Analysis of the Legal Obligation of Suppliers and Manufacturers to Consumers in Nigeria and the United Kingdom

Michael Sunday Afolayan, PhD, Eniola Adedayo Arogundade- November 2021- Page No.: 01-05

This paper analysed the obligations of the suppliers and manufacturer of goods to the consumers under the legal regime for the protection of consumers in Nigeria and the United Kingdom. The work examined the legal framework in Nigeria and United Kingdom, which governs the relationship between the manufacturers, producers, suppliers and consumers. The work also compared the legal regime in the two jurisdictions for the purpose of observing the similarities and differences in the suppliers/manufacturers and consumers relationship. Doctrinal Legal research methodology was adopted with the use primary and secondary sources of legal material. It was discovered that the attitude of Nigerian courts to the obligations of the manufacturers to the consumers has been strictly viewed from the negligence point of view (fault theory) contrary to what obtained in the United Kingdom, where the courts make use of the negligence theory and the strict liability theory whenever the court is called upon to adjudicate on issues bothering on the obligations of manufacturers to consumers. The work concluded that the obligations of the manufacturers to consumers must be reviewed in Nigeria, using the United Kingdom’s combined approach of the negligence and strict liability theories, in addition to criminal prosecution, in appropriate cases, of erring manufacturers in the discharge of their obligation to the consumers. This will in no small measure rid the Nigerian market of fake and counterfeit products from manufacturers who are only profit-oriented. The work made attempt at proffering solutions or better way of doing business in the supplied chain in Nigeria considering the global best practices around the globe.

Page(s): 01-05                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 22 November 2021

 Michael Sunday Afolayan, PhD
Senior Lecturer, Business & Industrial Law Department, Faculty of Law, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

 Eniola Adedayo Arogundade
LL.M Research Student, Faculty of Law, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

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Michael Sunday Afolayan, PhD, Eniola Adedayo Arogundade, “Analysis of the Legal Obligation of Suppliers and Manufacturers to Consumers in Nigeria and the United Kingdom” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.01-05 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/01-05.pdf

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Mentoring Young People in Veeplaas Seventh-day Adventist Church: The Role of the Local Church Leadership

Bulelani Bomela – November 2021- Page No.: 06-11

Youth Ministries is the lifeblood of the Church today. This ministry is also designed to assist youth within and youth in the communities. The Seventh day Adventist World Church membership is mainly composed of young people with an estimate of 75%. Young people have been and continue to take leadership roles in the local church. Yet, the Church’s challenge of losing young people and failure to uphold Christian standards has been discovered to be increasing day by day. The degrading standards and morals within church youth hinder one of Adventist youth Ministries’ objectives, which is ‘Youth working for other youth.’ It is further discovered that the neglect of mentoring programmes which provide opportunities for youth to develop spiritually and mentally and the absence of spiritual and mentally matured mentors in the local churches is the cause for either the loss of young people or poor decision making by youth in matters relating to life. This article seeks to discover and display the use of mentorship programs at Veeplaas church of Seventh day Adventist as means to retain youth, reduce or prevent moral degeneration and providing counseling and guidance among them. Literature is used to review, define and critically look at mentoring as a discipline effective for youth development.

Page(s): 06-11                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 22 November 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51101

 Bulelani Bomela
Adventist University of Africa, Kenya

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[5] Earl, P. Mentoring. Renewal Journal. Discipleship, 11. Retrieved December 5, 2007, from www. pastornet.au
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[19] Write, W.C. Mentoring: The Promise of Relational Leadership (Waynesboro, GA: Paternoster Press, 2004), 137. Zachary, L.J. Creating Mentoring Culture: The Organizations Guide. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 2005.

Bulelani Bomela , “Mentoring Young People in Veeplaas Seventh-day Adventist Church: The Role of the Local Church Leadership” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.06-11 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51101

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Students’ Personal Stories: Modular Distance Learning First Experiences in the New Normal

Marjorie P. Caslib, Ronald S. Decano – November 2021- Page No.: 12-16

The pandemic has altered the lives and activities of people all across the world in ways that no one could have predicted. The once-in-a-lifetime circumstance presented both problems and opportunities to all segments of the community and society. The key purpose of this descriptive qualitative phenomenological study is to explore the personal stories of students in the modular distance learning first experiences in SY 2020-2021. Insights, opinions, and ideas were sought from six (6) low performing students through Key Informant Interview. Considering the lockdown problems, data were gathered through phone calls, and video calls and were recorded, transcribed, coded analyzed, and categorized responses into themes. Five emergent themes were generated, are as follow: (1) Poor reading comprehension level (2) Lack alternative learning materials (3) No strict daily learning routine (4) No constant communication from parents and teachers for support (5) Unmotivated learning system at home. Findings revealed that the most difficult experiences met by students are the lack of comprehension and insufficient learning resources. With these findings, the school administrator and teachers should provide necessary learning strategies and alternative resources to increase learners’ performance.

Page(s): 12-16                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 22 November 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51102

 Marjorie P. Caslib
Graduate Student, Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Management, Davao del Norte State College, Philippines

 Ronald S. Decano
Dean, Institute of Advanced Studies, Davao del Norte State College, Philippines

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Marjorie P. Caslib, Ronald S. Decano “Students’ Personal Stories: Modular Distance Learning First Experiences in the New Normal” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.12-16 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51102

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Impact of Covid-19 on Teaching Effectiveness in Selected Private Secondary Schools in Makerere Kikoni

David Mutagubya- November 2021- Page No.: 17-23

The study was meant to establish the impact of Covid-19 on teaching and learning effectiveness in Makerere Caltect and Modern private secondary schools in Kikoni. It was guided by three objectives that is, to establish the impact of Covid-19 on teacher student interaction instructional materials and sanitation on teaching and learning effectiveness. It was descriptive in nature involving a few students as study participants. These were purposively selected. It was thematically analyzed thematically. Findings revealed that Covid 19 negatively affected interaction, instructional materials provision and use above all negatively affected teaching and learning due to diversion of resources on sanitation facilities., From the objective on teacher student interaction, it was concluded that Covid impacted negatively on teacher-student interaction which consequently had a negative impact on teaching and learning of students. From the second objective, it was concluded that Covid-19 had a negative impact on instructional materials, as resources were diverted on sanitation thus, negatively impacting on teaching and learning. From the last objective, it was concluded that Covid-19 impacted negatively on sanitation of the schools thus, interfering with teaching and learning. From the findings, conclusions, it was recommended that to realize effective teaching and learning in Covid period, the responsible bodies in schools, private schools organizations and in partnership with Ministry of Education and Sports should do the following; Should ensure that the environment of teaching is made teacher-learner friendly for interaction purposes. This may be done by providing cheap laptops and widening study space. Should ensure that all schools are provided with loans to access computers and other instructional materials like books handouts, during Covid. Sanitation facilities in schools are provided at a cheap price, also there ought to reduce on taxes pertaining sanitation facilities.

Page(s): 17-23                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 23 November 2021

 David Mutagubya
School of Education, Makerere University, Uganda

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David Mutagubya, “Impact of Covid-19 on Teaching Effectiveness in Selected Private Secondary Schools in Makerere Kikoni” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.17-23 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/17-23.pdf

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Linking Teaching and Training Methods: Classroom Teaching vis-a-vis Workplace Training within the Hospitality Industry

Lucy Ajambo, Leikny Øgrim, Justine Nabaggala – November 2021- Page No.: 24-32

Harmonization of teaching and training methods (TTMs) continue be prerequisite and critical for teachers and trainers as they promote successful acquisition of essential and practical skills for further training in workplaces in Uganda. As the linkage is enfolded, it is confronted with increasingly distinctive challenges. This study aimed at exploring the linkage of TTMs between classroom teaching and workplace training in the hospitality industry in Uganda. A qualitative research approach using a case study design was used. A sample of 16 participants was purposively selected from vocational institutions and workplaces. In-depth interview were used to collect data. The study found out that the linkage of TTMs played a significant role in developing and strengthening of essential and practical competencies. Minimal participation, unsatisfactory use of teacher initiated methods, exhaustion and neglectful listening, unavailability, inadequate and obsolete tools, equipment and materials were also identified. The study recommends that TTMs in the hospitality industry should be allowed to evolve through a systematic harmonization, horizontal expertize and collaboration in order to have effective linkage of classroom teaching to workplace training that encourage and facilitate motivation, critical thinking and avail up-to-date tools, equipment and materials in vocational institutions .

Page(s): 24-32                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 23 November 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51103

 Lucy Ajambo
Faculty of Educational Sciences for Teacher Education and International Studies, Oslo Metropolitan, University/ Kyambogo University, Uganda

 Leikny Øgrim
Faculty of Education and International Studies, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway

 Justine Nabaggala
Faculty of Vocational Studies, Kyambogo University, Uganda

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[51] K. Yin, R, Case Study Research. Los Angeles/ London/ New Delhi: Sage Publications Limited, 2014.
[52] B. Yazan, “Three Approaches to Case Study Methods in Education : Yin , Merriam , and Stake Three Approaches to Case Study Methods in Education : Yin , Merriam , and Stake,” vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 134–152, 2015.
[53] D. Silverman, Doing Qualitative Research, 4th Ed. Los Angeles: Sage, 2014.
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Lucy Ajambo, Leikny Øgrim, Justine Nabaggala , “Linking Teaching and Training Methods: Classroom Teaching vis-a-vis Workplace Training within the Hospitality Industry” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.24-32 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51103

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The Extent of the Implementation of the Learning Continuity Plan of Panabo City National High School During Covid-19 Pandemic

Theresa R. Baman, Ronald S. Decano – November 2021- Page No.: 33-36

Covid-19 disease brought threats to humankind worldwide that made the closure of establishments, especially schools, to protect mainly the students, teachers, and its school staff. For this reason, face-to-face sessions were discouraged and other modalities were introduced based on the local Learning Continuity Plan of the school. Panabo City National High School crafted its Learning Continuity Plan based on the Department of Education Order No. 19 series of 2020. This study aims to determine the extent of implementing the Learning Continuity Plan of Panabo City National High School in its learning modalities utilized, the challenges, opinions, and recommendations by the parents, teachers, students, and other stakeholders. The challenges, opinions, and recommendations were identified through a quantitative deductive research design by conducting surveys to the 100 Panabo City National High School participants through quota and purposive sampling. The results showed that the school has implemented its Learning Continuity Plan (LCP) very well and observed by the parents, teacher, students, and other stakeholders and private individuals. The challenges that emerged were limited supply of printing materials in the production and delivery of modules; students struggle with self-studying, parents’ lack of knowledge to academically guide their child/children, internet, and other technical capacity issues. In conclusion, the study determined the extent of the implementation of the Learning Continuity Plan and recommendations for any room of improvement. The result of this study may serve as a springboard for the future improvements of the schools’ existing programs and guidelines on implementing the Learning Continuity Plan for the next school year.

Page(s): 33-36                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 23 November 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51104

 Theresa R. Baman
Graduate Student, Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Management, Davao del Norte State College, Philippines

 Ronald S. Decano
Dean, Institute of Advanced Studies, Davao del Norte State College, Philippines

[1] Bernardo, J. (2020, July 30). Modular Learning most preferred parents: DepEd. ABS-CBN News.https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/30/20/modular-learning-most-preferred-by-parentsdeped
[2] FlipScience. (2020, October 5). ‘Tagapagdaloy’: How Filipino parents can help ensure successful modular distance learning. FlipScience – Top Philippine Science News and Features for the Inquisitive Filipino. https://www.flipscience.ph/news/features-news/tagapagdaloymodular-distance-learning/
[3] The University of Saskatchewan, Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Planning, Unit Planning Guide and Workbook,Feb (2006) Sarah Gonser Tips for Principals Shifting Their Schools to Distance Learning. March 25, 2020
[4] Quinones, M. T. (2020, July 3). DepEd clarifies blended, distance learning modalities for SY 20202021. Philippine Information Agency. https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1046619
[5] Tria, J. Z. (2020, June 3). The COVID-19 Pandemic through the Lens of Education in the Philippines: The New Normal. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341981898_The_COVID-19_Pandemic_through_the_Lens_of_Education_in_the_Philippines_The_New_Normal
[6] Llego, MA. (n.d). DepEd Learning Delivery Modalities for School Year 2020-2021. TeacherPh. https://www.teacherph.com/deped-learning-delivery-modalities/

Theresa R. Baman, Ronald S. Decano “The Extent of the Implementation of the Learning Continuity Plan of Panabo City National High School During Covid-19 Pandemic” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.33-36 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51104

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Correlation Analysis of Developer Interaction on Stack Overflow Website towards Perceived Programming Skills among Information Technology Students in Jose Maria College

Jerwin Carreon, Japhet Floren, Jory Benedicto, Erica Celine Fernandez, Vishy Te, Kate Saramosing, Riza Mae Sinangote- November 2021- Page No.: 37-40

There is massive information and addresses that can be found through the internet. Internet users visit websites like forums and blogs worldwide to seek information, communicate especially to get ideas. Stack Overflow is one of the popular sites ever visited by communities. The main objective of this site is to enable users to ask questions, collaborate and seek help commonly to a certain programming context or errors. Furthermore, programmers find it an effective and interesting collaborating site. Considering this site has been for many years on the internet. May it be a beginner trying to figure out programming, average or professionals with different logics and ways of contributions find this site very influential. This alone has shaped individuals’ programming skills both negatively and positively. This study aims to produce a statistical record of correlation between developer interactions of Stack Overflow within Jose Maria College IT students and perceived programming skills. Jose Maria College is an institution that runs an IT program which means programming as one of their core subjects, students are no excuse and exposed to encountering programming issues. Often, the students are susceptible to visiting Stack Overflow to find answers for their assignments and projects. Nevertheless, this study will show the impact of the site on the programming skills of the students. Commonly visualization figures and text inputs indicating the instruments and findings.

