Studies reveal that educating girls have a multiplier effects that would benefit the family, society and nation at large and that it is the driving force behind any strong economy and a prerequisite for social and economic growth. However, in an effort to reduce the socio- economic impact of this phenomenon in young women who find themselves in teenage motherhood, the Kenyan government introduced the re-entry policy that made it possible for girls to re-enter school and start their education from where they stopped prior to pregnancy. It is in the light of this that, the study sought to establish ways of de stigmatizing teenage motherhood by implementing the re entry policy in public secondary schools in Eldoret West Sub County. The study was guided by the social integration theory on student retention in schools. The study adopted pragmatic world view, a mixed method research design utilizing both qualitative and quantitative approach and employed stratified sampling, simple random and purposive sampling as its sampling techniques. The research instruments for the study were questionnaire, interview schedule and document analysis. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and was summarized using frequencies, percentages andtables. The findings revealed that, teenage pregnancy and motherhood is one of the major impediment to the educational success of girls in sub Saharan Africa however, the implementation re-entry policy of teenage mothers in Eldoret West Sub County was partially successful since there were presence of teenage mothers in school though in small numbers compared to those who dropped out due pregnancy.The study recommended that all stakeholders to be educated about the policy and the Ministry of Education (MOE) to establish monitoring and evaluation tools in order identify areas in the policy that need to be reviewed and improved for effective implementation. The study would provide important empirical basis for stimulating deliberate effort by the schools, education policy makers, curriculum developers and parents towards greater concern with regard to the implementation of re-entry policy on teenage mothers in schools.
Page(s): 01-07 Date of Publication: 16 February 2020
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This study aimed to describe the context of planning child-friendly school programs related to situations or backgrounds that affect indirectly. Child-friendly school program inputs related to the quality of inputs that can directly support achievement. The process of the program is the implementation of various activities, approaches, and methods which supports the success of the child-friendly school. The products produced are the implementation of child-friendly school programs in Junior High School 16 Bandar Lampung. The method used in this research is qualitative with a phenomenological design. The informants were the school principal, deputy headmaster in the curriculum, student affairs, facilities and infrastructure, teachers, students, guardians of students, security guards, school guards. The results showed that the context of planning child-friendly school programs was to prevent violence against children and other school members, creating relationships between quality school members,etc. The input determines the facilities and infrastructure carried out so that the facilities and infrastructure needs could be effectively and efficiently. The process of implementing were done by the teachers, staffs and security program approaches through daily communication. The product was the results achieved in the organization of child-friendly school programs. They were the attitudes / behaviors of students towards teachers, security guards, staff, and peers that demonstrated the principle of child-friendly schools. Students were always polite by greeting and shaking hands with teachers.
Page(s): 08-10 Date of Publication: 17 February 2020
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Education is the anchor of every successful society, this study intended to find out the impact of school facilities on quality education in Eswatini high schools. A strong link exists between the school facilities, the learning process and quality education. A mixed method research design was employed to study Consumer Science teachers’ perceptions school facilities as determinat for quality education in Eswatini. Hence, this article looks at the impact of school facilities on quality education. Random sampling and purposive sampling were used to select respondents for this study. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Means and standard deviations through SPSS were used for data analyses. This article reveals that teachers face challenges in thriving for quality education. The study reveals that improvement of school facilities is key to responding to the challenges faced by teachers in the provision of quality education. Therefore, the ministry of education, businesses, organizations and all involved entities should provide enough funding to improve school facilities leading to better student outcomes of quality education.
Page(s): 11-16 Date of Publication: 17 February 2020
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Motivation is a rare commodity and organisational leaders grapple with this challenge as no one knows with certainty what really motivates employees and once motivated how it could be sustained to bring out optimum job performance and organisational belongingness in employees towards the realisation of organisation’s objectives as the belief in most organisations history is that money is the most available motivator yet studies are proving otherwise: money is not the best motivator. The study took into consideration that globally organisations are cutting down on costs owing to competition and converting some of the finances to other programs and incentives to boost their staff morale and enhance productivity. The purpose of the research project was to find out the relationship between intrinsic motivation and job performance and organisational commitment among the employees with reference to K-Unity Savings and Credit Cooperative Society Ltd. Theoretical framework for the study was based on Herzberg’s two-factor theory (Teck-Hong & Waheed, 2011) and Lawrence and Nohria (2002) four-drive theory. The study adopted a quantitative and descriptive research design. A structured study instrument was used to collect the relevant data that adopted content, face, construct and concurrent validity while instrument reliability was addressed through a pilot survey to pre-test the questionnaire. Simple random sampling method was used to get the appropriate population size of 187 representing 93.5% of the total population while correlational and analysis of variance (NOVA) was used to find the relationship between the independent and dependent variable based on the hypotheses of the study. The findings established that intrinsic motivation and rewards contribute significantly to employees’ job performance (p- value of 0.015 < 0.05 and R square value of 0.032) and organisational commitment (correlation of 0.202 (20.2% and p-value of 0.006 < 0.05). The study concludes that by utilising and investing in non-financial rewards, employees improve their job performance and develop organisational citizenship behaviour displayed by their commitment to the organization. The study therefore recommends that organizations invest in non-financial rewards and incentives and more studies been done to determine the role that could be played by job-related attitudes in enhancing employees’ job performance and organizational commitment.
Page(s): 17-27 Date of Publication: 17 February 2020
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This study aims to analyze and describe academic program planning, facilities and infrastructure in realizing campus-friendly disabilities at UML, organizing academic programs and facilities and infrastructure in creating disability-friendly campuses in UML, implementing academic program, facilities and infrastructure in realizing campus-friendly disabilities in UML, evaluating academic programs and facilities and infrastructure in creating a disability friendly campus at UML. The method used in this study is qualitative with a phenomenological design. The informants were the rector, dean, head of the PLB study program, lecturers, and students. The results showed that planning academic programs in realizing campus-friendly disabilities has (1) structure, (2) rules of task completion, (3) plan of activities, and (4) objectives. Infrastructure planning begins with determining when the committee, needs analysis and preparation of a list of needs. Organizing academic programs to prepare knowledge or insight for all PLB students, both those with disabilities or those who are unable to enter the world of inclusion after graduating from UML.Organizing infrastructure through the stages of procurement, and controlling / controlling facilities and infrastructure. The implementation of the academic program implements the Tri Dharma of Higher Education, the maintenance of infrastructure is carried out by checking efforts periodically once a year to prevent damage. Evaluation of academic programs consists of several aspects as follows: 1) Evaluation of learning outcomes; 2) Cumulative achievement index every semester; 3) Final evaluation of the S1 program. The evaluation of sarpras was carried out in accordance with Law no.12/2012 of Higher Education and the Indonesian Higher Education System regarding the characteristics of the organization of tertiary education and management of tertiary institutions where tertiary institutions have the right to non-academic autonomy (management): to improve the quality of education; principles of good university governance: (1) regulate the organization & make its own decisions; (2) management of tablespoons; (3) asset management; (4) financial management.
