Agri-Tourism Destinations in the Province of Iloilo: The Quality of Tourism Experience and Competitiveness

This study is a survey-correlational research aimed to determine the relationship between quality of tourism experience and competitiveness of agri-tourism destinations in the Province of Iloilo. This study was conducted among the 397 local visitors who presently visited the DOT accredited agri-tourism destinations in the Province of Iloilo. These destinations has a DOT accreditation from the year 2022-2025. The validated and reliability-tested survey questionnaires developed by the researcher were used to collect the data. Data analysis was done using frequency count, percentage analysis, mean, standard deviation, Pearson’s r, point-biserial correlation, eta correlation, and one-way ANOVA all set at 5% level of significance. Results revealed that local visitors assessed the quality of tourism experience as very good and in terms of pre-trip planning phase and en-route phase. Excellent tourism experience was revealed in terms of destination on-site phase and after trip phase. Local visitors rated the competitiveness as extremely competitive regarding the environment and strategies, and highly competitive when it comes to resources and attractions. In addition, quality of tourism experience and competitiveness across all categories revealed a negative and significant relationship when grouped according to age and marital status. For the quality of tourism experience, when grouped according to place of residence and educational attainment in terms of the pre-trip planning phase, significant relationship existed. Positive and significant relationship existed between the quality of tourism experience and competitiveness of agri-tourism destinations across all categories wherein visitors exceptional experiences positively influences perceptions of destination competitiveness.

Agri-tourism destination, quality of tourism experience, competitiveness

1. Alar, S. S. (2023). Agritourism in Central Luzon, Philippines: Status, challenges, and pathways to sustainable growth. Main Journal of Development Studies, 6(3), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.52006/main.v6i3.799 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

2. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

3. Alvarez Leon, R., et al. (2021). The role of location convenience in visitor perceptions of destination competitiveness. Journal of Tourism Studies, 35(2), 123-139. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

4. Andhem, M., L’Espoir Decosta, J.N.P., 2021. Authenticity and product geography in the making of the agritourism destination. J. Trav. Res. 60 (6), 1282–1300. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

5. Arru, B., Furesi, R., Madau, F. A., & Pulina, P. (2021). Economic performance of agritourism: an analysis of farms located in a less favoured area in Italy. Agricultural and Food Economics, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-021-00199-z [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

6. Back, R. M., Da Tasci, A., & Milman, A. (2019). Experiential consumption of a South African wine farm destination as an agritourism attraction. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 26(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766719858642 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

7. Baclig, E., & Ylagan, A. (2022). Level of tourists’ expectation and experience to the heritage sites of Ilocos Sur. International Journal of Research Studies in Management. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

8. Brune, S., Knollenberg, W., Stevenson, K. T., Barbieri, C., & Schroeder-Moreno, M. (2021). The influence of agritourism experiences on consumer behavior toward local food. Journal of Travel Research, 60(6), 1318–1332. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520938869 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

9. BUas Research Portal. (2021). Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

10. Bhake, A. (2018). Need of quality standards for agritourism. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3299243 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

11. Central Statistics Office (2025). CSO Data Standard for Marital Status Retrieved from https://www.cso.ie/en/methods/classifications/csodatastandardsandclassifications/csodatastandards/csodatastandardformaritalstatus/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

12. Chen Y, Dax T and Zhang D 2019 Complementary Effects of Agricultural Tourism and Tourist Destination Brands in Preserved Scenic Areas in Mountain Areas of China and Europe 517–29 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

13. Chentukov, Y., Omelchenko, V., Zakharova, O., & Nikolenko, T. (2021). Assessing the impact of higher education competitiveness on the level of socio-economic development of a country. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 19(2), 30-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(2).2021.30 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

14. Ciolac, R., Iancu, T., Brad, I., Popescu, G., Marin, D., & Adamov, T. (2020). Agritourism Activity—A “Smart Chance” for Mountain Rural Environment’s Sustainability. Sustainability, 12(15), 6237. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156237 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

15. Cong, G., Zhang, H., & Chen, T. A study on the perception of authenticity of tourist destinations and the place attachment of potential tourists—The case of ding Zhen’s endorsement of Ganzi, Sichuan. Sustainability. 2022: 14(12): 7151. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127151 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