Page(s): 37-40                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 23 November 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51105

 Jerwin Carreon
Student, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology Jose Maria College, Philippine

 Japhet Floren
Student, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology Jose Maria College, Philippine

 Jory Benedicto
Student, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology Jose Maria College, Philippine

 Erica Celine Fernandez
Student, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology Jose Maria College, Philippine

 Vishy Te
Student, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology Jose Maria College, Philippine

 Kate Saramosing
Faculty, Jose Maria College

 Riza Mae Sinangote
Student, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology Jose Maria College, Philippine

[1] Bachschi T., Hannak A., Lemmerich F., and Wachs J., “From Asking to Answering: Getting More Involved on Stack Overflow”, arXiv e-prints, 2020.: Getting More Involved on Stack Overflow
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[3] R. Dagohoy, M.V. Buladaco, J. Jacinto, J. Pintado, & L. Ibañez, “Social Media Marketing Towards Consumer Buying Behavior: A Case in Panabo City”,5, 22-30, 10.47772/IJRISS, 2021, 5202.
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[6] K. Buckreus, “Connectivism: Informing Distance Education Theory”, Pedagogy and Research, Morinville, Alberta, Canada, 2020.
[7] L. Harasim, Learning Theory and Online Technologies, RoutledgeFalmer, Taylor & Francis Group, 2012, New York.
[8] T. Ahmed, & A. Srivastava, “Understanding and evaluating the behavior of technical users. A study of developer interaction at StackOverflow”, Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, 7 (1), doi: 10. 1186/s13673-017-0091-8, 2017.
[9] C. Magallanes, M. Ortiz, M.N. Seville, E. Tuliao, S. Tejada, N.G. Eroy & M.V. Buladaco, “Analysis And Design Of A Sales And Inventory Management Information System For A Motorcycle Parts And Accessories Store”, International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development-– Volume 4 Issue 3, May -June 2021.
[10] [M.V. Buladaco & F.L. Ubay, “GETMOSYS: A Plant Pathologists Geotagging And Monitoring System For Infected Banana Plant”, International Journal Of Scientific & Technology Research Volume 9, Issue 04, April 2020.

Jerwin Carreon, Japhet Floren, Jory Benedicto, Erica Celine Fernandez, Vishy Te, Kate Saramosing, Riza Mae Sinangote, “Correlation Analysis of Developer Interaction on Stack Overflow Website towards Perceived Programming Skills among Information Technology Students in Jose Maria College” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.37-40 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51105

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Parenting Style and Psychological Well-being of Secondary School Children

Agoha, Benedict C; Adewole, Iteoluwa; Adekeye, Olujide; Elegbeleye Ayotunde – November 2021- Page No.: 41-44

The quality of parent-child interaction is critical to child development. Parental communication of warmth tends to impact the development of emotional control, identity, and components of personality, which contribute to positive mental health. This cross-sectional survey aimed to determine the effects of parenting style on the psychological well-being of secondary school children. Three hundred students selected from five Secondary Schools in Amuwo-Odofin Local Area Council of Lagos State participated in the study. They ranged between 13-19 years (X= 15.51± 3.95) in age. 201 (67%) were female, 99(33%) were male. Participants completed the PAQ (Baumrind, 1991) and the Ryff’s Psychological Well-being scales. Path analysis using the IBM AMOS 23 indicated a positive effect of permissive parenting on anxiety/depression and environmental mastery facets of psychological well-being. Authoritative parenting negatively affected social dysfunction and positively affected autonomy, personal growth, and purpose in life. The findings show that children who experienced permissive parenting are more likely to report poor psychological well-being than authoritative parenting. Community programmes aimed at providing training on parenting may improve the mental health status of children in the community.

Page(s): 41-44                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 23 November 2021

 Agoha, Benedict C
Department of Psychology, Covenant University Ota, Nigeria

 Adewole, Iteoluwa
Department of Psychology, Covenant University Ota, Nigeria

 Adekeye, Olujide
Department of Psychology, Covenant University Ota, Nigeria

 Elegbeleye Ayotunde
Department of Psychology, Covenant University Ota, Nigeria

[1] Adler, Alfred (1927). Understanding human nature. New York: Garden City Publishing Inc.
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[3] Alika, H. I., Akanni, D. O., & Akanni, O. O. (2016). Parenting styles and family characteristics as correlates of psychological distress among Nigerian adolescents. International Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 8(9), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.5897/ijpc2016.0451
[4] Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The journal of early adolescence, 11(1), 56-95.
[5] Becvar, R. J., Becvar, D. S., & Bender, A. E. (1982). Let us first do no harm. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 8(4), 385-391.
[6] Clarke, P. J., Marshall, V. W., Ryff, C. D., & Wheaton, B. (2001). Measuring psychological well-being in the Canadian study of health and aging. International psychogeriatrics, 13(S1), 79-90.
[7] Darling, N. (1999). Parenting style and its correlates (pp. 1-3). Champaign: ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education, University of Illinois.
[8] Efobi, A., & Nwokolo, C. (2014). Relationship between parenting styles and tendency to bullying behaviour among adolescents. Journal of Education and Human Development, 3(1), 507-521.
[9] Enefazu-Ossai, E. I., Agoha, B. E., Adekeye, O. A., Igbokwe, D. O., & Ologun, S. (2017). Impact of family bond on the academic adjustment of college freshmen.
[10] Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society 2nd ed. Erikson-New York: Norton.
[11] Goodwin, R. (1991). Parenting styles and the adolescent. Pastoral Care in Education, 9(4), 17–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643949109470764
[12] Greenwood, B. (2013). The Baumrind theory of parenting styles. Global Post International News. Retrieved Desember, 15, 2013.
[13] Helson, R., & Srivastava, S. (2001). Three paths of adult development: Conservers, seekers, and achievers. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 80(6), 995.
[14] Jahan, A., & Suri, S. (2016). Parenting Style in Relation to Mental Health among Female Adolescents. Abnormal and Behavioural Psychology, 02(03). https://doi.org/10.4172/24 72-0496.1000125.
[15] Klein, M. (1987). Selected Melanie Klein, U.S.A: The Free Press.
[16] León-del-Barco, B., Mendo-Lázaro, S., Polo-Del-Río, M. I., & López-Ramos, V. M. (2019). Parental psychological control and emotional and behavioral disorders among Spanish adolescents. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(3), 507.
[17] Macleod, A. K., & Moore, R. (2000). Positive thinking revisited: Positive cognitions, well‐being, and mental health. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 7(1), 1-10.
[18] Nasrollahzade, S., Mahmoudfakhe, H., & Rahmani, A. (2015). Comparison of Parenting Styles and Mental Health among Students. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 62, 147–156. https://doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.62.147
[19] Rezvan, A., & D’Souza, L. (2017). Influence of Parenting Styles on Mental Health of Adolescents. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 6(4), 667–673.
[20] Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 57(6), 1069.
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[22] Sahithya, B. R., Manohari, S. M., & Vijaya, R. (2019). Parenting styles and its impact on children–a cross cultural review with a focus on India. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 22(4), 357-383.
[23] Seligman, M. (2018). PERMA and the building blocks of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 333-335.
[24] Vaingankar, J. A., Abdin, E., Chong, S. A., Sambasivam, R., Jeyagurunathan, A., Seow, E., … Subramaniam, M. (2016). Psychometric properties of the positive mental health instrument among people with mental disorders: a cross-sectional study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-016-0424-8
[25] Wissing, M. P., & Van Eeden, C. (2002). Empirical clarification of the nature of psychological well-being. South African Journal of Psychology, 32(1), 32-44.
[26] Xia G, Qian M (2001) The relationship of parenting style to self-reported mental health among two subcultures of Chinese. J. Adolesc, 24: 251-260.

Agoha, Benedict C; Adewole, Iteoluwa; Adekeye, Olujide; Elegbeleye Ayotunde , “Parenting Style and Psychological Well-being of Secondary School Children” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.41-44 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/41-44.pdf

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The Effects of Infrastructure on Development of Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs): (A Case of Small to Medium Enterprises in Mutoko Service Center)

William Mbewe, Charles Mavhunga- November 2021- Page No.: 45-50

The objective of this research was to present an analysis of the effect of infrastructure on development of Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) at Mutoko. In pursuit of this broad aim, the study used SMEs, Residents of ward 20, District Development Officers, Council Chairperson and council staff in Mutoko Service Center, Mashonaland East, Zimbabwe as the key research informants. The work of authoritative writers anchored the study. The study methodology was mainly descriptive and a comprehensive data collection was done using questionnaires to assess the views of the respondents. Interviews were also used to compliment on the shortcomings of questionnaires to ensure that adequate data was collected. The infrastructure components was broken down into four elements; roads infrastructure; water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure; electricity infrastructure and serviced stands. The main study findings were that the availability of infrastructure was an effective way to foster world class growth and development for SMEs at Mutoko. SMEs in Mutoko have great growth potential in the granite industry and agriculture but infrastructure development was blocking the full growth of industries. There was very little adherence to town planning policies as enshrined in the RDC Act Chapter 29:13 resulting in a haphazard arrangement of workspaces for SMEs. This setup was notably an impediment to SMEs development since this directly affected SMEs access to roads, electricity and WASH infrastructure. The main study conclusion was that roads and parking infrastructure critically contributes towards the SMESs development in Mutoko growth point. Formalized work-spaces through serviced stands and developed structures form the pillars of SMEs development. Electricity and other sources of energy promotes mechanization and adoption of modern technology by SMEs, a move that promotes quality and quantity production. WASH infrastructure correlates with formal work spaces for SMEs and instrumental in the viability of day to day business operations for SMEs in Mutoko. The main study recommendations were that: Mutoko Rural District Council (MRDC) may need to construct shelter for leasing by SMEs to motivate growth and development of SMEs and to eliminate floating locations by those operating on non-formalized work-spaces. Schemes such as rent–to-buy may need to be encouraged to bring a lasting solution on issues to do with WASH, electricity and road infrastructure. The study also recommends that there should be full capacitation of local authorities and Parastatals by the central government as a means to steer up SMEs development.

Page(s): 45-50                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 25 November 2021

 William Mbewe
Faculty of Commerce and Law, Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) Harare Region, Zimbabwe

 Charles Mavhunga
Faculty of Commerce and Law, Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) Harare Region, Zimbabwe

[1] Aaker et al (2007:79) Testing the role of service quality on the development of brand association and brand loyalty. Managing Service Quality: An international journal 18(30,239-254
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[5] Chivasa, O. (2014), “The role of standards in consolidating operational opportunities for SMEs,” ZNCC, Harare
[6] Discombe 2014 – Service quality and its effects on customer satisfaction in online banking: A quantitative study about the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction C.Tegelber – diva-portal.org
[7] Egbide, B., Samuel, F.A. and Samuel, F.O. 2013. Empowering Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria: A Key Poverty Alleviation Strategy, International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 2 (5):6-12.
[8] Gates B, Culemn, – Insight from the world’s greatest Entrepreneur, New York Time Syndicate July 31,1996
[9] Gopaul & Monley 2015 SME perception of Government Assistance within S.A – virtusinterpress.org
[10] Kothari, C.R.2005. Research methodology: Methods and Techniques, 2nd edition, New Delhi: New age international.
[11] Kenneth Odero (2006), “Small and Medium Enterprises Support System in Zimbabwe”
[12] Kapoor, K. Mugwara, D and Chidavaenzi, I. (1992), “Enterpreneuring Small Enterprises in Zimbabwe” World Bank Discussion, paper 379
[13] Lutwama S. Joseph (2008), “Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Financing in Uganda: Are Capital Markets a Viable Option?”
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[15] Magwa S and Magwa W (2017) – A guide to conducting Research – Strategic book publishing . USA
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[17] Muranda, Z (2004), “Dissertation Writing, Concept and Practice”, University of Zimbabwe, Harare.
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[19] Rosen bloom, B. (2007), “Multi-Channel Strategy in Business-to-Business Markets Prospects and Problems”, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol.36, pp.4-9. Rural District Council Act Chapter 29:13
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[21] Sukulwenkosi Dube-Matutu, (2017), The Chronicle: Gvt unveils SMEs infrastructure Policy
[22] Tawana 2014 How platform Governance Changes when Customers become Developers- Aaccademy of management 2014 journal.aom.org
[23] The Entrepreneurs Square (2016), “10 Smart Ways Of Encouraging Entrepreneurship In Nigeria” from pdf https://www.entrepreneurssquare.com (Retrieved on 15/05/19)
[24] The Government of Zimbabwe, (2000), “Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)-Policy and Action Plan – Ministry of Industry and Commerce.”
[25] Uddin, M, R and Kanti, T, B. 2013.Factors Affect the Success of SME in Bangladesh: Evidence from Khulna City. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 3 (3):166-172.
[26] United Nations Workshop (2018), “Improving the Competitiveness of SMEs in Developing Countries” (UNDP)
[27] Victor Bhoroma (2018), “SMEs transition key in uplifting the Zimbabwean Economy” Bulawayo24 News: (18/05/18)
[28] Vitaliy Kramarenko [et al.] International Monetary Fund on Zimbabwe: “Challenges and policy options after hyperinflation” Washington, D.C.
[29] Williman Nichollas 2011For Research project Designing and planning your work. Sage publication
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William Mbewe, Charles Mavhunga, “The Effects of Infrastructure on Development of Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs): (A Case of Small to Medium Enterprises in Mutoko Service Center)” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.45-50 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/45-50.pdf

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A Comparative Legal Analysis of Elements of Contract of Sale under the Laws Regulating Contract of Sale in Nigeria, South Africa and United States

Michael Sunday Afolayan, PhD and Adejumoke Olusola Kumapayi – November 2021- Page No.: 51-56

This seminar paper focused on the comparative legal analysis of elements of contract of sale under the laws regulating contract of sale in Nigeria, South Africa and United States. It examined the various laws regulating elements of contract of sale in the three jurisdictions mentioned above looking at the similarities and differences in their statutory provisions. The research methodology adopted is doctrinal approach. The Primary and Secondary sources of materials were consulted in the writing of the work. Primary sources such as law reports, case laws, statutes etc. and secondary sources such as law textbooks, journals etc. This work finds out that there is similarity in the essential elements of a contract of sale in the three jurisdictions but there are slight differences in their practices. The work also found out that the law regulating contract of sale in Nigeria is obsolete and archaic and therefore needs to be amended to suite the current practices of modern-day commercial transactions. It is important that our laws be reviewed from time to time to incorporate changes that occur day in day out in our societies. This work advocates for timely review of laws governing contract of sale and commercial transactions in Nigeria.