Page(s): 28-31 Date of Publication: 17 February 2020
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The amount of municipal solid waste produced daily is significantly increasing in the cities of developing countries. While the capacity and effectiveness of municipalities in providing municipal solid waste services remains undesirably low. The paper examined market based instrument an alternative means of minimizing municipal solid waste (MSW)in Gombe Metropolis of Gombe state, Nigeria. The study revealed that the amount of waste generated is proportional to the population and the average mean living standard of the people. Moreover, market based instruments may be used in minimizing municipal solid waste in Gombe metropolis through the use of purchase relevant instrument, discard relevant instrument, and jointly relevant instrument. The market based instrument for minimization of municipal solid waste comprises of various service such as Collection of waste, Transportation of waste, Separation and recycling of material. The paper recommend that, awareness campaign should be intensified in order to ensure that people employed the habit of sorting their waste, so that recycling material could be reuse by the manufacturer. Also government should make provision of incentive to both producers and consumers that reduce it waste generation.
Page(s): 32-36 Date of Publication: 17 February 2020
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The study investigated the principal’s supervisory role and non-teaching staff work improvement in public secondary schools in Rivers State. Two research questions and two hypotheses were formulated to guides the study. The design of the study was a descriptive survey design, and the population of the study was 552 principals that were in all the secondary schools in the 23 Local Government Areas in Rivers State. Based on this population, the sample of the study was 231 principals which were determined through a stratified random sampling technique. The sample was stratified into the male (96) and female (135), which was 48% and 58% respectively. The instrument of the study was a researcher designed questionnaire tagged “Principal Supervisory Role Questionnaire (PSRQ)” with a reliability coefficient of 0.84. Mean score and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions and a z-test was used to analyze the hypotheses. It was revealed that the principal supervisory roles that can be harnessed to ensure non-teaching staff work improvement in public secondary schools in Rivers State does not includes accountability role and hence concludes that the non-teaching staff is asset of employees that are very crucial in the smooth running of the school and hence recommended that principal and other senior members of the school should find out ways to ensure that the appropriate supervisory methods are adopted in the supervision of the non-teaching staff within the scope of their duty.
Page(s): 37-42 Date of Publication: 19 February 2020
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The National Narcotics Agency (BNN) of Indonesiastated that North Sumatra was in the second ranked of the high narcotics distribution based on the official government data. Hence, drugs trafficking is atthe alarming stage. Tackling crime through the Non-Penal policies were acted before the occurrence of crime when the main target is the handling of the factors causing the crime, centered on social problems or conditions which directly and indirectly can lead to narcotics crime. The problem in this study is how the Non-Penal policy in the prevention and protection of narcotics crime victims established by the BNN of North Sumatra, Indonesia and how the constraints in the implementation of Non-Penal policies as efforts to prevent and protect narcotics crime victims in BNN of North Sumatra and the efforts made BNN to overcome these obstacles.
Page(s): 43-48 Date of Publication: 19 February 2020
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This research aimed tosee the effect of game modification training methods toward football performance skills. Game modification training methods can be given to the athletes in order to comprihence and describe every material training. By using the approach of game modification method, it can introduce different levels of tasks / exercises to be performed. This is because the modification method gave the game a different task on its level. In addition, the used of game methods could push to determine the at athlete’s level for his performance in running training process.This article provided the effect of football performance skills, the mean difference = 8.136 which means football game modification skills between after and before given game modification method. Statistic t value =11.415, With db = 43 and number sig. or p-velue = 0.000 <0.05 or H0 rejected. Thus, it was concluded that there were significant differences on football performance skills between before and after given game modification method.
Page(s): 49-52 Date of Publication: 19 February 2020
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Public procurement plays a very vital role in any economy. It is a vehicle that ensures that the public receives goods and services from the private sector, and also get value for money. However due to large sums of money involved it is shroud with fraud and corruption, lack of transparency and deliberate bureaucratic procedures (EACC, 2015). This study sought to establish whether procurement process affects service delivery by solid waste collecting firms under Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) arrangement in Nairobi City County (NCC),in Kenya. The study used a census method, where fifty one private companies involved in solid waste collection in NCC, were given questionnaires to answer. The main respondents in these companies were managers or supervisors since they are well equipped with policies, strategies and general operations of these companies. This ensured a reliable source of data. Sanni(2016) observed that procurement process was among the key factors affecting the operation of PPPs in different sectors of the economy. Therefore, this study aimed to establish whether procurement process does affect service delivery by solid waste collecting firms in PPP arrangement in NCC. Procurement process in this study was determined by three key indicators: transparency, political influence and bureaucracy. The results indicate that procurement process had a R2result of .267 or 26.7%, which implies that the independent variable, procurement process can explain up to 26.7% of the total variability in the dependent variable, service delivery by solid waste collecting firms in NCC. The results confirmed the observation by Sanni (2016), that a procurement process is a key operation of PPPs. The results also showed that procurement process has a statistically significant positive influence on service delivery by solid waste collecting firms in NCC(p-value = .000). This is less than the level of significance of 0.05. Therefore, any change in the procurement process would result in .306 times changes in service delivery by solid waste collecting firms in NCC.
Page(s): 53-61 Date of Publication: 19 February 2020
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Schools in rural areas are faced by diverse challenges with the potential to negatively affect successful teaching and learning. This requires appropriate interventions to improve school performance in spite of the rural-based challenges. The purpose of this study was to explain the measures whose implementation can yield improved learner performance and general quality of education at rural schools, with the aim of sustaining good rural school performance in standardised examinations.Case study design was used, which sampled teachers and education officials. Data was collected by means of a literature study, individual and focus group interviews. The data was analysed thematically. The findings revealed that education at rural schools can be improved by ensuring a conducive working environment, that is fully and well-resourced with all the teaching and learning essentials. The financial incentive that was being given to teachers need an increment, to be realistic and outweigh the challenges teachers were facing, alongside justifiable categorisation of schools according to which payment amount were made. In addition, rural schools need sufficient budget allocation to contain their operational and development expenses. An increase in budgetary allocation will also make resources available for vocational education curriculum as not all learners are academically gifted. Moreover, rural schools should capitalise on the advantages of school cluster system and share resources for improved school performance. Successful consideration and implementation of these measures are recommended as being helpful to rural schools in pursuit of good academic performance, in a sustainable fashion.
Page(s): 62-68 Date of Publication: 20 February 2020
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This paper with the title, Leadership and National Development is saddled with the task of undertaking an expository analysis of the concepts of Leadership and Development. In executing this task, the work will unveil and discuss the various theoretical paradigms that have been articulated by scholars on those concepts. The fundamental thesis of this discourse is that there is a correlation between the quality of leadership and the quality of development. The work justifies the thesis by employing the East Asian development model to demonstrate that qualitative leadership produces qualitative development. The failure of leadership and the consequent ill-deveopment in Nigeria is extensively discussed as a proof of the relationship between bad leadership and ill-development. The work finally recommends some modalities which if effected can redeem Nigeria out of the leadership quagmire and reposition the country on the path of authentic development.
Page(s): 69-81 Date of Publication: 20 February 2020
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Based on preliminary studies, the problem in this study is the low level of elementary students’ locomotor ability in Lima Puluh Kota Regency. The authors presume students’ coordination and balance as influential factors. Therefore, this study aims to figure out the effect of coordination and balance toward the level of students’ locomotor abilities. Random sampling was employed to choose 125 students from grade 1, 2 and 3 as the sample of the study. The instrument used to obtain data on coordination is the cable jump test and one-foot stand balance while instrument to test the locomotor ability level is the Test of Gross Motor Development Second Edition (TGMD-2). The results show (1) coordination contributes 9.4%, (2) balance contributes 9.7%, and (3) the effect of coordination and balance on the level of locomotor ability of a student which a calculated value of 0.358> r table is 0.176 and a significant value ( Sig) is 0,000 smaller than the probability of 0.05 with a regression value of Y = 29.20 + 0.203X1 + 0.213X2. The results of this study indicate that the level of locomotor abilities possessed by elementary school students is influenced by their coordination and balance. To sum up, the better coordination and balance criteria they have, the better the locomotor ability level they are able to display.