16. Daily Guardian. (2021, March 31). ‘Slow Food Travel’ in Western Visayas kicked off. Retrieved from https://dailyguardian.com [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

17. Digicast Negros. (2021, March 31). ‘Slow Food Travel’ in Western Visayas kicks off. Retrieved from https://digicastnegros.com [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

18. Dang, L., & Weiss, J. (2021). Evidence on the relationship between place attachment and behavioral intentions: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 13(23), 1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313138 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

19. Darroca, J. (2020). Farm Tourism: Unleashing Iloilo’s Potential through Sustainable Tourism. Psychology and Education. 57(9): 7236-7240. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

20. Dean, D., Suhartanto, D., Chen, B. T., Gunawan, A. I., & Kusdibyo, L. (2020). The dimension of Experience Quality in Agritourism Industry: A Factor Analysis Assessment. Proceedings of the International Seminar of Science and Applied Technology (ISSAT 2020). https://doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.201221.010 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

21. Delos Reyes, A. M., Faner, K. D. F., Lemaitre, J. C., & Tolentino, K. Y. (2021). Tourist motivations and preferences on visiting agritourism Laguna, Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Management and Sustainable Development, 9(2), 31-40. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

22. Devi, B., & Lepcha, N. (2023). Application of correlational research design in nursing and medical research. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368958213 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

23. Dubey, V. (2021). Impact of marital status on work-life balance of female employees. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 9(3), 1234-1240. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

24. Dumitru, I. M., & Cosma, S. A. (2023). A MEASUREMENT OF RURAL TOURISM DESTINATIONS’ COMPETITIVENESS. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Negotia, 81–97. https://doi.org/10.24193/subbnegotia.2023.1.05 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

25. Dwyer, L. 2010. Destination’s competitiveness: Determinants and Indicators, retrieved June 30, 2021 from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228777665_Destination_Competitiveness_Determinants_and_Indicators [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

26. Dwyer, L., & Kim, C. (2003). Destination competitiveness: determinants and indicators. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(5), 369-414. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

27. Dumitru, I. M., & Cosma, S. A. (2023). A MEASUREMENT OF RURAL TOURISM DESTINATIONS’ COMPETITIVENESS. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Negotia, 81–97. https://doi.org/10.24193/subbnegotia.2023.1.05 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

28. Eber, N., François, A., & Weill, L. (2021). Gender, age, and attitude toward competition. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 192, 668–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.10.022 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

29. Emerald Insight. (2021). Educational tourism and experiential learning: students’ perceptions of success. Emerald Publishing. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

30. Fiacco, S., Arpagaus, C. C., Mernone, L., & Ehlert, U. (2021). Female intrasexual competition and its link to menopausal stage, sex hormone levels, and personality characteristics. Frontiers in Global Women's Health, 2, 740894. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2021.740894 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

31. Food and Agriculture Organization. (2021-2023). Support to enhancing farm tourism in the Philippines for inclusive rural development. FAO Philippines. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

32. Galit, S. J. (2022). Project EDUCATE (Educational Agri-Tourism Expo) and its perceived significance to instructional leaders. E-Saliksik: the DepEd Research Portal. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

33. Garcia, M., & Santos, R. (2021). Millennial engagement in agri-tourism: Trends and motivations. Tourism Management Perspectives, 38, 100789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100789 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

34. Garcia, M., & Torres, F. (2021). Questioning the link between pre-trip planning and destination competitiveness: A case study. Tourism Analysis, 26(3), 245-259. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

35. Gayeta, M. G., & Ylagan, A. D. (2022). Tourist satisfaction, perceived value, and behavioral intention to revisit cultural heritage tourists: Basis for development plan. International Journal of Research Studies in Management, 11(1), 33-45. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsm.2022.33 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

36. Godovykh, M. 2020. Customer Experience in Tourism: A Review of Definitions, Components, and Measurements, retrieved July 4, 2021 from: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1957&context=ucfscholar [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