Page(s): 51-56                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 25 November 2021

 Michael Sunday Afolayan, PhD
Senior Lecturer, Business & Industrial Law Department, Faculty of Law, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

 Adejumoke Olusola Kumapayi
LL.M Research Student, Faculty of Law, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

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[3] Akomolede T.I. and Afolayan M.S. “Socio-Legal Analysis of Electronic Commercial Transactions in Nigeria.” Nnamdi Azikwe University Journal of International Law and Jurisprudence, Vol. 11, Issue No.2, pgs 20-33 (2020).
[4] Afolayan M. S. “Legal Analysis of Electronic Payment System and Frauds Associated with E-Commerce Transactions in Nigeria.” Nnamdi Azikwe University Journal of Commercial and Property Law, Vol. 8, Issue No. 3, pgs. 116-125 (2021).
[5] Agbonika J.A.M. and Agbonika J.A.A, Sale of Goods (with Sale of Goods Act) (Ababa Press Ltd, Ibadan 2011)
[6] Hackwill G, Mackeurtan’s Sale of Goods in South Africa (5th ed, Juta 1984)
[7] Handout on Commercial Law 201: Paper 1 The Law of Sale, Carriage & Lease (2012) compiled by Helen Kruuse
[8] Igweike K.I, Nigerian Commercial Law: Sale of Goods (3rd edition Malthouse Press Ltd, Lagos 2015) Law of South Africa vol 24 at 3
[9] Meltzer S. and Smith C. and Bubu C. Sale and Storage of Goods in South Africa: Overview https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/w-011-9988?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstpage=true> accessed on July 4, 2021
[10] Nwocha M.E, Law of Sale of Goods in Nigeria: Interrogating Key Elements of the Sale of Goods Act Relating to the Rights of Parties to a Sale of Goods Contract [2018] (9) Beijing Law Review.
[11] Okany M.C, Nigerian Commercial Law (Africana First Publishers, Onitsha, Nigeria 2009) < https://www.contractscounsel.com/t/us/sales-contract> accessed on 22nd June, 2021. <https://content.next.westlaw.com/8-618-0307?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&_IrTS=20180520120306646&firstPage=true> accessed on 22nd June, 2021. <https://openstax.org/books/business-law-i-essentials/pages/8-1-the-nature-and-origins-of-sales-contracts>. accessed on 22nd June, 2021

Michael Sunday Afolayan, PhD and Adejumoke Olusola Kumapayi , “A Comparative Legal Analysis of Elements of Contract of Sale under the Laws Regulating Contract of Sale in Nigeria, South Africa and United States” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.51-56 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/51-56.pdf

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Energy intensity and industrialization in Cameroon

Gael FOKAM, Christelle MAPA, Mathurin ISSABE – November 2021- Page No.: 57-67

This paper assesses the effect of energy intensity on industrialization in Cameroon over the period 1980-2020. The energy sector plays an essential role in economic prosperity and development. Energy consumption is an integral part of the growth process of any economy, whether it is an industrialized or a developing country. We estimate a panel data model using the Econometrics-Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method. Our results show that at all levels of estimation of both long-run and short-run co integration tests, energy intensity does not favor the industrialization process in Cameroon. This leaves an important policy implication for Cameroon’s stakeholders, namely that they can focus on research and development to encourage investment in the development of new energy sources, increase energy intensity and stimulate economic growth.

Page(s): 57-67                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 25 November 2021

 Gael FOKAM
Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon

 Christelle MAPA
Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon

 Mathurin ISSABE
Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon

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Gael FOKAM, Christelle MAPA, Mathurin ISSABE “Energy intensity and industrialization in Cameroon” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.57-67 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/57-67.pdf

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Impact Assessment of Roads Infrastructure on Agricultural Productivity in Konshisha Local Government Area of Benue State

Fidelia Ngufan Gbenyi, Omenka, J.I., Gaavson, T.- November 2021- Page No.: 68-76

This research investigated the state of rural agricultural production and how the infrastructure on ground has helped in improving agricultural sector. Konshisha Local Government which is one of the rural Local Governments areas in Benue State was chosen as the study area. The infrastructural facility assessed based on relationship with agriculture was road network. Descriptive design was used while stratified sampling technique was employed as each ward was considered a stratum. Purposive sampling technique was also adopted based on homogeneity of the population. Data was collected using primary sources which were: researcher’s personal interviews, observations and photographs were also used to support and further explain the observations. The theoretical framework used in this study was the integrated rural development strategy (IRDS). From the survey conducted, the available infrastructural facilities assessed (road network) was in very deplorable state, and therefore incapable of boosting agricultural productivity in the area. Good road network is therefore recommended, especially the revival of the only federal road across Konshisha local government area. When this is fully completed, it will boost the market for farm produce within the local government area, and attract other investors in agro related ventures. Therefore IRDS is suggested to government of Benue State in order to bring the rural Konshisha Local Government Area out of this low agricultural production state.

Page(s): 68-76                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 25 November 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51110

 Fidelia Ngufan Gbenyi
Department of Public Administration, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria

 Omenka, J.I.
Department of Political Science, Benue State University Makurdi, Nigeria

 Gaavson, T.
Department of Political Science, Benue State University Makurdi, Nigeria

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Fidelia Ngufan Gbenyi, Omenka, J.I., Gaavson, T., “Impact Assessment of Roads Infrastructure on Agricultural Productivity in Konshisha Local Government Area of Benue State” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.68-76 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51110

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Factors Influencing Assessment Conceptions among Basic School Teachers: A Multiple Analysis of Variance

Shani Osman – November 2021- Page No.: 77-86

This study examined teacher variables that influence assessment conceptions of basic school teachers in the Sissala East Municipality of Ghana. Gender, academic levels, class assigned, teaching experience, age and assessment-based training were investigated to determine the effects of these individual variables on the teachers’ conception of assessment. The data for this study were collected and analyzed using a strictly quantitative approach. Teachers Conception of Assessment III was used to collect data from 204 teachers. Using multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA), out of the six variables included in the study, the results revealed that the main effect for gender was significant, Wilks’ Lambda = .95, F (4, 198) = 2.53, p < .05; multivariate η2 = 0.05. A follow-up Bonferroni adjustment analysis, the dependent variables were verified individually, and the only variable to attain a difference in statistical significance was improvement assessment conception, F (1, 201) = 6.56, p = .011, partial eta squared = .03. An analysis of the mean scores revealed that females recorded marginally higher levels of improvement conception (M = 4.84, SD = .55) than males (M = 4.63, SD = .59). It is therefore recommended that stake holders should ensure the development of ways to improve the assessment literacy of especially male teachers.

Page(s): 77-86                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 25 November 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51111

 Shani Osman>/strong>
Department of Social Sciences, Tumu College of Education, Ghana

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Shani Osman , “Factors Influencing Assessment Conceptions among Basic School Teachers: A Multiple Analysis of Variance” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.77-86 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51111

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Teacher Professionalism in Zambia: Reality or Pipe-Dream?

Simuyaba Eunifridah- November 2021- Page No.: 87-92

This article highlights the strategies that the newly established Teaching Council has put in place in its quest to professionalise teaching in Zambia. Since Zambia attained her political independence in October, 1964, there has been a great desire to ensure that teachers acquire professional status which would translate into an occupational status symbol. Against this background, the Government of the Republic of Zambia in conjunction with other stakeholders in the education sector has made strides in the direction of professionalising the teaching occupation. In this regard, the enactment of the Teaching Profession Act no.5 of 2013 and the development of a Code of Ethics and Conduct to regulate teachers’ practice and professional conduct in government and private schools are some of the major milestones in trying to regulate the teaching profession. Despite having made tremendous strides in this direction, many structural and operational challenges have since made it difficult to actualise this status. It is for this reason that the paper discusses some structural and operational challenges associated with teacher professionalism in Zambia which make teacher professionalism a pipe-dream. The paper concludes by highlighting some prospects in Teacher professionalism in the post 2015 era.

Page(s): 87-92                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 27 November 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51106

 Simuyaba Eunifridah
Department of Education Administration and Policy Studies, The University of Zambia

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[12] Simuyaba, E. and Chibwe Portipher (2016) Teacher Professionalism in Zambia: Practices, Challenges and Prospects in the Post 2015 Era. Proceedings of the 67th IIER International conference, Sweden, Stockholm, 02 April, 2016. ISBN 978-93-85973-89-5. Available on http://dspace.unza.zm/handle/123456789/6960.
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Simuyaba Eunifridah, “Teacher Professionalism in Zambia: Reality or Pipe-Dream?” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.87-92 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51106

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Attitudes of English Language Lecturers and Students on ICT Mediated Teaching in Gombe State University, Nigeria

Joseph N. Gusen (Ph. D), Usman, Jamila Abubakar (Mrs) – November 2021- Page No.: 93-103

The paper is on Attitudes of English Language Lecturers and Students on ICT Mediated Teaching in Gombe State University. Cross-sectional survey design was adopted as research design for the study. ICT has revolutionized every aspect of human life endeavour, more especially the aspect of education. The study was designed to observe the attitude of English language lecturers and students towards the use of ICT mediated teaching and learning. The research work was guided by four research questions. The samples of the study consist of English language lecturers and available students studying English language from Gombe State University as population. The instrument for the study was a self-designed structured questionnaire administered to five (5) English language lecturers and twenty (20) students of English. The instrument was validated by ICT lecturer from University of Jos. The reliability of the instrument was conducted using Cronbach Alpha Correlation coefficient which stood at 0.85%. Even though this study has limitation related to sample size, the results contributes to the existing theory and practice related to ICT mediated teaching/learning. This study could be an incentive for improving readiness of English language lecturers/teachers regarding ICT use in learning activities.

Page(s): 93-103                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 27 November 2021

 Joseph N. Gusen (Ph. D)
Associate Professor, ICT Lecturer, Department of Science and Technology Education, University of Jos, Nigeria

 Usman, Jamila Abubakar (Mrs)
English Language Lecturer, Gombe State University & M.Phil/PhD student English Language, Department of Arts Education, Faculty of Education, University of Jos, Nigeria

[1]. Gusen, J.N. (2019). SWOT Analysis of ICT in English Language Education In: Gusen, J.N. (Ed) SWOT Analysis of ICT Across the Curriculum. Jos. Byang Publisher and Co.
[2]. Alkamel M. A.A. & Chouthaiwale, S.S. (2018). The use of ICT tools in English Language Teaching and Learning: A Literature Review. Veda’s journal of English language and literature (JOELL), 5(2), 29-33. alkamel2030@gmail.com
[3]. Federal Ministry of Education (FME, 2019a).National Policy on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Education, Abuja: Nigeria.
[4]. Mahdum M., Hadriana H. & Safrianti, M. (2019) Exploring Teacher Perception Motivations to ICT Use in Learning Activities in Indonesia Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, An official publication of the informing science institute JITE Research 18.293.
[5]. Sharma, A., Gandhar, K., & Sharma, S. (2011). (PDF) Role of ICT in the Process of Teaching and Learning. Journal of Education and Practice 2, (5). Retrieved on 20th August, 2020 from: www.researchgate.net › publication
[6]. Lata, S.(2009). ICTs and Technophobia among teachers in Higher Education. In Saxena,I., Saxena M.K.,&Gihar S,(Eds). ICT in Professional Education. Delhi: A.P.H. Publication Corperation
[7]. Rank, T., Warren, C. & Milum, T.(2011). Teaching English using ICT: A Practical guide for secondary school teachers. London: Continuum
[8]. United Nation, Educational and Scientific Cooperation (UNESCO, 2012). ICT in Primary Education – UNESCO IITE. Retrieved on 16th April, 2020 from: iite.unesco.org › publications › files
[9]. Usman, J.A. (2017). A Comparison of Direct and Indirect Method of Teaching the Sounds of English among Nyimatli Secondary School: A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Arts Education, Faculty of Education, University of Jos, in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Award of Masters Degree in English Education
[10]. Dogo P. (2016) Effects of English language on students’ performance in teaching and Learning of Mathematical modeling at junior secondary school level in Bauchi state Nigeria a thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of The requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Educational Communication and Technology School of Education, Kenyatta University, Kenya
[11]. Nikhat Y. S., Mohd, I. (2016) Teacher’s attitude towards the use of Information and Computer Technology (ICT) in Classroom Teaching The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 3,(6) 2323-2329 Retrieved on 16th May, 2021 from: http:// valleyinternational.net/index.php/our-jou/theijsshi
[12]. Gusen, J.N.&, Dang L.P. (2020). Assessment of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Teaching English Language in Primary Schools in Mangu Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR), 4, (5), 97-106
[13]. British Education Communications Technology Agency (BECTA, 2003). Information and communication technology, knowledge and pedagogy. Education, Communication and Information, 1, (1), pp. 37-57
[14]. Yildirim, Z. & Goktas, Y. (2007). ICT Integration in Primary Education and Teacher Education Programs in Turkey and In EU Countries. Middle East Technical University
[15]. Federal Ministry of Education (FME, 2019b). National Implementation Guidelines for ICT in Education, Abuja: Nigeria
[16]. Alexander, B. (2012). Application Of ICT in Teaching and Learning English. Retrieved on 20th August, 2020 from: www.academia.edu › Application_of_ICT_in_Tea..
[17]. Rhalmi, M. (2017). ICT tools and English Language Teaching | My English Pages. Retrieved on 20th August, 2020 from: www.myenglishpages.com › blog
[18]. United Nation Development Program (UNDP, 2006). Information and communication Technologies and Development. Retrieved on 16th June, 2021 from: http://usdng. undp.prg/it4dev.
[19]. Adhyaru, J. Tafe, C. (2019). SWOT analysis of digital literacy in real class for … – VicTESOL. Retrieved on 20th April, 2020 from: victesol.vic.edu.au › uploads › S..
[20]. Ahmadi, M.R.(2018).The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A… Retrieved on 20th April, 2020 from: ijreeonline.com › article-1-120-en
[21]. Wheeler, S (2001). Information and Communication Technologies and the Changing role of teacher. Journal of Edu. 26, pp. 7-17
[22]. Maduabuchi, C.H.(2016). ICT and the Teaching of Reading Comprehension in English .Retrieved on 14th June, 2021 from: https://www.journals.aiac.org.au › IJELS › article › view
[23]. Marzban A.(2011). Improvement of reading comprehension through computer. Retrieved on 12th June, 2021 from: https://www.sciencedirect.com › science › article › pii › pdf

Joseph N. Gusen (Ph. D), Usman, Jamila Abubakar (Mrs) “Attitudes of English Language Lecturers and Students on ICT Mediated Teaching in Gombe State University, Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.93-103 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/93-103.pdf

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Teaching Practice and Motivation of Students in Schools

Mohamed Eddahby, Bouchra Gourja, Rachid Cherouaki, Aouatif Dezairi, Benyouness Bettioui and Mohamed Sardi- November 2021- Page No.: 104-109

The aim of this article is to study the obstacles to motivation, its role in the learning process, the difficulties encountered with this concept, both by teachers and by students, and finally to propose solutions to these difficulties to optimize the development of motivation in students. Academic success is linked to a prior and necessary motivation allowing perseverance and the maintenance of positive attitudes to allow the student to achieve self-actualization, as well as the achievement of previously set goals. This process is highly desirable for the good process of teaching and learning in the school environment. Several studies have been carried out to improve the level of education and defuse the issue of demotivation in students. This is what motivated this contribution, which aims to demonstrate, the main factors that can cause the lack of motivation for students and highlight the challenges to the good process of the course and the acquisition of new knowledge.

Page(s): 104-109                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 27 November 2021

 Mohamed Eddahby
Regional Center for the professions of education and training, Casablanca- Setta – Settat, Morocco.
Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics (URAC10), Faculty of Science Ben M’Sik, University Hassan II-Mohammedia Casablanca, Morocco

 Bouchra Gourja
Regional Center for the professions of education and training, Casablanca- Setta – Settat, Morocco.
Physical chemistry laboratory of materiels, Faculty of Science Ben M’Sik, University Hassan II-Mohammedia Casablanca, Morocco.

 Rachid Cherouaki
Regional Center for the professions of education and training, Casablanca- Setta – Settat, Morocco.
Physical chemistry laboratory of materiels, Faculty of Science Ben M’Sik, University Hassan II-Mohammedia Casablanca, Morocco.