Page(s): 82-86 Date of Publication: 20 February 2020
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Occupational safety and health issues are a critical aspect of the developmental agenda in Zimbabwe. This study investigates the hazards associated with the informal sector activities at Magaba in Mbare high density suburb of Harare. To achieve this, interviews and observations were employed in data gathering together with secondary data. The study was conducted at Magaba, situated in Mbare, the oldest high-density suburb in Harare the capital city of Zimbabwe. Findings revealed that the hazards included fires, gas explosions, cuts, violence, noise, falling among others. In order to ameliorate the safety and health risks there is need for the informal enterprise operators to be capacitated and educated on occupational hazards. The responsible authorities need to regard the informal sector enterprises in the same manner as the formal sector by ensuring proper coming up and enforcing of safety legislation.
Page(s): 87-91 Date of Publication: 20 February 2020
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Based on preliminary studies, the problem in this research is the ability of footwork that is still not good. This is thought to be caused by many factors, the authors suspect among the contributing factors are the agility and coordination that children have. This study aims to look at the effect of agility and coordination on children’s footwork ability levels. The population in this study were grade 3 and 4 elementary school students in Koto Tangah District, Padang City. The sampling technique was random sampling, so the sample was 107 children. The instrument used to obtain data on agility was t-test, coordination with cable jump while footwork with ITN test. Based on the results of research conducted there are: (1) agility contributed 23.1%, (2) coordination and contributed 28.7%, (3) the effect of agility and coordination on the ability of footwork with a calculated value of 0.389> rtable 0.176 and a significant value (Sig) is 0,000 smaller than the probability of 0.05 with a regression value of Y = 11.94 + 0.339X1 + 0.422X2. The results of this study indicate that the footwork ability possessed by elementary school students in Koto Tangah Subdistrict, Padang City is influenced by their agility and coordination. The better the criteria of agility and coordination they have, the better the footwork ability they are able to display.
Page(s): 92-95 Date of Publication: 20 February 2020
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Basic education serviceis a compulsory service that should be organized by local government. Basic education service involves the organization of elementary and junior high school. This research describes citizen participation in improving the quality of education. Citizen participation is indicated by people’s perceptions and aspirations on the quality of basic education.This research was conducted through a survey method. The result of research showed that the the public perception of the quality of Junior High School education is better than that of Elementary School education. Based on the aspirations of the citizen, the service indicators that need to be given the most attention are library facilities, school facilities and teacher quality. The perceptions and aspirations of the citizen towards education can be used as material for the Klaten Government Regency study in designing education policies.
Page(s): 96-100 Date of Publication: 23 February 2020
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Early Childhood Development and Education (ECDE) play a crucial role in setting direction of the children physically, socially, emotionally and cognitively for school life. It lays crucial resilient foundation for children in their life. The programme gives a chance for the child to develop competencies necessary for transition to Grade 1. Teacher professional qualification among many others is a single reliable variable that determines the child’s acquired competencies. At this stage children identify and depend on those close to them virtually on everything. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of ECDE teachers’ professional qualifications on children learning in early childhood development centres integrated in public primary schools in Embu County, Kenya. A total of 381 centres in public primary schools in Embu County were targeted. Stratified random sampling was used to select the schools for the study from the five sub-Counties. The main tools for data collection were a questionnaire, document analysis and observation schedule to yield both qualitative and quantitative data. Descriptive research was used to analyse data with the aid of the computer soft ware package SPSS. The study found that ECDE teachers’ professional qualifications had an effect on learners in early childhood development and education learning. Based on the results, the study recommends that teachers handling ECDE classes should be equipped with relevant competencies and skills for handling learners preparing to transit from ECDE classes to grade one encouraging growth of the child holistically. The relevant departments within the Ministry of Education and the county government of Embu should monitor ECDE centers and ECDE teachers’ training colleges on how they instruct them on how to handle children’s growth especially in the competencies required in the society they live in. This would ensure smooth transition of pupils from ECDE classes to other grades and complete the purpose of mainstreaming of ECDE learning in primary schools.
Page(s): 101-105 Date of Publication: 23 February 2020
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The conflict management approach of Peaceful Co-existence Committee (PCC) set up in all the local government areas of Oyo state is pertinent and exemplary to the realization of the important goal of achieving peace, food secured country and achievement of sustainable agricultural development policy in the country. The study examined role of Peaceful Co-existence Committee (PCC) in preventing farmer-herders conflicts in Iseyin local government area of Oke-ogun zone, Oyo state South/west Nigeria. A total of 55 respondents (31 farmers and 24 herders) were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The researcher also conducted Four Key Informant Interview (KII) on: the local government chairman, Director of Agriculture for Iseyin Local Government, chairman of Myetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association of Nigeria (MACBAN) and All Farmers Association of Nigeria (AFAN). Data were analysed by descriptive statistics. The findings from the study revealed that the damage to crops, cattle rustling, climatic change leading to desertification and drought in the north, water pollution, competition for arable land among others were the main causes of farmer-herder conflicts. However, the measures used by the PCC in managing the conflict were not effective enough probably because local government in the Nigerian state is constitutionally weak. The study recommended that grazing reserves should be made available to herders in the north to discourage them from moving south/ward. There should also be a strong political will on the part of the federal, state and local government to address farmers and herder conflict and finally, the local government should have chairman elected and not care-taker chairmen whose power are very limited.
Page(s): 106-115 Date of Publication: 26 February 2020
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The settlement of corruption can be done using the restorative justice approach as assigned in the legislation. Corruption is called a crime that has caused damage in various aspects of the life of the people, nation, and state. The Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi or “MK”) in its decision referred to corruption as an “extraordinary crime,” as recognized by the international community. The UN Secretary-General, when adopting the results of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), stated that corruption has various corrosive effects on society, undermining democracy and the rule of law. Causing human rights violations, distorting markets, eroding quality of life, enabling organized crime, terrorism, and other threats to human security.
Page(s): 116-119 Date of Publication: 27 February 2020
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The purpose of this study was to analyze and describe: 1.The planning in the Vocational School; 2. The organizing at Vocational School; 3. The implementation in the Vocational School; 4 . The evaluation of public relations in the Vocational School at Pringsewu, Lampung. The method used in this research was qualitative with a phenomenological design. Data collection techniques used were: (1) interview; (2) observation; and (3) documentation. Data obtained from the three techniques were organized, interpreted and analyzed. Data validity was tested by: (1) observation; (2) triangulation; and (3) discussion with colleagues. The results of the study were: (1) Analysis of school needs and community was related with procedures for identifying problems in schools and the public relations programs were related to educational development; (2) Preparation of the school and community program were related with the steps in the preparation of the program which has detailed goals, objectives, job descriptions and classification of activities; (3) The implementation of school and community relations activities were related with the existence of directive synergy starting from coordination, motivation and communication; (4) Evaluation of the relationship between school and community included the determination of standards of work (effectiveness) and measurement of work results (efficiency).