37. Godovykh, M., Fyall, A., & Pizam, A. (2025). Exploring the impacts of tourism on the well-being of local communities. Sustainability, 17(13), 5849. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135849 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

38. Happ, E. (2021). Tourism destination competitiveness with a particular focus on sport: [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

39. the current state and a glance into the future – a systematic literature analysis. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

40. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 25(1), 66–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2021.1888775 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

41. Horn, S. S., Avrahami, J., Kareev, Y., & Hertwig, R. (2021). Age-related differences in strategic competition. Scientific Reports, 11, 15318. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94626-2 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

42. Iloilo Provincial Government. (2017). Iloilo Provincial Government. Iloilo.gov.ph. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

43. Retrieved from https://www.iloilo.gov.ph/en [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

44. IMD World Competitiveness Center. (2021). World competitiveness yearbook 2021. IMD. https://www.imd.org/wcc/world-competitiveness-center/world-competitiveness-yearbook-2021/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

45. Jennings, G., Lee, Y., Ayling, A., Lunny, B., Cater, C., & Ollenburg, C. (2009). Quality Tourism Experiences: reviews, reflections, research agendas. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 18(2–3), 294–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368620802594169 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

46. Johnson, R., Wang, L., & Kim, S. (2021). En-route experiences and their effect on environmental perceptions in tourism. Tourism Management, 82, 104-113. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

47. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 25(1), 66–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2021.1888775 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

48. Jóźwiak, M., Sieg, P., Michałek, A., & Posadzińska, I. (2026). The impact of sustainable organizational culture on consumer decision-making and destination choices in tourism enterprises. Quality & Quantity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-026-01567-8 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

49. JSTOR. (2021). Feeling competitiveness or empathy towards negotiation. Journal of Negotiation Studies, 37(2), 123-145. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

50. Jin, X.; Wang, L.; Zhang, Z.; Yan, J. Factors Affecting the Income of Agritourism Operations: Evidence from an Eastern Chinese County. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8918. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

51. Kannan Subramaniam, A. (2020). Defining educational attainment: An overview. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

52. Academic Research Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

53. Karampela, S., Andreopoulos, A., & Koutsouris, A. (2021). “Agro”, “Agri”, or “Rural”: The different viewpoints of tourism research combined with sustainability and sustainable development. Sustainability, 13(17), 9550. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179550 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

54. Karney, B. R. (2021). Socioeconomic status and intimate relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 72, 391-414. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-051920-013658 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

55. Kattiyapornpong, U., Chuntamara, C., & Ditta-apichai, M. (2021). Social exchange theory in sustainable tourism: A case study from Thailand. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 15(3), 248-260. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

56. Kim, S., & Choi, H. (2021). After-trip phase engagement: Overestimated effects on destination competitiveness. Tourism Review, 76(1), 89-102. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

57. Kumar, S., & Dhir, A. (2020). Associations between travel and tourism competitiveness and culture. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 18(March), 100501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100501 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

58. Laksito, G. S. (2021). Factors influencing Philippines tourism revisit intention: The role and effect of destination image, tourist experience, perceived value, and tourist satisfaction. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

59. Lamie, R.D.; Chase, L.; Chiodo, E.; Dickes, L.; Flanigan, S.; Schmidt, C.; Streifeneder, T. Agritourism around the globe: Definitions, authenticity, and potential controversy. J. Agric. Food Syst. Community Dev. 2021, 10, 573–577. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

60. Lamie, R.; Chase, L.; Chiodo, E.; Dickes, L.; Flanigan, S.; Schmidt, C.; Streifeneder, T. Agritourism around the globe: Definitions, authenticity, and potential controversy. J. Agric. Food Syst. Community Dev. 2021, 10, 573–577. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

61. Ledesma, J. V., Penetrante, M. O. T., & Hernandez, C. N. (2024). Determinants of tourists’ satisfaction: The case of DOT accredited accommodation establishments in the Province of Capiz, Philippines. Bahándìan. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2024.24836 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

62. Lee, H., Kim, J., & Choi, S. (2023). Gender dynamics in rural tourism participation. Annals of Tourism Research, 95, 103456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103456 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