 Aouatif Dezairi
Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics (URAC10), Faculty of Science Ben M’Sik, University Hassan II-Mohammedia Casablanca, Morocco

 Benyouness Bettioui
Regional Center for the professions of education and training, Casablanca- Setta – Settat, Morocco.

 Mohamed Sardi
Regional Center for the professions of education and training, Casablanca- Setta – Settat, Morocco.

[1] Linnenbrink , E. A. , Pintrich, P. R. , (2002).“ Motivation as an Enabler for Academic Success,” School Psychology Review, vol.31,n°3, p.313327. DOI: 10.1080/02796015.2002.12086158
[2] Ryan, M., Deci, E. L. , (2000).“Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions“, Contemporary Educational Psychology, vol. 25, p.54–67, Richard University of Rochester. available online at http://www.idealibrary.com DOI:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
[3] Brophy ,J., (1983). “ Conceptualizing student motivation”, Educational Psychologist, vol.18, n°3, p.200-215. DOI: 10.1080/00461528309529274
[4] Lam, S., Cheng, R. W. , Choy, H. C. , (2010).“ School support and teacher motivation to implement project-based learning”, Learning and Instruction”, vol. 20, Issue 6, p.487-497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2009.07.003
[5] Slemp, G. R. , Field, J. G. , Cho, A.S.H. , (2020).“A meta-analysis of autonomous and controlled forms of teacher motivation”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 121,103459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103459
[6] Osman, D. J. , Warner, J. R. , (2020).“measuring teacher motivation: The missing link between professional development and practice”, Teaching and Teacher Education, Vol. 92,103064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103064
[7] Husman , J., Lens , W., (1999).“ The role of the future in student motivation”, Educational Psychologist, vol.34, n°2, p.113-125. DOI: 10.1207/s15326985ep3402_4
[8] Price, F., Kadi‐Hanifi , K., (2011).“E‐motivation! The role of popular technology in student motivation and retention”, Research in Post-Compulsory Education, vol.16, n°2, p. 173187. DOI: 10.1080/13596748.2011.575278
[9] Han, J., Yin, H., (2016).“Teacher motivation: Definition, research development and implications for teachers”, Cogent Education, vol.3,n°1. DOI: 10.1080/2331186X.2016.1217819
[10] Abazaoglu, Ilkay; Aztekin, Serdar, (2016).“ The Role of Teacher Morale and Motivation on Students’ Science and Math Achievement: Findings from Singapore, Japan, Finland and Turkey”, Universal Journal of Educational Research, vol.4, n°11, p.2606-2617.
[11] Börü, N., (2018).“The Factors Affecting Teacher-Motivation”, International Journal of Instruction, vol.11, n°4, p761-776.
[12] Andúgar, A., Cortina-Pérez , B., , (2018).“EFL Teachers’ Reflections on Their Teaching Practice in Spanish Preschools: A Focus on Motivation, “M. Schwartz (ed.), Preschool Bilingual Education”, Multilingual Education 25. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77228-8_8
[13] Anderman, L. H. , Midgley, C. , (1998).“Motivation and Middle School Students”, Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education.
[14] Thoonen, E.E.J., Sleegers, P. J. C. , Oort, F. J. , Peetsma1, T. T. D. , and Geijsel , F. P. , (2011).“How to Improve Teaching Practices: The Role of Teacher Motivation, Organizational Factors, and Leadership Practices”, Educational Administration Quarterly ,vol.47,n°3, p.496–536.

Mohamed Eddahby, Bouchra Gourja, Rachid Cherouaki, Aouatif Dezairi, Benyouness Bettioui and Mohamed Sardi, “Teaching Practice and Motivation of Students in Schools” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.104-109 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/104-109.pdf

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Irrigated Farming a Panacea to Food Security-Constrains and Way Forward: The Case of Tunyo Division in Marakwet District- Kenya

Richard Maiyo Yego, Shadrack Kipkoech Sitienei – November 2021- Page No.: 110-116

Due to effects of climate change and resultant unpredictable rain patterns compounded with rising human population necessitates the adoption of modern agricultural techniques to ensure food sufficiency not only in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL) but the entire globe wherever they are. Eleven out of fourty seven counties in Kenya fall under the category of ASAL. This study delves into the subject of irrigated farming to find out the ‘how’ and what can be done to ensure there is adequate food supply for the growing population. The study adopted both the qualitative and quantitative techniques to arrive at the conclusion. The study was guided by the following main objective; to find out how irrigated farming can enhance food security, the challenges faced in irrigated farming and the way forward to these challenges by the residents of Tunyo division in Marakwet district-Kenya. The study found out that irrigated farming faces a myriad of challenges; inadequate water for irrigated farming, small parcels of land for farmers, lack of legal documents on ownership of land. The ways forward for the challenges are; environmental conservation, government should expedite legal documentation of land, motivation to farmers on irrigated farming, financial support, and formation of co-operative societies. The study finally concludes that government should put more efforts on irrigated agriculture to ensure food security.

Page(s): 110-116                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 27 November 2021

 Richard Maiyo Yego
Holds MA in Public Administration and Policy, Currently PhD Candidate (Political Science and Public Administration), Moi University, Kenya

 Shadrack Kipkoech Sitienei
Lecture Department of Philosophy, History and Religion at Egerton University, Kenya

[1] Alila, O. Patrick and Rosemary Atieno (2006). ‘‘Agricultural Policy in Kenya: Issues and Processes.’’ Paper presented at Future Agricultures Consortium Workshop, Institute of Development Studies. Nairobi, 20 – 22 March. Print.
[2] Barau, A.D., T.K. Atala and C.I. Agbo (1999). Factors affecting efficiency of resource use under large scale farming: A case study of dadin kowa irrigation project, Bauchi State. Nig. J. Rur. Econ. Soc., 1: 1-6.
[3] Eicher C. & Staatz J. (1985). Food Security Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Invited Paper Prepared For The XIXth Conference Of The International Association Of Agricultural Economists, August 25 – September 5 1985. Malanga, Spain.
[4] FAO, 1997. Agriculture food and nutrition for Africa. A resource book for teachers in agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO). Food and nutrition division. Rome, 1997.
[5] Hussain, I.; Regassa, N.; Deeptha W.; and Samad, M.(2002). Water, Health and Poverty Linkages: Conceptual Framework and Empirical Evidences. Paper prepared for the National Workshop on Water, Health and Poverty Linkages in Sri Lanka. GWP Colombo Advisory Center and IWMI
[6] Peacock T. (1995). Financial & Economic Aspects of Smallholder Irrigation in Zimbabwe & Prospects for Future Development in Water Development for Diversification within Smallholder Farming Sector. Paper presented at Monomotapa Hotel, Harare, May 30 1995. Zimbabwe Farmers Union.
[7] Republic of Kenya (1987). ‘‘Inventory and Study of Traditional Irrigation Furrows In Elgeyo Marakwet District: A Proposal for Furrow Rehabilitation and Improvement, Volume 1 Report.’’ Nairobi: Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners; Consulting Engineers, Print.
[8] Republic of Kenya (2006). ‘‘Annual Progress Report: Investment Programme for Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation 2003 – 2007.’’ Nairobi. Government Printer, Print.
[9] Rukuni M & Benstern R. H. (1987). Major Issues in Designing a Research Programme on Household Food Insecurity in Southern Africa. Food Security Policy Option. UZ/MSU.
[10] Rukuni M, Eicher C.K & Blackie (Eds). (2006). Zimbabwe’s Agricultural Revolution, Revisited, University of Zimbabwe Publications, Harare.
[11] Ruttan, V. W. (2006). Productivity, Growth in World Agriculture: Sources and Constraints. Economic Perspectives. Journal of the American Economic Association 16 (4), 161-184.
[12] Tyner, Wallace, He, Lixia and Gamal (Siam 2004). ‘‘Improving Irrigation Water Allocation Efficiency Using Alternative Policy Options in Egypt.’’ Selected paper prepared for presentation at the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado. In International Water Management Institute (Working Paper 4), 1 – 4 August, Print.
[13] Wani, Suhas P., Johan Rockström., and Theib Oweis.(2009). Rainfed Agriculture : unlocking the potential p. cm. — (Comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture series ; 7) MPG Books Group; UK.
[14] International Water Management Institute (IWMI) (2001). IWMI Annual report 2000-2001. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 72p. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2011.0020.
[15] Gardner, B. T., Woodrow, S.M., (2011). A history of Draper Irrigation: Celebrating 100 Years of water services. Draper Irrigation Company, DBA Water Pro, Inc.

Richard Maiyo Yego, Shadrack Kipkoech Sitienei , “Irrigated Farming a Panacea to Food Security-Constrains and Way Forward: The Case of Tunyo Division in Marakwet District- Kenya” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.110-116 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/110-116.pdf

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Peacebuilding in a Conflict-Torn North–Eastern Nigerian Society: Going Beyond Reconstructive Peacebuild

ng

Philip Onyinye Egbusie & Modupe Oluremi Albert – November 2021- Page No.: 117-123

Members of the Boko Haram sect have a preference for the Arabic name Jama’atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda’awati Wal-Jihad which means “People committed to the propagation of the Prophet’s Teachings and Jihad”. This insurgent group is alleged to have been founded in Maiduguri, the capital city of Borno State, in the North East of Nigeria. It is however argued that the sect is one of the bloodiest militant groups in the world which has continuously targeted both civilian and non-civilian citizens and has constantly inflicted devastating mayhem on the people of the north-eastern Nigeria. With over a decade-long of conflict in that region and its devastating effects in terms of loss of human lives, destruction of properties and infrastructure as well as economic loss, one then begins to doubt the possibility, certainty, practicability, and efficiency of peacebuilding in that conflict-torn society. This paper thus proposes a more tactical and pragmatic approach towards peacebuilding in a conflict-torn society by going beyond reconstructive peacebuilding,

Page(s): 117-123                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 27 November 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51107

 Philip Onyinye Egbusie
Department of Politics and International Relations, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria

 Modupe Oluremi Albert
Department of Politics and International Relations, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria

[1] Abimbola Adesoji, The Boko Haram Uprising and Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria, Africa Spectrum, Vol.45, No.2 (August, 2010): 95-108.
[2] Adam Nossiter, Boko Haram Militants Suspected in Attacks at Mosques in Nigeria, The New York Times, 2nd July, 2015. Retrieved 29.10.2021.
[3] Nurudeen Aderibigbe, Theories of Peace Education and Conflict, (Lagos: National Open University of Nigeria, 2010), 54-56.
[4] Joseph Adesina, Predicting the Effect of Counselling on the Psychological Adjustment of Book Haram Victims In Nigeria, International Journal of Arts And Humanities, Vol. 2, Iss. 4 (2013): 205-216.
[5] Al Jazeera English, Nigeria Killings Caught on Video – Africa, 10 February 2010. Retrieved 06.08.2021.
[6] Amnesty International, Nigeria 2020, Retrieved from www.amnesty.org/en/location/africa/west-and-central-africa/nigeria/report-nigeria/ 29.10.2021.
[7] Bayo Adekanye, Review Essay: Arms and Reconstruction in Post-Conflict Societies, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 34, No. 3 (August, 1997):359 – 366.
[8] BBC News, Nigeria’s “Taliban” Enigma, 28 July 2009. Retrieved 01.08.2021.
[9] BBC, Nigeria Militants Burn To Death Motorists As They Sleep In Their Cars, Retrieved from www.bbc.com/news/world-africa, February 10, 2020. 29.10.2021.
[10] Boutros Ghali, An Agenda For Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace- Keeping Document A/47/227-S/241111 (New York: Department Of Public Information, United Nations (June 17, 1992).
[11] David Cook, The Rise of Boko Haram in Nigeria, Combating Terrorism Center, Vol. 4, Iss. 9 (September, 2011): 3.
[12] Duncan Gardham & Laura Heaton, (25 Coordinated bomb attacks across Nigeria kill at least 40, The Telegraph Newspaper, (25 December, 2011), Retrieved August 2014.
[13] Emmanuel Aiyede, Theories in Conflict Management, (Lagos: National Open University of Nigeria, 2006), 57-58, 94-95.
[14] Evans-Kent Bronwyn, Reconstruction Over Transformation: The Structural Appropriation of Peacebuilding. (New York: Thames and Hudson, 2001), 2, 95.
[15] Farouk Chothia, Who are Nigeria’s Boko Haram Islamists? BBC News 11January, 2012. Retrieved 01.08.2021.
[16] Freedom Onuoha, Boko Haram and the Evolving Salafi Jihadist Threat in Nigeria, In Pérouse de Montclos, Marc-Antoine. Boko Haram: Islamism, politics, security and the state in Nigeria, (Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2014), 158–191.
[17] Ibrahim Mshelizza, Islamist Sect Boko Haram Claims Nigerian U.N. Bombing, Reuters (29 August, 2011).
[18] Isaac Albert, Introduction to Third Party Intervention in Community Conflicts, (Ibadan: PETRAF & John Archers Publishers Ltd. 2001),61.
[19] Johan Galtung, Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization, (London: Sage Publications, 1996), 70.
[20] John Paul Lederach, Preparing for Peace Conflict Transformation across Cultures, (Syracuse: University Press, 1995), 20.
[21] Joshua Bolarinwa, Introduction to Peace Studies, (Lagos: National Open University of Nigeria, 2006), 33.
[22] Kunle Sani, 110 People Killed In Boko Haram Attack On Borno Farming Community – UN, Premium Times, 29th November, 2020. Retrieved 29.10.2021.
[23] Mahatma Gandhi, The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi: Encyclopedia of Gandhi’s Thoughts, 2nd ed., (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, 2007), 52.
[24] Martin Ewi, Why Nigeria Needs A Criminal Tribunal and Not Amnesty for Boko Haram, Institute for Security Studies, (Pretoria, 2013).
[25] Michael Diyoke & Christopher Oguche, A Critical Appraisal of Boko-Haram Insurgency and the Criminal Topography of Sambisa Geosphere, International Journal of Academic Research in Business, Arts and Science, Vol. 1, Iss. 1, (August, 2019): 4.
[26] Monsuru Kasali, Concepts and Practice of Peacebuilding, (Lagos: National Open University of Nigeria, 2006), 150.
[27] News Wires, Suspected Boko Haram Extremists Kill Dozens Of Nigeria Farmers, FRANCE 24, November 29, 2020. Retrieved 29.20.2021.
[28] Olalekan Adetayo, Boko Haram Has Infiltrated My Govt. –Jonathan, The Punch Newspaper, (9 January, 2012). Retrieved 10 August 2021.
[29] Oluwatosin Babalola, Combating Violence Extremism and Insurgency in Nigeria, (Fort Leavenworth, KS: Foreign Military Studies Office, 2016), 4-5.
[30] Oyedolapo Durojaye, Understanding Peace and War, (Lagos: National Open University of Nigeria, 2010), 44-45.
[31] Philip Egbusie, Post-Conflict Reconstruction and the Mental Health of Victims of Armed Conflicts in Nigeria: A Study of the Boko Haram Insurgency, (2021, Unpublished): 202.
[32] Sabrina Ford, Laura Italiano & Post Wires, Boko Haram Kidnaps More Children, Kills Villagers In Nigeria, New York Post, May 11, 2014. Retrieved 29.10.2021.
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[35] The Guardian, Nigeria Accused of Ignoring Sect Warnings Before Wave of Killings (London: 2009) 2 August 2009. Retrieved 06.08.2021.
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[37] Tolu Ogunlesi, Nigeria’s Internal Struggles, The New York Times, 23 March 2015. Retrieved 01.08.2021.