Page(s): 120-123 Date of Publication: 27 February 2020
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General Certificate of Education Advanced Level (G.C.E.A/L) examination is the most competitive examination in secondary education of Sri Lanka because it is the university entrance examination. There is only a written test with different question types to test Cognitive, Effective and Psychomotor domains. But there is no practical tests. Therefore checking the skill are not happening properly. Pass rate of the chemistry subject in G.C.E (A/L) examination rises year by year. Results ofMultiple Choice Questions (MCQ) questions of this examination has been analyzed from 2012-2016 and shows the pass rate rise from approximately 61% to 67%. Though the pass rate stands around 67%, actual marks scored by students always below 41 marks were always above 50%. According to the analysis the “Trend of facility Indices of main five streams” showed the lowest to Physical Chemistry. Conceptual development of Physical chemistry of the syllabus always showed the decline in every year comparing to the other streams was always 8- 16%.
Page(s): 124-126 Date of Publication: 05 March 2020
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I. INTRODUCTION
Climate change and variability is one of the biggest challenges facing mankind today and influences almost all sectors of economic growth and development. However, the most affected sector is agriculture perhaps because climate is the main determinant of agricultural production. Climate change and variability is unpredictable and so its impacts are unexpected and it varies with location, social economic, environmental conditions and crop sensitivity (UNDP,2007). According Blom-Zandistra (2015), Irish potatoes (Solanum tuberlosaum ) is a very sensitive crop species to both temperature and rainfall. It does well in temperate cool climates with the optimum temperatures of 180c and moderate rainfall that’s ranges between 850mm to 1200mm in a growing season and at altitude between 1400m and 3000m above the sea level (KHCP, 2013). Among the non-cereal crops, potato is the most important food crop, ranking third after wheat and rice, in the world. This is because of its ability to grow in the high altitude areas where maize does not do well and can also grow well in areas suitable for maize (medium altitude and lowlands); its high nutritive value (in terms of calories, vitamins, proteins, potassium and fiber); its high production per unit area and time (can have three crops per year); its value as a cash crop; it is labour-intensive and generates employment in production, marketing and processing sectors; and has potential as an industrial crop in the manufacture of starch, pharmaceutical carrier material, soap, alcohol, biogas generation and animal feeds((MoALF,2016),Page(s): 127-133 Date of Publication: 05 March 2020
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Politics involves who gets what, when and how. For political organizations to achieve this and for the masses to understand the process, political communication is involved. There used to be an over reliance on the traditional mass media which limited the scope of political communication by restricting politicians and political parties and giving the masses a very little or no platform for participation. Hinged on the technological determinism theory, this paper builds upon how the emergence of the new media, or better, the new communication technologies have afforded substantial social effects in society. It has made political communication migrate from what used to be asymmetrical to a symmetrical or participatory exercise. The use of the new media as a tool for political communication has become a common phenomenon among Nigerian politicians to reach across diverse voters and prospective ones. This paper is a conceptual review of literature which unravelled political communication in view of the newer digital channels like the social media, the internet and mobile telecommunication tools; its strengths and challenges to overcome; its role in sociotechnical change and how these new communication technologies have aided political communication and have been used by politicians in Nigeria particularly, during the 2011 and 2015 general elections.
Page(s): 134-140 Date of Publication: 05 March 2020
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The population and economic growth in Nguru town have not only increase the demand for land but also poseda lot of challenges in land management. This paper hypothesis that the current or analogue system of land management can no longer be sustained in the face of the rising growth of information technology. Instead it has inherited over 150 litigations both in High and Sharia court of Nguru annually. This studies have therefore utilised this technology to create a GIS database that can resolve and sanitise landed problems and form a solid base for effective and sustainable land management. The methodology adopted were collection of primary data for both the parcels and land owners, generation of GPS coordinates, digitisation of maps and formulation of excel data tables. The final outcome was the GIS database system. This system can input, edit, update and retrieve information faster and easier. The system allow for spatial and attribute queries through the data embedded in the GIS database system. The system have also encourage revenue generation through the payment of searches’ fee, authentication fee, update fee, vat and tax. This database have created a reliable registry that makes land transactions much cheaper, timely and certain, reduce corruption, decision making and formulation of policies. The paper therefore, advocate for immediate adoption of the GIS system for land management in Nguru and Yobe state at large.
Page(s): 141-152 Date of Publication: 05 March 2020
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The study sought to explore conflict management strategies among secondary school leaders in Kitwe district. The study was qualitative in nature identifying and exploring behaviours of actors that is motivations, opinions and attitudes. It was supported by a case study design which used interviews, Focus Group Discussions and Theatre for Development techniques to collect data from 52 respondents. A sample comprising 13 Headteachers; 13 Teacher Union leaders; 13 School Council leaders and 13 Education Board leaders was used. To collect this sample, the researcher used quota sampling method whose population was divided into the above mentioned groups. The data collected was subjected to qualitative analysis. They were analysed using thematic approach. On findings, research question one sought to elicit data on conflict management strategies found in schools. The main result was that ignoring each other strategy was used. Research question two was on the effectiveness of conflict management strategies found in schools. The result was that it contributed to the enhancement of teaching and learning within the schools. Research question three was on challenges faced in enforcing conflict management strategies found in schools. The main result was that Education Boards were not operated as expected. The last research question solicited data on the proposed alternative conflict management strategies in dealing with conflict management issues in schools. The main result was that there must be protection from any form of harassment. In light of the findings, the study recommended that MoGE should re-emphasise that Education Boards, School Councils and Teacher Unions are taken as conflict management strategies in order to maintain democracy and partnerships in the Ministry of General Educational system as stipulated in the 1996 Educating our Future policy. This is all meant to create systems’ thinking among these leaders. The MoGE should come up with seminars at all levels hence creation of best practices for conflict management. Finally, Education Board leaders, Teacher Union leaders and School Council leaders should be recognised fully as leaders.
Page(s): 153-166 Date of Publication: 05 March 2020
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Understanding of ability concept is the one of differences, guess, expand, conclude and review. Story exercises is an interesting exercise because it presents a problem by connecting daily life. This study describes students’ understanding of ability concept in solving SPLDV math problems in the form of word problem. This study uses a qualitative descriptive study to The Second Grade Students Class A of Senior High School 1 Trimurjo as research subjects. The instrument used was a written test in the form of four questions of essay and teacher interview guidelines, the researcher took five from thirty two students as interviewers with a purposive sampling technique. The five subjects are all students who meet all the indicators of understanding of ability concept. Based on the research obtained there are three subjects who are able to understanding of ability concept in solving mathematical problems and two subjects are quite capable of understanding of ability concept in solving mathematical problems.
Page(s): 167-169 Date of Publication: 05 March 2020
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The Basic Education system is the foundation for education all over the world and provides the school age children the needed knowledge for achieving greater heights in their educational pursuits. The recent development of the Internet and the breakthrough in the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) coupled with the emergence of the Ubiquitous Technology, the entire world has further re-asserted itself as a global village with rapid transformations in the major sectors of the economy, cultural, educational and political. The use of ICT tools and the application of the Technology to improving educational deliveries have been the major focus of most educational development organizations the world over. The Basic Education system in Nigeria witnessed its first transformation in 1988 with the introduction of the UBE (Universal Basic Education). This structure was revised in 2012 and its implementation in 2014 tailored to respond to the latest development in ICT and its use in enhancing educational delivery services. This article examines the current level of the application of ICT tools and software to Nigeria’s Basic education system deliveries and human development in the sector and proposes how the technology could be further applied for the enhancement of the sector.