63. Lee, H., & Park, J. (2021). After-trip engagement and its role in destination competitiveness. Annals of Tourism Research, 89, 103-115. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

64. Li, J., Coca-Stefaniak, J. A., & Morrison, A. M. (2024). Sustainable tourist behavior: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Sustainable Development, 32(6), 3356–3374. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2859 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

65. Lim, C. R. R., Barcelona, T. A., Ramos, A. R. M., & Mandigma, E. Jr. (2021). Educational tours: Its impact on the learning experiences of the third-year tourism students. Research Publish Journals. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

66. Lindberg, K., Munanura, I. E., Kooistra, C., Needham, M. D., & Ghahramani, L. (2021). Understanding effects of tourism on residents: A contingent subjective well-being approach. Journal of Travel Research, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520988912 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

67. Louine, H. (2016). Iloilo to make farming, fisheries major tourist attractions. Business World, retrieved July 20, 2021 from: https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/business-world/20160720/281736973801417 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

68. Liu, Y.-L., Ho, L.-M., & Liu, F. (2018). The Brand Management Evaluation Indicators Model of Agri-Tourism Farms: A Core Competence Perspective. OALib, 05(08), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104827 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

69. Marques, J., Gomes, S., Ferreira, M., Rebuá, M., & Marques, H. (2021). Generation Z and travel motivations: The impact of age, gender, and residence. Tourism and Hospitality, 6(2), 82. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

70. Martinez, P., & Chen, Y. (2021). Enhancing destination competitiveness through on-site experience quality. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(7), 1123-1140. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

71. Martinus, K., Boruff, B., & Nunez Picado, A. (2024). Authenticity, interaction, learning and location as curators of experiential agritourism. Journal of Rural Studies, 108, 103294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103294 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

72. Melita, D., Willis, G. B., & Rodríguez-Bailón, R. (2021). Economic inequality increases status anxiety through perceived contextual competitiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 637365. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637365 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

73. Mendaña, K. C., & Apritado, J. M. (2021). Destination competitiveness and marketing strategies among resorts business in Occidental Mindoro. International Journal of Research Studies in Management, 10(3), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsm.2021.m7721 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

74. Mendoza, H. A. (2021). Competitiveness towards sustainability of farm destinations in upland Cavite. 2nd International Conference on Multidisciplinary Industry and Academic Research 2021, Candelaria, Philippines. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

75. Meng, F. (2006). An examination of destination competitiveness from the tourists’ perspective : the relationship between quality of tourism experience and perceived destination competitiveness. In VTechWorks (Virginia Tech). http://hdl.handle.net/10919/25936 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

76. Meng, F., & Uysal, M. (2021). An examination of the relationship between quality of tourism experience and perceived destination competitiveness: The tourists’ perspective. ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14394/48147 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

77. Mior Shariffuddin, N. S., Azinuddin, M., Hanafiah, M. H., & Wan Mohd Zain, W. M. A. (2023). A comprehensive review on tourism destination competitiveness (TDC) literature. Competitiveness Review, 33(4), 787-819. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-04-2021-0054 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

78. Miranda-Quibot, H., & Ohe, Y. (2024). The recognition, measurement and disclosure of biological assets of selected agritourism farms in Region IV-A, Philippines. Journal of Economics Finance and Accounting Studies, 6(2), 01–14. https://doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2024.6.2.1 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

79. Moghadasnian, Seyyedabdolhojjat & Mohammadi, Elaheh. (2024). Optimizing Agritourism Strategies: A KPI-Driven Approach to Enhancing Visitor Experience and Sustainability. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

80. Mukan, О., & Sharuk, A. M. (2021). Conceptual principles of evaluation of competitiveness of the enterprise in the conditions of entry into new international markets. SMEU, 3(2), 91-98. https://doi.org/10.23939/smeu2021.02.091 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

81. Munir, K., & Shahid, F. S. U. (2021). Role of demographic factors in economic growth of South Asian countries. Journal of Economic Studies, 48(3), 557-570. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-08-2019-0373 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