Philip Onyinye Egbusie & Modupe Oluremi Albert “Peacebuilding in a Conflict-Torn North–Eastern Nigerian Society: Going Beyond Reconstructive Peacebuilding” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.117-123 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51107

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Effect of Covid-19 on Small and Medium Scale Businesses in Nigeria

Dr. Ernest Jebolise Chukwuka, Dr. Fidelis U. Amahi- November 2021- Page No.: 124-135

The study examined the effect of COVID 19 on small and medium businesses in Nigeria. The objective of the study is to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on small and medium businesses. To ascertain the impact of government COVID-19 safety protocols on the performance of small businesses and to find out ways of minimizing the impact of COVID – 19 on small and medium businesses in Nigeria. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The sample of the study was achieved using random sampling technique. The sample for this study was 400 respondents. These respondents were selected from proprietor/ proprietress of small and medium scale enterprises in Asaba. The instrument used to collect data was the questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using simple percentage, mean, standard and chi square. The overall findings of the study are that Covid-19 safety protocols have significant and positive effect on SMEs performance. The study discovered that Covid-19 impact on small and medium businesses can be reduced through increase engagement on digital online businesses; the study also reveals that shortage of supplies, production stoppage and suspension, reduces product lines/ingredient and short−term change in production are impact of COVID – 19 on small and medium businesses in Asaba Metropolis and the study also discovered that government guidelines related to Covid19 has impact on performance of small businesses which are inflation, smooth transaction, prevention of transmission of the virus in the cause of transaction and reduction of crowd in business environment.

Page(s): 124-135                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 28 November 2021

 Dr. Ernest Jebolise Chukwuka
Department of Business Administration, Michael and Cecilia Ibru University Delta State, Nigeria

 Dr. Fidelis U. Amahi
Department of Accountancy, University of Delta, Agbor, Nigeria

[1] Adebisi, S.A., Alaneme, G.C., & Ofuani, A.B. (2015). Challenges of finance and the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Lagos state. Developing Country Studies, 5(8), 46-58.
[2] Adedipe, B. (2004). The impact of oil on Nigeria’s economic policy formulation. In Proceedings of Overseas Development Institute Conference in Collaboration with the Nigerian Economic Summit Group.
[3] Akinlo, A.E. (2012). How important is oil in Nigeria’s economic growth?. Journal of Sustainable Development, 5(4), 68-84.
[4] Anthony, O., John, A. and Helen, O. (2020) CBN Releases Measures to Battle Economic Impact of Coronavirus, Report Available at https://t.guardian.ng/news/cbn-releases-measures-to-battle-economic-impact-of-coronavirus/.
[5] Balunywa, W. (2010). What are Small Scale Enterprises? Entrepreneurship and Small Business Enterprise. Makerere University Business School. Accessed at http://evancarmicheal.com/AficaAccount/1639/40.
[6] Balunywa, W. (2010). What are Small Scale Enterprises? Entrepreneurship and Small Business Enterprise. Makerere University Business School. Accessed at http://evancarmicheal.com/AficaAccount/1639/40
[7] Corona Virus Cases from Countries Around the World were Obtained from Worldometer Website Available at https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-cases/.
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Dr. Ernest Jebolise Chukwuka, Dr. Fidelis U. Amahi, “Effect of Covid-19 on Small and Medium Scale Businesses in Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.124-135 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/124-135.pdf

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Effect of Emerging Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on Bauchi Radio Corporation (BRC), Bauchi State, Nigeria

Abubakar Bappayo, Ahmad Abubakar, Abdul Ahmad Burra – November 2021- Page No.: 136-141

Information and Communication Technology (ICT), has revolutionized the media industry. It has transformed information gathering and dissemination in Radio Production. This study examines the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) by professional of Bauchi Radio Corporation (BRC). The objective of the study was to identify the various areas of application of Information & Communication technology (ICT) resources in Bauchi Radio Corporation. Survey design was adopted for the study using personal interview (focus group) and the data collected was qualitative. The survey revealed that ICTs have been widely applied in Radio production by professional at Bauchi Radio Corporation (BRC).133 sample size was used in the study. The recommendation of this study include making fund available to upgrade ICT facilities and digitalized equipment’s should be made available to Bauchi Radio Corporation (BRC).

Page(s): 136-141                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 28 November 2021

 Abubakar Bappayo
Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria

 Ahmad Abubakar
Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria

 Abdul Ahmad Burra
Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria

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Abubakar Bappayo, Ahmad Abubakar, Abdul Ahmad Burra , “Effect of Emerging Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on Bauchi Radio Corporation (BRC), Bauchi State, Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.136-141 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/136-141.pdf

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Marketing Force Automation and Usage in Electronics Industry: An Analysis on Walton BD

Sajia Islam & Mohammad Nazmul Huq – November 2021- Page No.: 142-155

Understanding how technology investments create business value is a research priority in today’s technology-intensive world. Building on this distinction, this quantitative analysis reveals that marketing technology impacts market person performance directly when used as a customer relationship tool. In contrast, it has a perfectly mediated impact when used for internal coordination purposes. To unleash its real potential, marketing technology should be designed to enable customer relationships rather than being perceived as a cost cutting tool. In addition, the motivational structure for using sales technology differs between two MFA-use dimensions. While the customer relationship dimension is driven by factors that trigger voluntary usage, the internal coordination dimension is predominantly explained by factors imposed from outside. Management should not impose technology usage. Rather, they should support self-initiating factors that stimulate technology usage for improving customer relationships. Combining upstream research focusing on the drivers of MFA-usage with downstream research shedding light on its performance impact, the study offers important implications for maximizing the pay-back from MFA-technology investments.

Page(s): 142-155                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 28 November 2021

 Sajia Islam
Master of Business Administration (MBA), Human Resource Management Stamford University Bangladesh

 Mohammad Nazmul Huq
Assistant Professor and Coordinator Department of Business Administration Stamford University Bangladesh

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Sajia Islam & Mohammad Nazmul Huq “Marketing Force Automation and Usage in Electronics Industry: An Analysis on Walton BD” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.142-155 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/142-155.pdf

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Item’s Analysis in Health Education at the High School of Health Science of Tunis

Kaouther MEJRI, Sonia MAHJOUB, Fatma AYDI, Issam SALOUAGE- November 2021- Page No.: 156-161

Assessment is a crucial step in learning evaluation since it reflects the improvement of the quality of education. Thus, educators are always challenged while analyzing the performance of their students. The study aims to evaluate the quality of written exams set for under graduated students (2017-2019) in the biology department of the high school of health science and technologies. We used the item analysis tools: difficulty index, discrimination index and for the reliability the Cronbach alpha assessing available data during the study period (2017-2019). The study involved 2960 copies related to 104 tests including 1367 questions. We found that 5.3% of the questions were difficult, 44.18% were easy 49.52% with moderate difficulties, 19.38% with excellent discrimination, 10.53% with good discrimination. The test reliability was good in only 10.5% of the tests. Our research objectively analyzed the quality of questions, yet it revealed the presence of some deficiencies suggesting the improvement of the quality of assessment.

Page(s): 156-161                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 28 November 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51108

 Kaouther MEJRI
The high school of health science and technologies of Tunis. El Manar University, Tunisia

 Sonia MAHJOUB
Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, El Manar University, Tunisia

 Fatma AYDI
The high school of health science and technologies of Tunis. El Manar University, Tunisia

 Issam SALOUAGE4
The high school of health science and technologies of Tunis. El Manar University, Tunisia

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Kaouther MEJRI, Sonia MAHJOUB, Fatma AYDI, Issam SALOUAGE, “Item’s Analysis in Health Education at the High School of Health Science of Tunis” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.156-161 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51108

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Learning Experiences of Frustrated-Level Readers in the Implementation of Self-Learning Modules in the New Normal Education

Honey Lyn P. Valentos, Ronald S. Decano – November 2021- Page No.: 162-166

The turn of a single page is the beginning of knowledge. Reading is known as one of the most vital skills that a person should have. The aim of this descriptive qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the learning experiences of Frustrated -Level Readers in the implementation of self-learning modules. Insights, opinions and ideas were sought from ten (10) Grade 8 students through Key Informant Interview. Responses were recorded, transcribed, coded analyzed, and categorized into themes. Six emergent themes were generated, namely: (1) Increasing reading comprehension (2) Providing Filipino-English Dictionary (3) Enhancing interest in reading (4) Repeated reading (5) Acquiring support from teachers and parents (6) Providing supplemental learning resources. Findings revealed that the most challenging experiences met by the Frustrated -level Readers are the lack of comprehension and insufficient learning resources. With these findings, the school administrator and reading teachers should provide necessary learning strategies and supplementary resources to increase reading comprehension.

Page(s): 162-166                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 28 November 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51109

 Honey Lyn P. Valentos
Graduate Student, Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Management, Davao del Norte State College, Philippines

 Ronald S. Decano
Dean, Institute of Advanced Studies, Davao del Norte State College, Philippines

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[11] Tadesse, S., & Muluye, W. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Education System in Developing Countries: A Review. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 08(10). https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.810011

Honey Lyn P. Valentos, Ronald S. Decano, “Learning Experiences of Frustrated-Level Readers in the Implementation of Self-Learning Modules in the New Normal Education ” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.162-166 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51109

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Civil-Military Cooperation of African Mission in Somalia as Tool of Peace-building in Kismayo District, Lower Jubbaland, Somalia (2011-2020)

Moses Kamau Muchemi, Dr. Xavier Francis Ichani – November 2021- Page No.: 167-177

The conflict in Somalia presents a typical example of crisis where sometimes the international response is at odd with the wishes of local administration and community. Whereas debate on the most appropriate and sustainable approach to resolving complex conflict like the one in Somalia continues, Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) has emerged as a key determinant of successful peacekeeping operation. Whereas the scope of activities under the rubric of CIMIC is this article analyzed SSR carried out by AMISOM troops in Kismayo District of Somalia from year 2011 to 2020 as a thematic area of security enhancement. The study was anchored on liberal peacebuilding, state building and democratization theories. The target population of the study included residents of Kismayo district entailing community leaders, humanitarian workers, civil society, Jubbaland Security Forces (JSF) and AMISOM troops operating in the district. Onwuegbuzie and Collins (2007) typology of determining sample size in social science research was used to arrive at a sample size of 200 respondents. Primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires, interviews guide and Focused Group Discussions guide. Secondary data was sourced from published books, e-books, journals, reports, newsletters and conference papers. Collected data was grouped, corroborated, and presented using both quantitative and the qualitative research techniques in themes corresponding the objectives of the study. The study found out that 97% of Kismayo residents felt that AMISOM CIMIC program had reduced conflicts in the district, 83% felt that the security sector was effective in ensuring security and safety of the population. The study also found that demobilization, disarmament and reintegration CIMIC program had reduced chances of violent clashes in Kismayo by 89% chance. Al-Shabaab terror gang continued to threaten the peace efforts in Kismayo. The study recommends that more donor funding be channeled to Federal Governments of Somalia so that they develop strong security sector capable of defeating peace spoilers such as Al-Shabaab.

Page(s): 167-177                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 28 November 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51112

 Moses Kamau Muchemi
Department of International Relations, Conflict and Strategic Studies of Kenyatta University, Kenya

 Dr. Xavier Francis Ichani
Department of International Relations, Conflict and Strategic Studies of Kenyatta University, Kenya

[1] Abdeta, D. (2020). The security sector reform paradox in Somalia. London: London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/103683/1/Dribssa_Beyene_security_sector_reform_paradox_somalia_published.pdf
[2] Annan, K. (1999). Peace and Development – One Struggle, Two Fronts. Address to World Bank Staff. Washington DC: United Nations Press. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwju14PypNbzAhUKFRQKHVsDDG8QFnoECCQQAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.archives.un.org%2Fuploads%2Fr%2Funited-nations-archives%2F9%2Fb%2Fa%2F9ba43bf83c498ed02ac7403d4d8938b8452
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[8] Majid, N., & Abdirahman, K. (2021). The Kismayo bubble – justice and security in Jubbaland. London: London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/109317/2/The_kismayo_bubble_updated.pdf
[9] Menkhaus, K. (2006). Governance without Government in Somalia Spoilers, State Building, and the Politics of Coping. International Security, 31(3), 74-106. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4137508
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[11] Pugh, M. (2001). Civil-Military Relations in Peace Support Operations: hegemony or. eminar on Aid and Politics: Debates, Dilemmas and. London: University of Leeds.
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[13] Sunil, R. (2018). History of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations During the Coldwar: 1945-1987. Williamsburg: Peace Operations Training Institute. Retrieved from https://cdn.peaceopstraining.org/course_promos/history_of_peacekeeping_1/history_of_peacekeeping_1_english.pdf
[14] UNDP. (2020). Joint Security Sector Governance Programme. New York: UNDP. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiaopDmpdbzAhUPjRQKHVPLAyMQFnoECAIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.undp.org%2Fdocs%2Fpdc%2FDocuments%2FSOM%2FJSSG%2520Programme%2520Document%2520Signed%2520ALL%2520April2019
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[16] Zaalberg, T. (2006). The Tools at Hand: Civil-Military Cooperation in Kosovo. In T. Zaalberg, Soldiers and Civil Power: Supporting or Substituting Civil Authorities in Modern Peace Operations (pp. 391-414). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

Moses Kamau Muchemi, Dr. Xavier Francis Ichani “Civil-Military Cooperation of African Mission in Somalia as Tool of Peace-building in Kismayo District, Lower Jubbaland, Somalia (2011-2020)” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.167-177 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51112

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Work Place Environment: Implications of Workplace Accidents and the Necessity for Safety cum Health Programmes in Organizations

Asadu, Ikechukwu, Ph.D, Chukwujekwu Charles Onwuka Ph.D- November 2021- Page No.: 178-186

Every employee is entitled to work in a setting where jeopardy to his health and security are suitably controlled. Hence, employers have a liability to consult with their workers or representatives on health and safety matters. Notwithstanding the laws mandating employers to guarantee the protection and health of their employees, several employees have been victims of work place accidents. While some have died as a product of an industrial accident, others have sustained different extent of injuries. The study examined the dimensions and implications of workplace accidents and the necessity for safety and health programme in establishments. The methodology of the study is qualitative and descriptive. Relevant data for the study were gathered through secondary source. The data generated were analyzed using descriptive-qualitative approach. The findings of the study, among other things, revealed that while work place accidents are of varied nature with wide adverse consequences, both employers and employees have significant roles to play in ensuring workplace safety and health. Moreover, the findings showed that an accident free plant or organization with good health and safety programmes enjoys certain benefits such as motivated workforce, increased productivity and profitability, cost savings, lower staff turnover, lesser absenteeism, lower insurance costs and good corporate reputation..

