accessibility of high-demand resources while reducing operational costs (Mäkinen & Järvinen, 2022). Additionally, the Qatar National Library has integrated blockchain technology for secure digital archiving, ensuring the authenticity and long-term preservation of its digital collections (Al-Ansari, 2023). Furthermore, the Qatar National Library’s approach aligns with broader trends in cultural heritage institutions that are increasingly adopting blockchain to safeguard their collections. As highlighted by Vacchio and Bifulco, blockchain can provide guarantees of provenance and authenticity, which are essential for cultural heritage management (Vacchio & Bifulco, 2022). This integration not only enhances the security of digital archives but also fosters greater public trust in the library’s ability to preserve and manage its collections effectively. These global examples demonstrate how libraries are using Industry 4.0 technologies to streamline services, increase user engagement, and ensure the security and accessibility of their collections.

Lesson learns

The case studies of libraries that have successfully implemented Industry 4.0 technologies offer several key insights and lessons for future implementations. One significant takeaway is the importance of aligning technological investments with clear operational goals. For example, the Singapore National Library’s focus on AI and IoT was driven by the need to enhance operational efficiency, reduce manual workloads, and improve user satisfaction (Tan, 2023). Similarly, Helsinki Central Library Oodi highlighted the benefits of data-driven decision-making through big data analytics, which enabled more effective resource management and personalized services for users (Mäkinen & Järvinen, 2022). Another key lesson is the necessity of staff training and organizational readiness. Both Qatar and Helsinki emphasized the importance of preparing staff to manage and maintain new technologies effectively (Al-Ansari, 2023). Furthermore, these case studies underscore the critical role of user-centered design, as demonstrated by Helsinki’s efforts to tailor services to individual user needs through data analytics. Future implementations should therefore prioritize both technological readiness and user experience, ensuring that staff are equipped and the user remains central to innovation.

Comparative Cases: Large And Small Libraries In Digital Technology Adoption

The extent to which libraries adopt Industry 4.0 technologies often reflects their institutional size, available resources, and strategic priorities. Larger national or metropolitan libraries generally lead the way in adopting advanced solutions, while smaller academic or community libraries introduce digital tools more gradually and selectively.

A clear example of large-scale adoption is seen in the Singapore National Library, which has successfully deployed AI and IoT to streamline cataloguing, retrieval, and user interaction, significantly reducing manual workloads while enhancing service delivery (Tan, 2023). Likewise, the Qatar National Library has experimented with blockchain for digital preservation, ensuring authenticity and long-term protection of its digital collections (Al-Ansari, 2023). These initiatives demonstrate how institutions with substantial funding and strong policy support are able to experiment with and implement advanced technologies that reshape library services at scale.

Smaller libraries, in contrast, tend to prioritize cost-effective and incremental innovations. For instance, research on community libraries in Malaysia and Indonesia shows that many have integrated RFID-based circulation systems, cloud-hosted catalogues, or mobile library applications to expand access to their services (Rahman, 2021; Yusof & Ahmad, 2022). Similarly, some regional university college libraries have introduced affordable IoT-based monitoring tools to track environmental conditions such as humidity and temperature, ensuring the preservation of print collections without major infrastructure upgrades (Ismail & Hassan, 2022). These modest innovations, while less disruptive, nonetheless play a vital role in enhancing operational efficiency and reaching underserved populations.

Comparing these cases highlights a dual pathway of innovation: large institutions often serve as pioneers of cutting-edge technologies, while smaller libraries adopt practical, low-cost tools aligned with their immediate service needs. Both trajectories are important; large libraries showcase the transformative capacity of advanced innovation, while smaller libraries demonstrate that even limited-scale digital initiatives can create meaningful improvements in accessibility, efficiency, and preservation. Together, these contrasting experiences underline the importance of tailoring technological adoption strategies to institutional capacity and community context.

CONCLUSION

Summary of Challenges and Opportunities

Libraries face several significant challenges in adopting Industry 4.0 technologies, including financial constraints, inadequate digital infrastructure, and a lack of skilled personnel. Implementing advanced tools such as artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchain requires substantial investment, which many libraries, particularly smaller institutions, may struggle to afford (Garoufallou, 2021). Additionally, the existing infrastructure in many libraries is often insufficient to support new technologies like IoT and blockchain, further complicating integration efforts (Abdelmajied et al., 2022). The shortage of skilled staff trained to manage and operate AI and robotics technologies also hampers effective adoption (Smith, 2023). Despite these obstacles, Industry 4.0 presents transformative opportunities for libraries. AI and big data analytics offer the potential to personalize services and optimize resource management, improving both user engagement and operational efficiency (Garoufallou, 2021). IoT can streamline inventory management and improve accessibility, while blockchain provides enhanced security for digital archives, ensuring the integrity of collections (Al-Ansari, 2023). By overcoming these challenges, libraries can modernize their services and position themselves as dynamic, technology-driven institutions.

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on exploring the long-term impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on library systems, particularly how AI-driven automation and recommendation systems may shape user interactions and operational efficiency over time. Investigating the evolving role of AI in personalizing library services, improving cataloguing processes, and analysing user behaviour offers significant insights into the sustainability of these innovations (Smith, 2023). Additionally, the role of blockchain in digital archiving warrants deeper exploration, particularly its potential to ensure data integrity, privacy, and security in maintaining digital collections (Al-Ansari, 2023). Cross-disciplinary studies that integrate library sciences, computer science, and information technology could provide a comprehensive understanding of how Industry 4.0 technologies interact with traditional library functions. Moreover, future research should consider the development of policies and frameworks to guide the effective adoption of these technologies, focusing on addressing financial constraints, infrastructure requirements, and staff training needs (Garoufallou, 2021). These studies can inform policy recommendations and provide libraries with strategic roadmaps to implement Industry 4.0 technologies in a way that aligns with their goals and enhances user experience.

Call to Action

The future of libraries depends on proactive engagement with Industry 4.0 innovations, and it is crucial for library administrators, policymakers, and researchers to embrace these technologies to future-proof their institutions. Administrators should prioritize investment in AI, IoT, big data, and blockchain to improve operational efficiency, enhance user experience, and secure digital collections (Smith, 2023). Policymakers must develop supportive frameworks and allocate resources that address financial constraints and infrastructure gaps, ensuring that libraries can fully integrate these technologies (Garoufallou, 2021). Researchers are called upon to explore the long-term implications of Industry 4.0 technologies on library systems, including their impact on users, staff, and organizational processes (Al-Ansari, 2023). Collaboration across these sectors will enable libraries to transform into smart, user-centered institutions capable of meeting the evolving needs of the digital age.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Kedah State Research Committee, UiTM Kedah Branch, for the generous funding provided under the Tabung Penyelidikan Am. This support was crucial in facilitating the research and ensuring the successful publication of this article.

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