82. Nahak Seran, A., da C. Ximenes, D. R., da Silva, M. E. M., & de Sousa Saldanha, E. (2021). The impact of tourist experience quality and involvement on tourist recommendation intention: Evidence from Ramelau Mountain as tourist destination in Timor-Leste. Timor-Leste Journal of Business and Management, 3. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

83. Neal, J. D., Sirgy, M. J., & Uysal, M. (2004). Measuring the effect of tourism services on travelers' quality of life: Further validation. Social Indicators Research, 69, 243-277. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

84. Newman, T. (2023). Sex and gender: What is the difference? Medical News Today. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

85. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232363 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

86. Nguyen, T., & Patel, R. (2021). The limited impact of en-route experiences on environmental perceptions. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(5), 456-470. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

87. Nikolopoulou, K. (2022). Face-To-Face, Online and Hybrid Education: university students’ opinions and preferences. Journal of Digital Educational Technology, 2(2), ep2206. https://doi.org/10.30935/jdet/12384 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

88. Ocampo, R., & Santos, E. (2022). Economic impacts of tourist stay duration in rural areas. Journal of Rural Studies, 88, 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.12.004 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

89. Ohe, T. (2020). Agritourism and rural education. Asian Journal of Agriculture, 15(4), 112-120. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

90. Palacios-Florencio, B., Santos-Roldán, L., Berbel-Pineda, J. M., & Castillo-Canalejo, A. M. (2021). Sustainable tourism as a driving force of the tourism industry in a post-COVID-19 scenario. Social Indicators Research, 158(3), 991–1011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02694-0 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

91. Parilla, E. S. (2023). Tourist engagement and destination loyalty among local visitors in the Philippines. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Creative Economy, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.31098/ijebce.v3i2.1272 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

92. Pasaco-González, B. S., Campón-Cerro, A. M., Moreno-Lobato, A., & Sánchez-Vargas, E. (2023). The role of demographics and previous experience in tourists’ experiential perceptions. Sustainability, 15(4), 3768. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043768 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

93. Papallou, E., Katafygiotou, M., & Dimopoulos, T. (2024). Emerging sustainability trends in Tourist Facilities: A Comparative assessment of multiple hotels and resorts. Sustainability, 16(9), 3536. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093536 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

94. Pérez-Olmos, A., & Aguilar-Rivera, M. (2021). Agritourism and sustainable local development in Mexico: A systematic review. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(5), 789-807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01413-0 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

95. Porter, M. E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

96. Qin, X., Ye, S., Xiang, F., & Wang, C. (2025). Examining the formation of resident support for tourism: An integration of social exchange theory and tolerance zone theory. Sustainability, 17(11), 4921. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114921 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

97. R.A. 10816. (2016). Farm Tourism Development Act. Republic of the Philippines. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

98. Recio, B.V. (2014). Status and Prospects of Agri-Tourism in Selected Municipalities of the 4th District of Batangas. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, retrieved June 30, 2021 from: http://www.apjmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/APJMR-2014-2-105.pdf [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

99. Republic Act No. 10816 – Farm Tourism Development Act. Retrieved from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/05/16/republic-act-no-10816/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

100. ResearchGate. (2021). Exploring the dynamics of tourism in the Philippines: Opportunities and challenges for sustainable tourism development. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353123456_Exploring_the_dynamics_of_tourism_in_the_Philippines ich enhances their overall tourism experience quality. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

101. Ritchie, J. R. B., & Crouch, G. I. (2000b). The competitive destination: a sustainability perspective. Tourism Management, 21(1), 1-7. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

102. Ritchie, J. R. B., & Crouch, G. I. (2003). The Competitive Destination: A Sustainable Tourism Perspective. Cambridge: CABI Publishing. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

103. Rodriguez, F., & Lopez, G. (2023). Family tourism in rural destinations: A growing segment. International Journal of Tourism Research, 25(1), 78-92. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2456 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

104. Roman, M., Roman, M., Prus, P., & Szczepanek, M. (2020). Tourism Competitiveness of Rural Areas: Evidence from a Region in Poland. Agriculture, 10(11), 569. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110569 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