Page(s): 178-186                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 28 November 2021

 Asadu, Ikechukwu, Ph.D
University of Nigeria, Nsukka Department of Public Administration and Local Government

 Chukwujekwu Charles Onwuka Ph.D
Department of Sociology, Chukwuemeka Odume Ojukwu University, Igbariam Campus, Anambra State Nigeria

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Asadu, Ikechukwu, Ph.D, Chukwujekwu Charles Onwuka Ph.D, “Work Place Environment: Implications of Workplace Accidents and the Necessity for Safety cum Health Programmes in Organizations” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.178-186 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/178-186.pdf

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Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Variation of Land Use/Land Cover and Impacts on Climate in Urban Areas, Sri Lanka with Special Reference to Hambantota Divisional Secretariat Division (2008-2019)

Edirisooriya K V U I, Senevirathna E M T K, Edirisooriya K V D, Dheerasinghe G W M M K, Dauglas D L P M- November 2021- Page No.: 187-195

The changes in air temperature with the land use / land cover (LU/LC) in the certain areas highly affect to the environment and its ecosystem. This study aims to evaluate LU/LC changes and their impacts on climate in Hambantota Divisional Secretariat Division from 2008 to 2019. Both LU/LC cover changes were determined by using supervised classification, particularly maximum likelihood classification and accuracy assessment in Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. Spatial distribution of air temperature is determined by Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method by assigning values to unknown points are calculated with a weighted average of the values available at the known points. The results found that the increment of built-up areas (27.66%), water bodies (2.39%) and agriculture (0.44%) and decrement of barren lands (11.61%) and forest cover (18.88%) having accuracy ranged from 86.7 percent to 83.3 percent with 0.888 to 0.912 Kappa statistics. These changes are further confirmed by the Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI). Moreover, the increment of air temperature is detected during 11 years. This air temperature increment is proportional to the forest cover reduction and the buildup area increment due to vast developments in the area after 2009.

Page(s): 187-195                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 29 November 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51113

 Edirisooriya K V U I
Department of Oceanography and Marine Geology, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka

 Senevirathna E M T K
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka

 Edirisooriya K V D
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka

 Dheerasinghe G W M M K
Department of Oceanography and Marine Geology, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka

 Dauglas D L P M
Geological Survey and Mines Bureau, Sri Lanka

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Edirisooriya K V U I, Senevirathna E M T K, Edirisooriya K V D, Dheerasinghe G W M M K, Dauglas D L P M, “Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Variation of Land Use/Land Cover and Impacts on Climate in Urban Areas, Sri Lanka with Special Reference to Hambantota Divisional Secretariat Division (2008-2019)” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.187-195 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51113

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An Analysis and Application of Charles Allen Prosser’s Theories for Functional and Quality Technical and Vocational Education in Nigeria

Prof. Titus I. Eze, Sylvester Chukwutem Onwusa (PhD) – November 2021- Page No.: 196-207

The development of any nation exclusively depends on effective participation of her indigenous skilled technical manpower accessible for enhancing the quality of life of her citizenry. This state of affairs can be attained by improvement on the infrastructures and facilities in institution of learning with the aim of exposing students’ for labour market. Thus this will enable students after graduation to participate and tackle the needs of the industries. This paper therefore was designed to look at an analysis and application of Charles Allen Prosser’s theories for functional and quality technical and vocational education in Nigeria. In accordance with the concept of lifelong education, one of the major roles of Technical and Vocational Education (TVE) is to develop individuals with high technical skills as desired in the industries in this present technological age. This paper discussed exhaustively the conceptual clarification of technical and vocational education, brief history of Charles Allen Prosser’s, Charles Prosser’s philosophy defined, an analysis of Charles Allen Prosser’s theories and implications in TVE, In addition, Charles Allen Prosser’s for functional and quality TVE, relevant of Prosser’s theories in TVE. Obviously, Prosser’s life was dedicated to the promotion of technical and vocational education programmes and inculcation of similar principles into the curriculum. Thus it was recommended that the government should build functionary workshops, laboratories and libraries to enhance the teaching and learning in technical and tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Also, the government should train qualified teachers and experts to operate the complex machines and equipment. Consequently, every technical and vocational educator responsible for programmes of instruction, should uphold the Prosser’s theories for functional and quality technical and vocational education. They should endeavour to make serious efforts to implement them in teaching and learning practical in the workshop(s). This could provide self-employment, job creation among the youths as well as promote sustainable technological development of the nation.

Page(s): 196-207                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 29 November 2021

 Prof. Titus I. Eze
Department of Technology and Vocational Education, Faculty of Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

 Sylvester Chukwutem Onwusa (PhD)
Department of Technology and Vocational Education, Faculty of Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

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[28] Uwaifo, V. O. (2010). Technical education and its challenges in Nigeria in the 21st Century. International .NGO Journal. 5(2), 40-51.

Prof. Titus I. Eze, Sylvester Chukwutem Onwusa (PhD), “An Analysis and Application of Charles Allen Prosser’s Theories for Functional and Quality Technical and Vocational Education in Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.196-207 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/196-207.pdf

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Proficiency of Vocational Teacher Educators and Availability of Information and Communication Technology Resources for Effective Instruction in Colleges of Education, South-South, Nigeria

ALFRED, Sabastine Bamidele (PhD), EKHOVBIYE , Michael Osayame – November 2021- Page No.: 208-215

Teacher educators in Colleges of Education in Nigeria are expected to be proficient in using ICT resources available in their colleges to facilitate and enhance their students learning and creativity. However, there is no indication that vocational teacher educators (VTEs) are equipped with the necessary ICT competencies and resources for effective delivery of instruction to vocational teacher trainees. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to determine the proficiency of Agriculture and Business teacher educators (ABTEs) on ICT competency standard of instruction and the availability of ICT resources for effective instruction delivery in Colleges of Education in South-South Nigeria. To achieve this goal, 2 research questions were generated and 1 null hypothesis was formulated. The study adopted a Descriptive design using the survey method. The population for the study was 298 made up of 145 agriculture and 153 Business teacher educators from Colleges of Education in South-South Nigeria. All the ABTEs were studied as no sampling was done. A 76-item structured questionnaire was used for data collection. A total of 268 (89.9%) copies of the questionnaire were correctly filled and analyzed, using mean to answer the research questions and t-test for testing the hypothesis. Results showed that the ABTEs expressed moderate proficiency (M=3.11; SD=0.98) in all the 54 ICT competency standards. ICT resources such as television, microcomputer and radio were available, while ICT resources such as interactive television, electronic drawing system and different software were unavailable for instruction delivery. This paper concluded that the moderate proficiency in ICT competency standards of instruction expressed by the ABTEs is indicative of their readiness and capability to use ICT resources for effective instruction if the resources are made generally available in the classrooms. This paper recommended that the management of the various Colleges of Education in South-South Nigeria and relevant agencies involved in teacher educators’ capacity building such as Tetfund, NCC should organize in-service training programmes and workshops for ABTEs to acquire the requisite proficiency on ICT competency standards of instruction based on the identified proficiency gaps.

Page(s): 208-215                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 29 November 2021

 ALFRED, Sabastine Bamidele (PhD)
Department of Agricultural Education, College of Education, Igueben, Edo State, Nigeria

 EKHOVBIYE , Michael Osayame
Department of Business Education, College of Education, Igueben, Edo State, Nigeria

[1] Adavbiele, J.A. (2016). The Use of ICT to enhance University Education in Nigeria. International Journal of Education, Learning and Development, 4(5), 1-11.
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[3] Alfred, S.B. (2014). Use of new Information and Communication Technology Innovative methodologies for Vocational Agricultural Education delivery in Nigeria: Implications for Economic development. World Educators Forum, 4(1), 69-79.
[4] Buabeng-Andoh, C. (2012). Factors influencing teacher’s adoption and integration of information and communication technology into teaching: A review of the literature. International Journal of Education and Development using information and communication technology. (I JEDICT), 8 (1), 136-155.
[5] Collins, B. & Jung, I.S. (2003).Uses of information and communication technologies in teacher education. In B. Robinson & C. Latchem (Eds.), Teacher education throughopen and distance learning (pp.171-192) London: RoutledgeFalmer.
[6] Drent, M. &Meelissen, M. (2008). Which factors obstruct or stimulate teacher educators to use ICT innovatively?. Computers and Education, 51(1), 187-199.
[7] Egbule, P.E. (2012). The Centrality of vocational and technical education in a poor and skills- short economy.Nigeria Vocational Association Journal, 17(2), 1-8.
[8] Eyovwunu, D. (2016). Application of information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Secondary Schools in Warri Metropolis of Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Vocational and Technical Education 2(1), 31-41
[9] Gulbahar, Y. (2008). ICT usage in higher education. A case study on pre-service teachers and instructors.The Turkish online Journal of Education Technology(TOJET), 7 (1), 32-37.
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[12] Jabaka, S.M. &Danbaba, N.M utilization in Basic Education in Nigeria. From https?//www.academia.edu/8520689/BARREIRS TO ICT UTILIZATION IN BASIC EDUCATION IN NIGERIA ON 31/07/018.
[13] Jude, W. I. &Dankaro, J.T. (2012).ICT resource utilization, availability and accessibility by teacher educators for instructional development in College of Education Katsina – Ala.New Media andMass Communication, 3.Retrieved on October 21, 2014 from www.iiste.org.
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[15] NCCE (2010a): Science and technology standards for teacher educators in Nigeria Colleges of Education. Abuja, Nigeria: Author.
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[18] Olafare, F. O.; Adeyanju, L.O. &Fakorede, S.O. A. (2017).Colleges of Education Lecturers attitude towards the use of Information and Communication Technology in Nigeria.Malaysian Online Journal of Education Sciences, 5(4), 1-12.
[19] Ololube, N.P. (2006). Appraising the relationship between ICT usage and integration and the standard teacher education programmes in a developing economy.International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT) 2(3), 70-85
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ALFRED, Sabastine Bamidele (PhD), EKHOVBIYE , Michael Osayame “Proficiency of Vocational Teacher Educators and Availability of Information and Communication Technology Resources for Effective Instruction in Colleges of Education, South-South, Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.208-215 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/208-215.pdf

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Application of Takaful Operational Guidelines 2013 and Insurance Act 2003 in Nigeria: Matters Arising and the Way Forward

Mohammed Babakano Aliyu, Ibrahim Muhammad Ahmad, Aishatu Kyari Sandabe- November 2021- Page No.: 216-221

The Nigerian insurance industry has a history of lack of penetration and patronage in some parts of the country. The persistent insurance gap has prospered in financially excluding and underserving the majority of the populace. In 2013, National Insurance Commission (NAICOM), the statutory body responsible for the regulation and supervision of insurance business in Nigeria introduced the Takaful (Islamic Insurance) Operational Guidelines which is adjudged as an avenue for increasing insurance penetration being a Shari‘ah compliant product thereby bridging the endemic insurance gap. However, some provisions of the Takaful Operational Guidelines are in conflicts with certain provisions of the Insurance Act which left a vacuum in simultaneous application of the laws, a situation that affects the operation of Takaful sector in the country. This paper analyses some grey areas of conflicts in the Takaful Operational Guidelines and the Insurance Act 2004 with a view to resolving and harmonizing the legal frameworks. The study adopted a qualitative methodology of legal research which involved analysis of existing literature and interviews. The study concludes that the Operational Guidelines 2013 issued by NAICOM for smooth operation of Takaful business and the Insurance Act 2003 are inadequate as they left certain regulatory gaps that need to be filled in. Thus, the study recommends, amongst other things, that a comprehensive and robust Takaful Act to be enacted; and a review of the operational guidelines to safeguard the nascent Takaful industry with a clear delineation of authority between the Takaful guidelines and the Insurance Act.

Page(s): 216-221                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 30 November 2021

 Mohammed Babakano Aliyu
LLB, LLM, Ph.D, BL, Senior Lecturer, Department of Shari’ah, Faculty of Law, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria

 Ibrahim Muhammad Ahmad
LLB, LLM, Ph.D, BL, Senior Lecturer, Department of Shari’ah, Faculty of Law, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria

 Aishatu Kyari Sandabe
LLB, LLM, Ph.D, BL, Senior Lecturer, Department of Shari’ah, Faculty of Law, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria

References are not available.

Mohammed Babakano Aliyu, Ibrahim Muhammad Ahmad, Aishatu Kyari Sandabe, “Application of Takaful Operational Guidelines 2013 and Insurance Act 2003 in Nigeria: Matters Arising and the Way Forward” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.216-221 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/216-221.pdf

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Book Review Title: Mobility and Migration in Asian Pacific Higher Education. Authors: Deane Neubauer and Kazuo Kuroda. Publisher: New York, United States: Palgrave Macmillan Publishers, 2012. Page: 240 pp. Price: Hardcover $110.00. ISBN: 978-1-137-01508-2

Polwasit Lhakard – November 2021- Page No.: 222-224

This book helps in a better understanding on the increasing mobility in Asian Pacific Higher Education and formats of migration through education exchange. It was written by long-time experts and researchers in the area, which makes readers can see examples clearly. There are three parts to the structure. The first part includes chapters 1-2, which are about creating a conceptual framework and theory. The second part includes chapters 3-12, which are about case studies in each country. The last part is in chapter 13, which is a knowledge summary in the overall picture. The detail of each chapter is as follow:

Page(s): 222-224                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 30 November 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51114

 Polwasit Lhakard
International Doctoral Program in Asia-Pacific Studies (IDAS), College of Social Science, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan

[1] Chuing Prudence Chou and Jonathan Spangler .(2018).Cultural and Educational Exchanges between Rival Societies Cooperation and Competition in an Interdependent World. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
[2] Chan, David and Pak Tee Ng. (2008). “Similar Agendas, Diverse Strategies: The Quest for a Regional Hub of Higher Education in Hong Kong and Singapore.”Higher Education Policy .
[3] Global University Network for Innovation. (2007). Higher Education in the World 2007: Accreditation for Quality Assurance: What is at Stake ?. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
[4] Kivowitz, E.(2007). November 15, “UCLA Rated in Top 10 in U.S. for Foreign Students, Students Studying Abroad.” UCLA Newsroom . Available online at: www.newsroom.ucla.edu (accessed July, 30 2021).
[5] Watanabe, Toshio, ed. (2004). Higashi Ajia Shijo Togo Heno Michi (The Path toward East Asia Market Integration). Tokyo: Keisoshobo.