Page(s): 170-173 Date of Publication: 06 March 2020
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The Reflex-Cognitive Hypothesis (RCH) states that certain emotions are initiated via reflex action, but triggered by the cognitive system. It believes that involuntary actions are sometimes the roots of our experiencing emotion. The Reflex-Cognitive Hypothesis X-rayed the potentiality of reflex in our daily emotional experience. It posits that a good number of emotional experiences are embedded in our involuntary actions. The Reflex-Cognitive Model postulates that stimulus leads to reflex and reflex activates the cognitive system which in turn triggers emotion. RCH presents seven principles to explain this route of emotional experience and it is believed to be the bridge among the physiological, neurological and cognitive theories of emotion.
Page(s): 174-175 Date of Publication: 06 March 2020
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This paper had examined the concept of media in n the light of information and propaganda. It utilizes secondary data and content analysis. Richard and Elder determinant of fake and true framework was highlighted. It also employed system analysis and US as a unit of analysis in relation to the rest of the world while theorizing media as tool for propaganda. It discovered that media is a tool for propaganda rather than information in the world’s politics. This is based on Richard and Elder framework which disclosed US doing more harm than informing the world with media. In order for media tool for information- balance propaganda, the less developed information states should strive to developed in all ramification, functional education, conversion of internet criminals into resourceful personal, meritocracy in job recruitment and development of critical societies, by which he meant societies that adopt critical thinking as an essential part of their way of life.
Page(s): 176-180 Date of Publication: 07 March 2020
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This study examined the effect of entrepreneurship skills on entrepreneurial intent of graduating students of selected Universities in Northwestern Nigeria. The study employed cross-sectional survey design. A sample of 364 successfully returned self-administered questionnaires were used in the final analysis. Frequencies, percentages and mean were used as descriptive statistics, while linear regression analysis was used to determine the effect entrepreneurial skills on entrepreneurial intent. The study showed that personal skills significantly affect entrepreneurial intent among graduating students (Adjusted R2=0.131, p=0.000<0.05). Furthermore, technical skills was found to significantly affect entrepreneurial intent among graduating students (Adjusted R2=0.386, p=0.000<0.05). In addition, business management skills was found to significantly affect entrepreneurial intent among graduating students (Adjusted R2=0.392, p=0.000<0.05). The study concluded that personal characteristics, technical and business management are probable skill requirements for entrepreneurial intent. The study recommended that universities should adopt instructional methods that equip students with personal, technical and business management skills
Page(s): 181-186 Date of Publication: 06 March 2020
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Attitude is an important factor of human life. Measurement of attitude is also important to know human inner psyche. Considering importance, this is an approach to measure attitude on gender difference over some aspects of leadership like decision making, group work, communicating and self-understanding. The aim is to understand human preferences on gender issues in relation to those aspects. This study developed through data collection on some adult educated sample of Bangladesh. Both validity and reliability has been obtained using statistical analysis following scale construction procedure. The reliability coefficient was found 0.72 and the validity was found significant.
Page(s): 187-192 Date of Publication: 06 March 2020
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This study aimed to analyze the leadership Imeum Mukim as Indigenous Leader and Leader of Government, as well as analyze the factors supporting and Mukim Poh Blang Imeum leadership in the Village East Lamteumen Jaya Baru sub-district of Banda Aceh. This study used a qualitative approach, because the researcher intends to acquire in-depth description of a particular social phenomenon in the sense of traditional leadership imeum describe habitation. Activities in the data analysis described, among others, data reduction, display data, and conclision drawing / verification. Based on the research results show that Imeum Mukim given the position as coordinator of the Head of Village / Village and customary institutions insofar related to customary law, customs and habits are in charge of organizing public administration, implementation of development, social development and improved implementation of Islamic Law. Imeum Mukim leadership as government leaders act as coordinator of development that can bring changes both in terms of religious spiritual mentally and physically, so that changes people’s lives Mukim and village from year to year will be better. Imeum Mukim role in a very important rule in relation to the quality of performance is done by the village in delivering services to the surrounding community. Imeum Mukim as one of the traditional institutions have the authority to resolve social disputes. Factors supporting the leadership Imeum Mukim Mukim are their device and a clear organizational structure as well as their budgets for habitation. While the leadership Imeum Mukim inhibiting factor is infrastructure and limited human resource capacity.
Page(s): 193-196 Date of Publication: 06 March 2020
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This collaboration action study developed social emotional model for adolescent coping with learning difficulty at secondary schools. Social emotions influence students coping with learning at school. This is true because students’ emotion determine their social interaction with peers during the learning process. Pro-social emotions are highly associated with adolescent developing interest in learning. A total of 203 adolescent aged 13 to 17 years in public secondary school, responded to questionnaires and focus group discussion. Student emotions and social emotions regulation strategies were reported by teachers through the interview and researchers observation during class hours and break time. About 83% students reported adolescent demonstrated variety of social emotions at school, including fighting in the class, kicking, joyful and excitement presented with the mean of 2.5, 4.0, 4.0 and 3.5 respectively. However, aggressive social emotions had negative correlation with students developing interest in learning while at school (r=.091, p=.49, t (-699), β=0.53). Unlike to positive emotions which revealed significant correlation with students coping with learning difficulty at school. Teachers used guidance and counseling as the strategy in fostering active engagement among adolescent students towards learning adjustment. Because, guidance and counselling brings comfort, mental wellbeing and social awareness among adolescent students hence influence coping with learning at school. It is argued that the future emotional being and healthier youth is achieved through the introduction of social clubs and counselling sessions in schools to adolescent students. Because are vulnerable to social emotion problem which may obstruct them from attaining their learning goals.
Page(s): 197-206 Date of Publication: 06 March 2020
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Terrorism is one of the contemporary global issues that has challenged the peaceful co-existence of individuals and nations alike. Several measures and strategies have been put in place at the national, regional and global level to combat and eradicate this problem of terrorism in its totality. This paper centers on the activities of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS’) in the Middle East and United States of America’s Counter – Terrorism Strategies 2014 – 2017. The work seeks to examine the U.S.A counter – terrorism strategies to find out if the U.S.A counter – terrorism strategies have effectively eradicated the rampaging catastrophic activities of the Islamic state of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in the Middle East. The study made use of Strategic theory as a framework of analysis and documentary method of data collection was employed while relying on content analysis. Amongst others, the findings revealed that U.S.A government, through its counter – terrorism strategies, reduced the activities of ISIS in Iraq and Syria and beyond but did not effectively eradicate the activities of ISIS. In the light of the findings, the study recommends: that U.S.A jettisons her provocative imperialistic foreign policy actions and resort to an overhauled foreign policy grounded on the principle of egalitarianism, justice, equity and fair- play; the U.S reviews her aerial bombardment strategy to minimize civilian casualty; the Iraqi authorities form an inclusive new government which would represent the interest of all Iraqis, not just specific social groups;the members of the global coalition against ISIS deploy ground troops in addition to the aerial bombardment strategy to Syria to fight ISIS.