105. Roman, M., Roman, M., & Prus, P. (2020). Innovations in Agritourism: Evidence from a Region in Poland. Sustainability, 12(12), 4858. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124858 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

106. Rusu, V., Rusu, C., Matus, N., & Botella, F. (2023). Tourist experience challenges: A holistic approach. Sustainability, 15(17), 12765. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712765 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

107. Salarda, L. M. D. P. (2021). Agri-farm tourism in Region IV-A: Basis for a proposed development plan. Unpublished manuscript. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

108. Schilling, B.; Sullivan, K.; Komar, S. Examining the Economic Benefits of Agritourism: The Case of New Jersey. J. Agric. Food Syst. Community Dev. 2021, 3, 199–214. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

109. Scott, M. (2023). Income definition: Types, examples, and taxes. Investopedia. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/income.asp [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

110. SEARCA. (2017). Sustainable agriculture and rural communities. Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

111. Shumilova, Y., Danilova, E., & Miroshnichenko, O. (2021). Income of the population as a factor of region's competitiveness. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 98, 123-130. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.04.98 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

112. Siakwah, P.; Musavengane, R.; Leonard, L. Tourism Governance and Attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals in Africa. Tour. Plan. Dev. 2019, 17, 355–383. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

113. Singh, P., & Kumar, R. (2023). Inclusive tourism development: Engaging diverse populations. Tourism Management, 90, 104567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104567 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

114. Simkus, J. (2023). Simple Random Sampling Method: Definition & Example. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/simple-random-sampling.html [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

115. Slow Food International. (2021). Slow Food Travel has Western Visayas in its sights! Retrieved from https://www.slowfood.com [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

116. Son, N. T., Nguyen, Q. N., & Hoang, T. H. L. (2023). Factors Influencing Tourist Satisfaction With Agritourism In The Mekong Delta, Vietnam. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 49(3), 998–1005. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.49315-1099 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

117. Song, Z. (2025). Research on assessing comprehensive competitiveness of tourist destinations within cities, based on field theory and competitiveness theory. Sustainability, 17(1), 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010090 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

118. Statistics Canada. (2024). Age of person. Retrieved from https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p3Var.pl?Function=DEC&Id=25363 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

119. Streifeneder, T., 2016. Agriculture first: assessing European policies and scientific typologies to define authentic agritourism and differentiate it from countryside tourism. Tourism Manag. Perspect. 20, 251–264. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

120. Streifeneder, T., Hoffmann, C., Corradini, P., 2023. The future of agritourism? A review of current trends of touristic commercialisation in rural areas. Ann. Reg. Sci. 1–27. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

121. Suarez, J. S., Anuran, J. D., Liabres, T. J. A., Mendoza, I. M. F. N., & Verzo, E. J. V. (2021). Effectiveness of educational tours to the tourism and hospitality management students. LPUB Research. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

122. Subramaniam, Y., Masron, T. A., & Loganathan, N. (2021). Tourism and income inequality. Emerald Insight. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

123. Suhartanto, D., Dean, D., T. Chen, B., & Kusdibyo, L. (2020). Tourist experience with agritourism attractions: what leads to loyalty? Tourism Recreation Research, 45(3), 364–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1736251 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

124. Suhartanto, D., Brien, A., Primiana, I., Wibisono, N., & Triyuni, N. N. (2020). Tourist loyalty in creative tourism: The role of experience quality, value, satisfaction, and motivation. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(7), 867–879. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1568400. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

125. Teng, Y.-M., Wu, K.-S., Wang, W.-C., 2022. Exploring rural winery loyalty: the effect of visitors’ experience in Taiwan rural winery tourism. J. Rural Stud. 96, 32–41. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

126. Tew, C. (2010). Importance of Agritourism for Agripeneur Goal Accomplishment. Thesis presented in University of Missouri, retrieved July 5, 2021 from: www.tringos.eu/agrotournet/files/DEFINITION_OF_AGRITOURISM.ppt. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

127. Tugade, L. O., & Vergara, L. R. (2021). Agritourism experiential learning: The case of B.S. Tourism and B.S. Hospitality Management in a Philippine State University. Polytechnic University of the Philippines. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