Polwasit Lhakard, “Book Review Title: Mobility and Migration in Asian Pacific Higher Education. Authors: Deane Neubauer and Kazuo Kuroda. Publisher: New York, United States: Palgrave Macmillan Publishers, 2012. Page: 240 pp. Price: Hardcover $110.00. ISBN: 978-1-137-01508-2” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.222-224 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51114

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Supervision of the Environmental Service of Central Sulawesi Province in Waste Management Undata Palu Hospital

Fatmasari Said, Muhammad Basir-Cyio, Nawawi Natsir – November 2021- Page No.: 225-233

This study aimed to determine the supervision of the Environmental Service of Central Sulawesi Province in managing waste at Undata Palu Hospital. This type of research is descriptive, with the number of informants as many as 13 people, which is determined using the purposive technique. The data analysis method uses three steps: data condensation, presenting data (data display) and drawing conclusions or verification (conclusion drawing and verification). Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the supervision of hospital waste management by the Central Sulawesi Environmental Service had not run optimally, this was due to the limited number of human resources, and the competence of the supervisory officers from the Central Sulawesi Environmental Service was still limited. In terms of the equipment owned by the Central Sulawesi Environmental Service, the laboratory equipment for testing the validity of the data is still incomplete and operational vehicles are still limited in number and the lack of budget owned by the Central Sulawesi Environmental Service because each year the budget obtained is still minimal. Schedule The implementation of control carried out by the Central Sulawesi Environmental Service is still not optimal, where in the last three years, regular (scheduled) monitoring has no longer been carried out, only reports in the form of documents on the implementation of environmental management are used as a reference for the Environment Agency in monitoring The performance of hospitals in managing their waste, this happened because after the disaster that hit Palu City at the end of 2018 ago, the implementation of supervision could not be carried out maximally, because the activities of institutions, both hospitals and the Environmental Service, were still focused on improving the facilities and infrastructure of the agency.

Page(s): 225-233                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 30 November 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51115

 Fatmasari Said
Social Science Study Program Postgraduate Doctoral Program, Tadulako University, Palu-Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

 Muhammad Basir-Cyio
Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Palu-Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

 Nawawi Natsir
Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Tadulako University, Palu-Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

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Fatmasari Said, Muhammad Basir-Cyio, Nawawi Natsir “Supervision of the Environmental Service of Central Sulawesi Province in Waste Management Undata Palu Hospital” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.225-233 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51115

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Square Peg in a Round Hole: Stories of The Non-English Major Teachers Teaching English Subjects

Norhan C. Jalmaani- November 2021- Page No.: 234-241

The purpose of this phenomenological inquiry is to describe the lived experiences of the non-English major teachers teaching English subjects. In-depth interview and focused group discussion were employed in the study in data collection. Findings revealed that out-of-field teachers experience difficulties and burden while in the situation. To cope with the phenomenon, participants reported to use different mechanisms which include keeping a positive attitude and making efforts in self-improvement. In terms of the insights of the participants towards out-of-field teaching, three themes were generated involving seeing it as a positive experience, a challenging experience, and a human resource problem. Based on the generated themes, it is implied that the role of the school heads and administrators is of much importance in the welfare of the teachers. The number one goal of the school heads is to minimize, as much as possible, the instances of out-of-field teaching in the school. Should it be inevitable, the school heads must provide these teachers with the necessary support they needed to perform well in the subject loads assigned to them.

Page(s): 234-241                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 30 November 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51116

 Norhan C. Jalmaani
Department of Education, Schools Division of Davao de Oro, Philippines

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Norhan C. Jalmaani, “Square Peg in a Round Hole: Stories of The Non-English Major Teachers Teaching English Subjects” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.234-241 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51116

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Teachers’ Awareness and Participation in the School-Based Teacher Development Programme in Mathugama Education Zone

Sandamali Tennakoon, F. M. Nawastheen – November 2021- Page No.: 242-245

Teacher professional development is directly related to student educational achievements. School-based teacher development programmes in Sri Lanka have been implemented at the school level recently. The study aimed to find out the status of awareness about SBTD and the participation of teachers in the SBTD programme. In addition, it also aimed to identify the nature of activities done in schools under the SBTD programme. The study employed a survey research design and the collected data from a sample of 48 teachers selected randomly from Mathugama Education Zone in Sri Lanka. Frequency and percentage used for analysis for data. Data analysis showed that teachers in the zone were aware of the school-based development and its various activities implemented at their schools. However, there was a lack of teacher participation in some activities where teachers might get hands-on experiences related to their profession. Therefore, the researchers recommended that school principals ensure teachers’ involvement in the SBTD activities by finding out the reasons behind the lack of participation.

Page(s): 242-245                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 30 November 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51117

 Sandamali Tennakoon
Bilingual Education Branch, Ministry of Education, Isurupaya, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka

 F. M. Nawastheen
Department of Secondary & Tertiary Education, Faculty of Education, The Open University of Sri Lanka.

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[10] Silva, K.T., Sethunga, P., Jayasuriya, J., and Sugathapala, R.D. (2007). The Study on School-Based Teacher Development Programmes.Retrievedfrom http://arts.pdn.ac.lk/education/images/SBTD%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf
[11] Yoon, K. S., Duncan, T., Lee, S. W. Y., Scarloss, B., and Shapley, K. (2007). Reviewing the evidence on how teacher professional development affects student achievement. Issues and Answers Report, REL2007-No.033. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Southwest.

Sandamali Tennakoon, F. M. Nawastheen, “Teachers’ Awareness and Participation in the School-Based Teacher Development Programme in Mathugama Education Zone” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.242-245 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51117

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Effects of Menstrual Hygiene Management on girls’ Academic Performance in selected secondary schools of Senanga District, Western Zambia

Mushinga Kapelwa Mooto – November 2021- Page No.: 246-251

This study defined academic performance as the ability of school going girls to execute class work and other related curricular tasks timely, exhaustively and satisfactorily after a successful learning and teaching experience.
It sought to bring out the difficulties that were faced by girls in Menstrual Hygiene Management through the effects Menstrual Hygiene Management has on girls’ participation in school and how supportive to Menstrual Hygiene Management the selected Secondary Schools were.
The study was a descriptive case study. It was qualitative in nature. Sample size was 48; 45 girls and 03 guidance and counseling teachers from 03 secondary schools. Simple random sampling was used with girls while extreme case sampling was used with Guidance and Counseling teachers. Data collection was done using questionnaires, interview guides and observation checklist.
From the point of view of the definition of academic performance used, the study concluded that MHM had negative effects on the academic performance of the girls. The difficulties brought about by inadequacies in facilities for MHM reduced attendance of the girls, impaired participation rendering the schools MHM unsupportive.
The study recommends that the schools access and adhere to the MHM National Guidelines to help reduce inequity arising from poor MHM and consequently improve the academic performance of the girls. Furthermore, the stakeholders are requested to explore the possibility of making the distribution of sanitary towels to school going girls a must. It further recommends that the making of reusable sanitary towels be taught to the learners as part of curricular and co-curricular engagement.

Page(s): 246-251                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 30 November 2021

 Mushinga Kapelwa Mooto
Department of Education & Professional Studies, Mongu College of Education, Mongu, Zambia

[1] UNESCO Puberty Education and Menstrual Hygiene Management, UNESCO: Paris, 2014
[2] WHO and BZgA. Standards for Sexuality Education Europe: a Framework for Policy makers, educational and health authorities and specialists, Cologne, 2010, http://www.bzga-whocc.de/?uid=072bde22237db64297daf76b7cb998f0&id=Seite4486 (accessed 07.01.14).
[3] K. Jothy and S. Kalaiselvl, “Is menstrual hygiene and management an issue for the rural adolescent school girls?” Elixir International Journal, Vol. 44, 2013., Pp. 7223 – 7228
[4] S. McMahon, P. Caruso, B. Obure, A. Ogutu, E. Ochari and R. Rheingans, “The girl with her period is the one to hang her head: Reflections on menstrual management among schoolgirls in rural Kenya,” BMC International Health and Human Rights, Vol. 11 (7), 2011, Pp. 1 – 10.
[5] J. Goldman, “Responding to parental objections to school sexuality education: A Selection of 12 Objections,” Sex Education, Vol. 8, 2008, Pp. 415 – 438
[6] World Bank, Toolkit on Hygiene Sanitation & Water in Schools: Gender Roles and Impact, 2005. http://www.wsp.org/wsp/hygiene-sanitation-water-toolkit/index.html accessed 12.04.14
[7] M. Sommer, “Where the Education System and Women’s bodies Collide: The Social and Health Impact of Girls Experiences of Menstruation and Schooling in Tanzania,” Journal of Adolescence, Vol. 33 (4), 2009, Pp. 521 – 529
[8] N. Kristof & S. WuDuwunn, Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, Knopf, 2009
[9] E. Oster & R. Thornton, “Menstruation, Sanitary Products and School Attendance: Evidence from Randomized Evaluation,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2010, Pp. 1 – 13
[10] G. Nanda, J. Lupele, and J. Theraldson, “Menstrual Hygiene Management among School girls in Eastern Province of Zambia: Qualitative Research Final Report,” USAID/WASHplus, Washington, DC, 2016,
[11] Curriculum Development Center, Zambia Education Curriculum Framework 2013, Lusaka, CDC, 2013
[12] T. Crofts, “Will they Cotton on? An Investigation into Schools Girls Use of Low-cost Sanitary Pads in Uganda,” Unpublished MSc Dissertation, WEDC, Loughborough University, UK, 2010
[13] P. Montgomery, CR. Ryus, SC. Dolan, S. Dopson and L. M. Scott, “Sanitary Pad Interventions for Girls’ Education in Ghana: A Pilot Study,” PLoS One, Vol. 7 (10), 2012, Pp. 1 – 10
[14] S. Cavill, T. Mahon & S. House, Menstrual hygiene matters; a resource for improving menstrual hygiene around the world, N/A: WaterAid, 2012
[15] C. L. Travers, No one cares we’re bleeding: the place of menstrual management in humanitarian response, Unpublished Master degree thesis in International Humanitarian Action, Uppsala University, 2015.
[16] S. House, T. Mahon, and S. Cavil, Menstrual Hygiene Management Matters: A Resource for improving Menstrual Hygiene Management Around the World, 2013.
[17] A. C. Neilson, Sanitation Protection: Every Women’s Health Right, Plan, India, 2010
[18] A. Fehr, Stress, Menstruation and School Attendance: Effects of Water Access among Adolescent Girls in South Gandar, Ethiopia, Care, 2010,
[19] Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ), Menstrual Hygiene Management National Guidelines 2016, Ministry of Education, Lusaka, 2016

Mushinga Kapelwa Mooto “Effects of Menstrual Hygiene Management on girls’ Academic Performance in selected secondary schools of Senanga District, Western Zambia” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.246-251 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/246-251.pdf

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Factors Associated with Adherence to Covid-19 Preventive Measures among Residents of Ojodu Local Council Development Area, Lagos State, Nigeria

Oduyoye, Omobola Oyebola, Chinenye-Julius, Augusta Ezinne, Oresegun, Adepeju Aderinsola, Adejumo, Oluwagbemiga Joshua- November 2021- Page No.: 252-258

Background: Considering the global spread of COVID-19 without a definite treatment, health authorities have designed non-pharmaceutical interventions to combat the spread of COVID-19. However, the community’s poor adherence towards the laid down COVID-19 preventive measures remain a major public health challenge. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures among residents of Ojodu Local Council Development Area, Lagos State, Nigeria.
Methodology: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The target population comprised of 422 apparently healthy male and female residents of Ojodu LCDA between 17 and 50 years. The research instrument used for this study was a structured, pretested questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of SPSS version 23.
Results: More than half of the respondents (64.7%) had good adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures, 56.2% had good knowledge about COVID-19 pandemic and 52.8% had favorable attitude towards COVID-19 preventive measures. Residents who had poor knowledge were 0.04 times less likely to adhere to COVID-19 preventive measures (AOR: 0.041; 95%CI: 0.022, 0.0.074) than those who had good knowledge while those who had unfavorable attitude towards COVID-19 preventive measures were 0.318 times less likely to adhere to COVID-19 preventive measures (AOR: 0.318; 95%CI: 0.180, 0.0.563).
Conclusion: Ojodu residents demonstrated good knowledge, favorable attitude, and good adherence towards COVID-19 preventive measures. Significant predictors of adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures included knowledge and attitude towards COVID-19 preventive measures. There is the need to beef up cogent measures by the government to ensure that the general population comply with the COVID-19 preventive measures and increase their knowledge regarding the reality of COVID-19 and its prevention guidelines.