Page(s): 207-214 Date of Publication: 06 March 2020
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The 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria provided for a presidential system of government with instituted separation of power, checks and balances. Section 81 (1) of the constitution demands that the President shall cause to be prepared and laid before each House of the National Assembly at any time in each financial year estimates of the revenues and expenditure of the federation for the next following financial year while section 81 (2) and section 82 provide further actions relating to budgetary matters. Notwithstanding these constitutional provisions, controversies tend to arise between the Federal Executive and the National Assembly on budgetary matters. This study explored the disagreement between the Federal Executive and Federal Legislature on Budgetary matters in the first tenure of President Muhamadu Buhari’s Administration 2015-2019. This is with a view to analyzing the diverse perspectives on executive-legislative roles on budget process and finding the core causes of the disharmony as well as possible measures for promoting good partnership between the two organs on budgetary matters. The methodology of the paper is qualitative and descriptive. Data for the study were generated through documentaries and interview. The finding of the study demonstrates that there are divergent standpoints on executive-legislative roles on budgetary matter. The study also revealed that misinterpretation of constitutional power, self preservation and interest protection, supremacy struggle, and poor leadership skills are among the central factors that generate conflicts between the two organs on budgetary matter. Consequently, the work suggests, among others, that executive-legislative partnership be strengthened via effective liaison, regular capacity building, respect for constitution and resort to judiciary for interpretation of disputing constitutional provisions.
Page(s): 215-228 Date of Publication: 06 March 2020
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Language contact has been identified as the prime cause of bilingualism or multilingualism, hence many societies and individuals have become bilinguals. Bilingualism results to or give birth to code-mixing and Code switching. The Nupe people engage in the practice of the phenomena consciously and subconsciously. Hence, the study investigated the patterns of code mixing and Code switching among Nupe-English bilinguals. To achieve this aim, the data used for the analysis were collected in Mokwa town through the use of tape-recording and the process of interview. The methodology employed for data collection is that of structural analysis of utterances produced in different sociolinguistic contexts of natural conversation. The research employs simple random sampling technique and spontaneously recorded speeches from sixty (60) respondents. Then, the tape recorded data were transcribed and the extracts from the transcribed texts were analyzed based on the matrix language frame model which holds that in bilingual code mixing one of the speaker’s two languages can be considered his or her first or dominant language in relation to the other. The study concluded that switching in Nupe-English Code switching grammars are possible along morphemes, words phrases, clauses, and sentence boundaries. The paper recommended among other things that, The English language and the indigenous languages like Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba & Nupe should be put on equal footing and their roles should be explicitly stated so as to ensure that indigenous languages are no more de-emphasized.
Page(s): 229-236 Date of Publication: 08 March 2020
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Teacher’s competence in teaching and learning is an important factor in determining the success ess of a teaching session. This study investigated the competences possessed and utilized by secondary school chemistry teachers in Nsukka Educational Zone. Three research questions and one hypothesis guided the study. The population comprises of all the 53 chemistry teachers in all the public secondary schools in Nsukka Educational Zone. The entire population was used as the sample. A researcher structured questionnaire was the instrument which was subjected to both validation and reliability with a reliability coefficient of 0.93. Mean and standard deviation were used for answering the research questions while t-test was sued for testing the hypothesis. The findings of the studies among others reveal that chemistry teachers are not competent in designing and conducting chemistry practical. Also chemistry teachers do not have the competence of evaluating chemistry practical at the levels of affective and psychomotor domains. Based on these findings, recommendations were made.
Page(s): 237-241 Date of Publication: 08 March 2020
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This study was designed to determine the relationship between reading habits and academic achievement of senior secondary school students in Sokoto state, Nigeria. The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship between senior secondary school students ‘reading habits and their academic achievement of secondary schools in Sokoto state, Nigeria. The researcher hypothesized that there is no statistically significant relationship between reading habits and academic achievement of secondary school student in Sokoto state. A correlational research design was used for the study and sample size of 175 students was used. For measurement of study habits a standardized inventory developed by Bakare (1970). Study Habit Inventory (SHI) was adapted to determine the students’ reading habits. Academic achievement was measured by using scores obtained from end of term examinations. The data collected were analyzed quantitatively with the use of statistical package for social science (SPSS), using Pearson product moment correlation statistics. The result of the finding indicate that; there is high positive relationship between students’ reading habits and their achievement (r = 0.712, P 0.00<0.005)The study concluded that, students who accepted good reading habits also tend to perform well in their school achievement to a very extent in Sokoto state. The following recommendation was suggested: Reading and debate clubs should be encouraged by school administrators and teachers, and the school should provide an enabling environment for students to have full concentration from the beginning to the end of a lesson.
Page(s): 242-245 Date of Publication: 08 March 2020
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Employees are the key resources for any organization and in the circumstance of managing people, the reward and compensation system underlines a center feature of the employment association. The success or failure of the organization mostly depends on their employees. To be successful or to get a well performed tasks or achieving the desired goals of the company, Employees should be motivated, attracted and retained in the organization. The key tools or instruments for these are reward and compensations management systems of the Organization. The overall objective of this study is to assess the impact of reward and compensation on employee performance in private and public hospitals in Tigray, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional simple survey involving 379 human resource employees of the public and Private Hospitals found in Tigray regional was carried out from January to March 2019. Participants from each private and public general and primary Hospital were selected using simple random sampling (SRS) and the survey was supplemented by structured questionnaire adopted from literature reviews. The collected data was entered into SPSS Software version 25.0 and was cleaned and analyzed. Descriptive analyses of variance and Binary logistic regression and Cross tabulation with Chi-Square was used. The results were summarized as crude and adjusted odds ratios at 95% confidence intervals. The findings show that there was impact of employee Reward Compensations in public and private health facilities in Tigray region, Ethiopia
Page(s): 246-255 Date of Publication: 08 March 2020
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Despite their significant role in both the developed and the developing economies, Small-and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are faced with the greater risk of business failure with past statistics indicating that over half of all new ventures will not enjoy long-term success. They face various types of difficulties and business challenges. This study sought to determine the effects of communication on the growth of SMEs in Wakulima Market, Nairobi City County, Kenya. This research adopted a descriptive survey research design. The target population was 576 SMEs at Wakulima Market. Stratified sampling method was used whereby the population was first divided into strata and then samples were randomly selected from each stratum using simple random sampling method. The sample size was 236 respondents. Questionnaires will be used as data collection instruments. Descriptive statistical analysis such as mean and standard deviation were used to analyse quantitative and presented in terms of a table. The study established that communication had a positive significance influence on the growth of SMEs. The study concluded that communication that is transparent, open, effective communication in an organization will create a sense of openness that builds trust across employee levels. The study recommended that SMEs should develop a communication strategy by first recruiting a group of employees in a room and creating a plan for how the company interacts with employees.