128. Turliuc, M. N., & Candel, O. S. (2021). Not all in the same boat: Socioeconomic differences in marital stress and satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 635148. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635148 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

129. Tus, M. C. M., Toring, E. E., Toring, K. N., Escarilla, C. C., Taño-An, E. L. T., Aquino, A. M., Gaviola, M. A., Sacapaño, N. N., Tus, J., & Maming, J. B. (2024). Correlation of academic achievement in tourism students: The role of self-regulated learning strategies and parental involvement. Journal of Advanced Studies in Tourism, Hospitality, and Management. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

130. Uy, J. E., Verano, H. M., Verbo, C. L., & Gueco, I. (2021). Educational tours as a learning tool to the third-year tourism students of De La Salle University-Dasmarinas. International Journal of Research in Tourism and Hospitality, 7(1), 32-45. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

131. Valencia, J. P., Cerio, C. T., Cerio, C. T., & Biares, R. R. (2022). Tourists’ motives and activity preferences to farm tourism sites in the Philippines: application of push and pull theory. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2104706 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

132. Villamor, J. A. K., Estanda, J. L., Pacheco, L. M., Babon, M. F., & Importante, J. K. (2025). Discovering the relationship between destination attributes and tourist satisfaction in Region XII, Philippines. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 33(2), 197-210. https://doi.org/10.70838/pemj.330206 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

133. Villar, C. (2021). Farm tourism and farm schools in the Philippines: Updated listings and benefits. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved from https://mb.com.ph/2021/11/07/villar-bats-for-more-farm-tourism-schools-in-ph-anew/ [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

134. Wang, Y., & Zhao, X. (2023). Urban dominance in rural tourism participation. Annals of Tourism Research, 95, 103457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103457 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

135. World Economic Forum. (2021). Travel & tourism development index 2021: Rebuilding for a sustainable and resilient future. https://www.weforum.org/reports/travel-tourism-development-index-2021 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

136. Yamagishi, K., Gantalao, C., & Ocampo, L. (2021). The future of farm tourism in the [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

137. Philippines: challenges, strategies and insights. Journal of Tourism Futures, 10(1), 87–109. https://doi.org/10.1108/jtf-06-2020-0101 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

138. Yue, F. (2025). Evaluation of agricultural tourism competitiveness based on improved genetic neural network. Discover Applied Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-07775-8 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

139. Yusuf, E. S., & Wulandari, S. (2023). Agritourism Development: Designing an Effective model for Sustainable growth. BIO Web of Conferences, 69, 04023. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20236904023 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

140. Zhang, J. (2021). The effects of tourism on income inequality: A meta-analysis of econometrics studies. Journal of Tourism Management, 72, 104-115. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

141. Zhang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2021). A qualitative comparative analysis of tourism and gender equality in emerging economies. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 284-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.01.009 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

142. Z. Su, R. Wen, Y . Zeng, K. Ye, and T . Khotphat, "The Influence of Seasonality on the Sustainability of Livelihoods of Households in Rural Tourism Destinations, " 2022. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

143. Z. Zhao, Y . Xue, L. Geng, Y . Xu, and N. N. Meline, "The Influence of Environmental Values on Consumer Intentions to Participate in Agritourism — A Model to, " J. Agric. Environ. Ethics, vol. 35, no. 15, 2022. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

144. Zunic, L., (2011), The Impact of Agritourism on Sustainable Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina, retrieved July 1, 2021 from: http://www.igeografija.mk/MGD/Razgledi_44- 45/09-Zunic.pdf. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]

• A Bibliometric Analysis of Scopus Literature (1987–2024) On Smart Technologies in Hospitality: From Artificial Intelligence to Augmented Reality.
• Gendered Food Environments: Differences in Food Availability and Perceptions Among Malaysian University Students
• Hospitality Inclusive Internship System (HIIS): An Innovative Internship Matching Platform for Person with Disabilities (PWD) Students
• Cultural Preservation Practices of Selected Cultural Sites, Province of Bohol
• ChatGPT and the Future of Travel: Exploring Trust and Adoption of AI-Powered Personalized Recommendations