Page(s): 256-259 Date of Publication: 08 March 2020
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The Eclectic Method is the recommended method for teaching English as a second language in Multilingual Zambia. This implies that teachers need to posses the required competencies and skills to apply the method in multilingual classroom with learners of diverse abilities and language backgrounds. Through the use classroom lesson observation and interviews with 30 teachers of English drawn from 6 secondary schools in the Central Province of Zambia, this study provides an analysis of teachers’ classroom application of the Eclectic Method and the challenges they faced in so doing. The paper also provides suggestions regarding what teachers should do to implement the method in under resourced and challenging contexts. The findings showed that while some teachers understood the method and applied it in the classroom, others shunned it for various reasons. Some of the challenges faced were lack of English proficiency among learners, poor training received by teachers and shortage of teaching materials which were needed for the method to be applied. By drawing on multimodality and its extended notions of Resemiotisation and semiotic remediation, the paper shows how teachers can still apply the eclectic method in under-resourced countries and contexts.
Page(s): 260-275 Date of Publication: 11 March 2020
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Education is universally recognized as one of the basic human necessities and rights and an empowering factor. In Kenya, the introduction of free primary school education in 2003 was received with mixed reactions across the country. The government’s taskforce reported that the implementation of the program was faced with a number of glaring challenges that required to be addressed. Cattle rustling remain a major issue in Laikipia, mostly in the form of small-scale theft from multiple households, intermittently with the transport of the livestock by lorry to a market abattoir or butcher, the latter is an outlet which has been used by stock thieves since colonial times. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of cattle rustling on school staffing levels in Laikipia West Sub-County, Laikipia County, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population was 2790 respondents comprising of 2,128 standard eight pupils, 73 head teachers, 584 teachers, 1 DEO and 4 inspectors from Laikipia West Sub-County. The sample size was 279 comprising of 213 standard eight pupils, 7 head teachers, 58 teachers and 1 DEO and Inspectors. Simple random sampling method was used to select respondents. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Pre-testing was conducted to test the reliability and validity of the research instrument. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 was used to analyse the data. The study established that cattle rustling affect school staffing levels in Laikipia County. The study concluded that teacher resisted being posted in Laikipia due to insecurity and thus for fear for their lives teachers become reluctant to take up employment in these areas. The study recommended that schools should employ qualified teachers so as to increase the pupils- teacher ratio in the region.
Page(s): 276-279 Date of Publication: 12 March 2020
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Given the global concerns on the level of damages that conflicts inflict on the world economies, we examine the consequences of internal conflict (intconf) and ethnic violence (ethviol) on human welfare in Nigeria. We consider variables such as socioeconomic condition (condt), foreign direct investment (fdi), gross capital formation (gcf), agricultural value added (agva), technical cooperation grant (tecop) economic opportunity (ecopt) and agricultural machinery tractor (agcap) as important variables that are germane to the promotion of human welfare in Nigeria. We measure human welfare with gross domestic per capita income (gdpkk) of the Nigerians. Data on intconf and ethviol were obtained from the publications of Country Risk Guide, while data on gdpkk, fdi, gcf, agva, tecop, agcap and ecopt were obtained from the publications of World Development Indicators. We generate ecopt from employment level, government spending on education, school enrolment and financial institutions using principal component analysis. These variables are important for creating economic opportunities for both the haves and have-nots. We use Ordinary Least Square (OLS) for the analysis. Our results show that ethnic violence (ethviol), socioeconomic condition (condt)and foreigh direct investment (fdi) have negative relationship with human welfare. These results were not statistically significant. These results suggest their impact is minimal. We also found that intconf, gcf, hc, tecop, ecopt and agcap promoted human welfare. These results were statistically significant except gcf, hc and agcap. The results suggest that focusing more attention on improving on these variables may likely promote human welfare in Nigeria. The positive relation between internal conflict and human welfare may not be surprising in the sense that, government is usually quick in responding to the agitation of people by providing palliative measure whenever there is internal conflict in contrast to ethnic violence. The results of the study show that ethnic violence and internal conflict respond differently to human welfare. For a country characterized by multiple ethnics like Nigeria where socioeconomic conditions and economic opportunity are largely unequal, it is expected that internal conflict might exert more disruptions to the countrythan ethnic violence.
Page(s): 280-285 Date of Publication: 12 March 2020
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The paper focuses on exploring the healthcare implications of falls on older adults in Nigeria by identifying their perception and involvement in fall prevention programs. The root causes, associated risk factors, and the consequences of fall, the risk assessment, prevention, and management of fall were also considered. Relevant literatures were reviewed to draw appropriate inferences. Using an in-depth interview method, this study attempted to uncover how older adults perceived fall related issues and their willingness to participate in any activity that is designed to reduce the prevailing incidents of falls among older adults. 60 older adults, 65 years and above were interviewed during the celebration of the world Senior Citizens Day at National Hospital Abuja on 2nd October 2019. The history of fall, time of occurrence, nature of fall, the possible cause(s), and risk factors associated with fall constituted the focus of discussion. Findings revealed that knowledge about prevalence of fall were not widely disseminated, and perception about falls and its prevention are low and were not usually reported due to cultural and religious beliefs. It is recommended that government should include the elderly in its policy plan and appropriate measures should be taken to provide for the elderly 65 years and above in the National Health Insurance Scheme. Proper reporting of falls among the elderly via a registry should be instituted alongside a fall prevention training for health professionals in the specialty of geriatric care. Using validated tools in the assessment, prevention, and management of falls will be a first step towards reducing the menace of falls among the older adults in Nigeria.
Page(s): 286-293 Date of Publication: 12 March 2020
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The statutory functions of the police cover the protection of life and property of the citizens. There is the observation that the issue of police image has generated interests in the Nigerian nation and beyond today. It is also observed that the police system in Nigeria as inherited at independence was militaristic. This paper examines how the police as the chief law enforcement agent in Nigeria dented their image by the abuse of their office and abuse of rights of citizens which they should protect. The research found that in Nigeria, the police have in their daily functions of policing and law enforcement violated the rights of Nigerians. Other findings include the issue of lacking credibility in the police force and that due process as neglected work ethics was prevalent. In this research emphasis was placed on the abuse of fundamental rights which affects the image of the police during rule implementation. The research concludes that proper orientation in respect of law and strict adherence to law enforcement rules will result to a positive change and redeem the image of the Nigeria police.
Page(s): 294-300 Date of Publication: 13 March 2020
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This study examines the protection of civilians in the armed conflict hit Anglophone regions of Cameroon taking into cognizance the laws, principles and customs that protect civilians and/or civilian property during situations of armed conflicts. The study seeks to identify the extent to which the belligerents have violated international laws, principles and customs in the conduct of hostilities vis-à-vis the protection of civilians and civilian property. It equally involves a review of the historical processes that caused what could have possibly passed on as peaceful protests by lawyers and teachers in 2016 into protracted armed hostilities between government forces and an emerging loosely connected network of non-state armed groups popular called the Amba boys. Hostilities between the government forces and the Amba boys have seen thousands of lives lost, people injured, populations displaced, properties destroyed, and countless human right abuses. Information for the study was collected from primary and secondary sources and analyzed descriptively. It was found out that commitment to protect the civilian population or non-combatants in the North West and the South West regions of Cameroon fall short of what is stipulated under International Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law. However, while some of the harm caused to the civilian population from both sides appear deliberate, it is true that a lot more is being lost in terms of lives and property unintentionally because the Amba boys live and operate within communities with civilians. Therefore, it is mandated in humanitarian law among other things that, civilians should be distinguished from combatants and protection of civilians and/or civilian property should be primordial to belligerents in the conduct of hostilities.
Page(s): 301-312 Date of Publication: 13 March 2020
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The New Religious Movement is generally categorised as a spiritual organisation. This spiritual organisation is somehow related with the old religion with liberal framework. It denies to rigidity of old religion and have changes to cop up with modern life. Therefore, in contemporary time, the spiritual organisations have great influence on peoples’ lives as it gives spiritual guidance. The charismatic leadership is one of the significant aspects of the new religious movement. In post-colonial India, many religious organisations and sects have had influence on Indian society. Swadhyaya Parivar can be considered as one of the inflective spiritual organisations that influence on people which aims at social harmony and brotherhood. Ananta Kumar Giri has analysed the philosophy, activities and practice of Swadhyaya in the context of self-development and transformation.
Page(s): 313-314 Date of Publication: 13 March 2020
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This study investigates the meaning Agulu people of South-Eastern Nigeria attribute to the notion of Pin-Casting (Igba Ntutu). This approach has frequently been misunderstood. Critics have objected the idea that it tends to distort the undeniable distinction between traditional and scientific thinking; that indeed it presents traditional thinking as a species of science. In the perception of the Agulu people, pin-casting is an aspect of African indigenous religious practice which they engage with through the mediation of its symbolic acts of negativities in other to make life very miserable for the people. Nonetheless, the fears and aspirations of the devotees are equally identified in the course of the potency ascribed to this indigenous ideology. Witchcraft is a novel ground breaking study in the area of religious scholarship and it has been shown to be intrinsically important in aiding of religious communication of any kind as it pertains to Igbo tradition and culture through the mediating use of pin-casting in Agulu belief system. Pin casting is an essential negative medium in attacking individuals in the cult of witchcraft religion. Belief in pin-casting as an act of witchcraft in Agulu cosmology is one of the focal point of negativity why mother African is under development in African Traditional Religion. The objective of this work is to investigate the symbolic acts of negativities through ethnographic method as my analytical lens and how it concerns those aspects of its use in Agulu community to bring out its religious, cultural, political, ethical and economic significance. The referent point of pin-casting as an instrument of indigenous negativity is loaded with the ritual symbolism it evokes, which imbues it with mystical power that is played out of Agulu rituals. Born out of fieldwork and interviews, the author found that in traditional Igbo religion and especially among the Agulu people, the practice of pin-casting is significant and related to one function that brings religion and science as a discourse. This paper focuses on the negativities of the witches through the mediating power of pin-casting from the members of the cult an indigenous religious movement – a collective ritual of group of devotees who worship the tutelary spirits and uses their powers negatively to inflict hardships on individuals. It explores how this negative ritual emerges as a manifestation of the group’s intrinsic power of accomplishment, adaptation, and invention. Moving through ritual spaces and will, these mediums or devotees utilize their independent and ritual performative power in order to actively develop their religious practices through the mediation of pin-casting.
Page(s): 315-324 Date of Publication: 17 March 2020
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This study examines the relationship between piracy and economic prosperity in Niger Delta area of Nigeria. The study utilized a structured questionnaire to obtain data from 186 resident of Niger delta region. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 was employed for data analysis. The study made use of description analysis to analyze the demographic characteristics of the respondents while regression analysis was used to analyze the hypotheses earlier stated. The result of the study indicates that piracy has significant effect on economic prosperity of Niger delta region. The three measures of economic prosperity (economic development , sea transportation performance and job creation) as was used in the study were found to be influenced by pirate activities .The region can enjoy economic prosperity by holistically approaching piracy with drastic measure which aim at eradicating all form of it. The study concludes that piracy is a plaque and must be eradicated at all cost to ensure economic development . Piracy can control, influence, impact and affect economic prosperity. It was further concluded also that the region can only thrive economically when attention is been given to the causes of the situation and much effort are channelized towards its eradication. The following among others were recommended, government should see to the activities of oil producing firms and others within the region to ensure that they carry out their social responsibility to their host communities and also a reformation and review of maritime policies.
Page(s): 325-330 Date of Publication: 17 March 2020
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Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD), Dr. SENDAGI MUHAMMAD, Uwimana Ndiyaye innocent, MURWANASHYAKA Innocent – February 2020 Page No.: 331-335
The study set out to investigate the Relationship Between Credit Risk Identification and Financial Performance of SACCOs in Rwanda Ngororero District.The study adopted cross-sectional and correlational research designs on a sample of 30 respondents using a self-administered and an interview guide. Data were analysed using both quantitative and qualitative data methods. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS (21.0) while qualitative data was thematically integrated into quantitative results after content analysis. The study established a positive significant relationship (r=0.633, p<0.01) between credit risk identification and the financial performance of SACCOs. It was concluded that improving on credit risk identification would significantly improve on the financial performance of SACCOs in Ngororero District. It was recommended that the oversight role of management should
Page(s): 331-335 Date of Publication: 17 March 2020
Kigali independent University (ULK), Rwanda Dr. SENDAGI MUHAMMAD Kigali independent University (ULK), Rwanda Uwimana Ndiyaye innocent Kigali independent University (ULK), Rwanda MURWANASHYAKA Innocent Kigali independent University (ULK), Rwanda
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Dr. SENDAGI MUHAMMAD, Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD), MURWANASHYAKA Innocent, Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent – February 2020 Page No.: 336-339
The study set out to investigate the Relationship between credit risk assessment and financial performance of SACCOs in Rwanda. Ngororero District. The study adopted cross-sectional and correlational research designs on a sample of 30 respondents using a self-administered and an interview guide. Data were analysed using both quantitative and qualitative data methods. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS (21.0) while qualitative data was thematically integrated into quantitative results after content analysis. The study established a positive significant correlation (r=0.245, p<0.05) between credit risk assessment and the financial performance of SACCOs. It was concluded that improving on credit risk assessment would significantly improve on the financial performance of SACCOs in Rwanda, Ngororero District. It was recommended that The management of SACCOs therefore should Employ technically capable professionals to accurately ascertain amount of loan exposed to default and make timely provisions for such losses in their accounting reports so as the prudently report returns and profits.
Page(s): 336-339 Date of Publication: 17 March 2020
Kigali Independent University (ULK), Rwanda Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD) Kigali Independent University (ULK), Rwanda MURWANASHYAKA Innocent Kigali Independent University (ULK), Rwanda Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent Kigali Independent University (ULK), Rwanda
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Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD), Dr. SENDAGI MUHAMMAD, MURWANASHYAKA Innocent, Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent – February 2020 Page No.: 340-344
The study set out to the relationship between credit monitoring and financial performance of SACCOs in Rwanda Ngororero District.The study adopted cross-sectional and correlational research designs on a sample of 30 respondents using a self-administered and an interview guide. Data were analysed using both quantitative and qualitative data methods. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS (21.0) while qualitative data was thematically integrated into quantitative results after content analysis. The study established a positive significant correlation (r=0.245, p<0.01) between credit risk monitoring and the financial performance of SACCOs. It was concluded that improving on credit risk monitoring would significantly improve on the financial performance of SACCOs in Rwanda, Ngororero District. It was recommended that the management of SACCOs therefore should Always ensure detailed documentation of the clients details regarding the loan of the individual client. The management should train further to identify these details which they can incorporate into their loaning system, emphasize adherence to the present credit terms. In this regard, they should agree with their employees on targets such that they are attainable without defying credit terms and motivate employees to ensure timely reporting of problem loans.
Page(s): 340-344 Date of Publication: 17 March 2020
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