Page(s): 252-258                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 01 December 2021

 Oduyoye, Omobola Oyebola
Department of Public Health, School of Public and Allied Health, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria

 Chinenye-Julius, Augusta Ezinne
Department of Public Health, School of Public and Allied Health, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria

 Oresegun, Adepeju Aderinsola
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

 Adejumo, Oluwagbemiga Joshua
Department of Public Health, School of Public and Allied Health, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria

[1] Abate, H., & Mekonnen, C.K. (2020). Knowledge, Attitude, and Precautionary Measures Towards COVID-19 Among Medical Visitors at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital Northwest Ethiopia. Infection and Drug Resistance, 13, 4355–4366
[2] Azene, Z.N., Merid, M.W., Muluneh, A.G., Geberu, D.M., Kassa, G.M., Yenit, M.K.., et al. (2020). Adherence towards COVID-19 mitigation measures and its associated factors among Gondar City residents: A community-based cross-sectional study in Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 15(12): e0244265. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244265
[3] Banik, R., Rahman, M., Sikder, M.T., Rahman, Q.M., Pranta, M.R. (2021). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to the COVID-19 pandemic among Bangladeshi youth: a web-based cross-sectional analysis. Zeitschrift fur Gesundheitswissenschaften Journal of Public Health. DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01432-7.
[4] Bante, A., Mersha, A., Tesfaye, A., Tsegaye, B., Shibiru, S., Ayele, G., & Girma, M. (2021). Adherence with COVID-19 Preventive Measures and Associated Factors among Residents of Dirashe District, Southern Ethiopia. Patient Preference and Adherence, 15, 237–249
[5] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) Different COVID-19 Vaccines. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines.html
[6] Dubé, E., Laberge, C., Guay, M., Bramadat, P., Roy, R., Bettinger, J. (2013). Vaccine hesitancy: An overview. Human Vaccine Immuotherapy, 9: 1763-1773
[7] Erfani, A., Shahriarirad, R., Ranjbar, K., Mirahmadizadeh, A. & Moghadami, M. (2020). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward the Novel Coronavirus (COVID 19) Outbreak: A Population-Based Survey in Iran. [Preprint]. Bulletin World Health Organization. E- pub. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.20.256651
[8] Furukawa, N.W., Brooks, J.T., Sobel, J. (2020). Evidence supporting transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 while presymptomatic or asymptomatic. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26.
[9] Kakemam, E., Ghoddoosi-Nejad, D., Chegini, Z., et al. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices among the general population during COVID-19 outbreak in Iran: a national cross-sectional online survey. Frontiers Public Health, 8:8. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020. 585302
[10] Kayode, O.R., Babatunde, O.A., Adekunle, O., Igbalajobi, M., Abiodun, A.K. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: Maximising the Extending Roles of Community Pharmacists in Nigeria in Driving Behavioural Changes in Public Health Interventions. Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 7(4): 205
[11] Khadka, S., Hashmi, F.K., Usman, M. (2020). Preventing COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries. Drugs and Therapy Perspectives, 13: 1-3
[12] Nigeria Center for Disease Control (2021). COVID-19: Taming the third wave amidst emergence of Delta variant in Nigeria, Weekly Epidemiological Report (Week 28: 12th – 18th July, 2021). NCDC, 12(28): 03/08/2021
[13] Nigeria Centre for Disease Control. IHR Implementation in Nigerian Law. Nigeria Centre for Disease Control; 2020. Available from: https://ncdc.gov.ng/themes/common/docs/protocols/116_1580654680.pdf
[14] Omoronyia, O., Ekpenyong, N., Ukweh, I., & Mpama, E. (2020). Knowledge and practice of COVID-19 prevention among community health workers in rural Cross River State, Nigeria: implications for disease control in Africa. Pan African Medical Journal, 37(50)
[15] Reuben, R.C., Danladi, M.M.A., Saleh, D.A., & Ejembi, P.E. (2020). Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Towards COVID‑19: An Epidemiological Survey in North‑Central Nigeria. Journal of Community Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00881-1
[16] Roy, S. (2020). Low-income countries are more immune to COVID-19: A misconception. Indian Journal of Medical Science, 72(1), 5-7
[17] Sharma, A., Tiwari, S., Deb, M.K., Marty, J.L. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): a global pandemic and treatment strategies. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 56: 106054.
[18] World Health Organization (2020). COVID-19: Operational Guidance For Maintaining Essential Health Services During An Outbreak: Interim Guidance, 25 March 2020. World Health Organization, 2020
[19] World Health Organization (2021). Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic situation report. WHO, Geneva
[20] Zhong, B.L. (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: A quick online cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 2020; 16:1745-1752.

Oduyoye, Omobola Oyebola, Chinenye-Julius, Augusta Ezinne, Oresegun, Adepeju Aderinsola, Adejumo, Oluwagbemiga Joshua, “Factors Associated with Adherence to Covid-19 Preventive Measures among Residents of Ojodu Local Council Development Area, Lagos State, Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.252-258 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/252-258.pdf

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Status of Implementation of Physical Education in Primary Schools in Uasin Gishu County Kenya

Rose Atoni – November 2021- Page No.: 259-263

Physical education (PE) programs ensure that students continue to receive health and fitness and this can improve their academic proficiency. But, the implementation of PE is inhibited by many barriers key among them being teachers’ perception. Notably a PE teacher perception may play a role on how their attitudes, confidence and ultimately behavior towards PE implementation are shaped. This could result in regarding PE as a non-important activity that acts as a means of compensating for other academic work. This study sought to investigate the extent to which PE is being implemented in public primary schools,. The study was guided by the covariation model. The sample consisted of 13 public primary schools and 162 teachers. Cross-sectional descriptive survey design was employed to conduct the study. The research instruments used were questionnaire for the teachers, interview guide for the head teachers and PE panel chairperson and an observation checklist. Data collection was done by self administration of the questionnaire. Face to face Interviews for the head teachers and PE panel chairpersons were conducted at their convenient time and the researcher used the observation checklist to ascertain PE activities in schools. Quantitative data was coded and summarized into means, frequencies and percentages with the help of SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences). Qualitative data obtained from open-ended questions on the questionnaire, interview guide and observation checklist was summarized into themes as they emerged from the responses and presented in a narrative form. The study revealed that PE implementation is low in public primary schools, Recommendations made include: The Ministry of education through the QASO to device ways of visiting schools so as to advice and direct teachers on the methodologies to use so as to implement PE as prescribed in the syllabus, organize seminars and workshops for teachers at the county level so as to enable the teachers update their knowledge and skills on PE teaching. The Ministry of education and the curriculum developers should infuse in the primary school syllabus PE competitions and award the pupils who do well in these activities as well as promoting the teachers involved as this can influence the perception of teachers. The government should put up special schools meant to teach sports and other talents discovered in children.

Page(s): 259-263                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 01 December 2021

 Rose Atoni
Department of Education, The Catholic University of Eastern Africa , Kenya

[1] Hardman, K., & Marshall. J.J. (2001). World – wide survey on the state and status of physical education in school (pp 15-36).In G.Doll-Tapper and D.Scoretz (eds)World Summit on Physical Education. Berlin: International Council for Sport Science and Physical Education.l.
[2] Jinhee, K., & Taggart, A. (2004). Teachers’ perception of the culture of physical education .Issues in Educational Research 14.
[3] Kinyanjui, L. (1997). Availability and utilization of instructional media resources. Published M.e.d dissertation: Kenyatta University.
[4] Kipngetich.K.E.J., & Too.K.J.(2012). Teaching physical education as a fundamental right.PHD dissertation: Moi University.
[5] Mafuniko, F. M. S. &Pangani, N .I.(2008). Physical Education in Tanzania secondary schools: Perceptions towards physical education as an academic Discipline. Journal of Internal Education Coopperation, 3, 51-61.
[6] Morgan, D. & Hansen, V. (2008). Classroom teachers’ Perception of the impact of barriers to teaching physical education on the quality of physical education programs. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79, 506 – 516.
[7] Mugenda, O. M. & Mugenda, A.G. (2003). Research Methods: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Nairobi: Acts press.
[8] Nyakweba, O. (2012). Status of PE in secondary schools in Butere division Kenya. Med.Kenyatta university.
[9] Petrie, K., Jones, A., & McKim, A. (2007). Effective professional learning in physical activity. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Education.
[10] Republic of Kenya (2002). Primary Education Syllabus Vol 2. Nairobi: Kenya Institute of Education.
[11] Sarah, A.W. (2007).The effect of professional development on physical education teachers ‘use of assessment in the classroom. PHD. dissertation Virginia polytechnic institute and state university; Blacksburg VA.
[12] Taylor, P. (2000). Physical education and sport in learning together: Directions for education in the Fiji Islands. Government printer Suva,Fiji.
[13] Tembo, J.M. (2002). A physical education curriculum plan for Malawi. PHD dissertation Viginia Polytechnic institute and state university, Malawi.
[14] Xiang, P., Lowy, S., & McBride, R. (2002). The impact of a field based elementary physical education methods course on pre-service classroom teachers’ belief. Journal of teaching in physical education, 21,145-161.

Rose Atoni, “Status of Implementation of Physical Education in Primary Schools in Uasin Gishu County Kenya” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.259-263 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/259-263.pdf

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Quality of Work-Life and Happiness at Work towards Job Satisfaction Mediated by Organizational Commitment at Pt. North Sumatra Plantations

Shania Nabila Br. Simamora, Winda Ardiani, Sopi Pentana- November 2021- Page No.: 264-269

The purpose of his research seeks to analyze the effect of quality of work life and happiness at work on job satisfaction mediated by organizational commitment at PT. Perkebunan Sumatera Utara. This associative research employed a quantitative approach method, using a questionnaire as a means of collecting data. The data were then analyzed with the help of SPSS version 26 software.
The research population consisted of the employees at PT. Perkebunan Sumatera Utara. totaling 180 people. The Slovin formula method was used sampling technique, obtaining 124 people as research samples. The data analysis techniques used to answer the research hypothesis included Sobel test. The research results revealed that the variables of quality of work life and happiness at work have a positive and significant effect towards job satisfaction. Quality of work life and happiness at work have a positive and significant effect towards job satisfaction mediated by organizational commitment at PT. Perkebunan Sumatera Utara.

Page(s): 264-269                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 02 December 2021

 Shania Nabila Br. Simamora
Faculty of Economic and Business, Universitas Harapan, Medan, Indonesia

 Winda Ardiani
Faculty of Economic and Business, Universitas Harapan, Medan, Indonesia

 Sopi Pentana
Faculty of Economic and Business, Universitas Harapan, Medan, Indonesia

[1] Anggraini, R. (2018). Hubungan kepuasan kerja terhadap kebahagiaan di tempat kerja pada karyawan PT pos indonesia pekanbaru. Psychopolytan (Jurnal Psikologi), 2(1), 28-35.
[2] Arifin, A. R. (2020). The mediating role of organizational commitment: A supply chain management for examining the effect of quality of work life and job satisfaction on employee performance. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 9(4), 255-256.
[3] Bataineh, K. (2019). Impact of Work-Life Balance, Happiness at Work, on Employee Performance. International business research, 12(2), 99-112.
[4] Fitrio, T. A. (2019). The Effect of Job Satisfaction to Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Mediated by Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 7(09), 1300-1311.
[5] Hamidi, J. A. (2016). PENGARUH KUALITAS KEHIDUPAN KERJA DAN KINERJA GURU TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA GURU SMA NEGERI DI KOTA MATARAM. jurnal ilmiah profesi penddikan, 1, 186-197.
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[8] Nurul, C. R. (2019). Pengaruh Kualitas Kehidupan Kerja, Motivasi Kerja, Dan Kepuasan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan (Studi Pada PT. Djarum Kudus). Journal of Management, 8(3), 128-137.
[9] Pramudena, S. H. (2019). The effect of quality of worklife and job satisfaction on organizational commitment. The Management Journal of Binaniaga, 4(1), 23-36.
[10] Ramadhoan. (2015). KUALITAS KEHIDUPAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN MELALUI KOMITMEN ORGANISASI DAN KEPUASAN KERJA SEBAGAI VARIABEL ANTARA (INTERVENING VARIABEL). ekonomi pembangunan, 13, 199-217.
[11] Robbie, R. (2020). Dampak Emotional Intelligent Dan Happiness At Work Dalam Membentuk Komitmen Organisasional. manajemen dan kewirausahaan, 5(2), 164-175.
[12] Sarianti, R. M. (2017). PENGARUH KEADILAN ORGANISASI TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN YANG DIMEDIASI OLEH KOMITMEN ORGANISASI. Jurnal Kajian Manajemen Bisnis, 6(2), 105-117.
[13] Stankevičiūtė, Ž. S. (2021). The impact of job insecurity on employee happiness at work: A case of robotised production line operators in furniture industry in Lithuania. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(3), 1-20.
[14] Swapma, M. (2015). Quality of work life metrics as a predictor of job satisfaction and organizational commitment: A study with special reference to information technology industry. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(3), 170-176.
[15] Tjiabrata, W. L. (2021). KEBAHAGIAAN DI TEMPAT KERJA TERHADAP KETERIKATAN KARYAWAN PADA PT PLN ( PERSERO ) UP3 MANADO THE EFFECT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE , QUALITY OF WORK LIFE AND WORK PLACE HAPPINESS ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT AT PT PLN ( PERSERO ) UP3 MANADO Oleh : Jurnal EMBA Vo. EMBA, 9(2), 458-468.
[16] Wahyuni S (2020). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan dan Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan Pada PT Integra Trustindo Utama Pekanbaru.

Shania Nabila Br. Simamora, Winda Ardiani, Sopi Pentana, “Quality of Work-Life and Happiness at Work towards Job Satisfaction Mediated by Organizational Commitment at Pt. North Sumatra Plantations” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.264-269 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/264-269.pdf

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Laparoscopic myomectomy: A retrospective analysis of 432 cases

Madhuka Rajakaruna, Dhammike Silva, Supun Adeesha, Rukshani Edirisinghe- November 2021- Page No.: 270-274

Method: This is a retrospective study to analyzed data from 432 women who had undergone laparoscopic myomectomy at Colombo south teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka during the period of 10 years
Results: Mean age of the population was 35.5 years (SD 6.083) and majority were nulliparous (67%). Single fibroid found in 168 patients (38.9%) , fibroids 2-4 found in 199 patients (46.1%) and fibroids 5-10 found in 65 patients (15%). Mean blood loss was 159.4 +/- 68.03 ml while mean operative time was 124 +/- 49.6 minutes. Mean operative time is 92.23 minute for fibroid size less than 8cm vs 178.9 minute for fibroid more than 12cm. Mean blood is 115.25ml for fibroid less than 8cm vs 238.27ml for fibroid size more than 12cm. Mean operative time and blood loss are increased with posterior wall and broad ligament fibroids . However it is not statistically significant ( P Value 0.006 and 0.008 respectively) . Prolonged operative time did not impact on surgical out comes in terms of hospital stay and blood transfusion.
Conclusion: In experienced and expert hand, laparoscopic myomectomy is a safer procedure with good surgical out comes and low complication rate. Operative time and blood loss mainly associated with size of largest fibroid and number of fibroids. Open myomectomy may be benefit for number of fibroids > 10 when considering completeness of surgery. Hand morcellation through suprapubic port is a safe and effective method of specimen retrieval in laparoscopic myomectomy.

Page(s): 270-274                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 01 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51118

 Madhuka Rajakaruna
Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka

 Dhammike Silva
Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka

 Supun Adeesha
Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka

 Rukshani Edirisinghe
Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka

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Madhuka Rajakaruna, Dhammike Silva, Supun Adeesha, Rukshani Edirisinghe, “Laparoscopic myomectomy: A retrospective analysis of 432 cases” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.270-274 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51118

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A Pilot Study on the Mediating Effect of Job Embeddednesss on the Relationship between Quality of Work Life and Organizational Commitment

Musa, Leah, Garba, Bala Bello, Aliyu, Muktar Daneji – November 2021- Page No.: 275-281

The purpose of this paper is to examine a few sample data on the impact of quality of work life on organizational commitment with the mediating effect of job embeddedness in higher institutions of learning in Taraba State, Nigeria. A survey research was conducted with some questionnaire distributed. Thus, content and face validity, reliability and data normality are considered, after analyzing the data some items that correlated low with other items were deleted, in whichthe reliability of the scale is improved. The result showed that the Cronbach’s Alpha is above the minimum threshold,It is therefore concluded that the items are reliable for future research and it is recommended that the items can be used for future studies.

Page(s): 275-281                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 01 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51119

 Musa, Leah
Department of Business Administration Federal University, Wukari, Nigeria

 Garba, Bala Bello
Department of Business Administration and Entrepreneurship Bayero University Kano, Nigeria

 Aliyu, Muktar Daneji
Department of Business Administration and Entrepreneurship Bayero University Kano, Nigeria

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Musa, Leah, Garba, Bala Bello, Aliyu, Muktar Daneji, “A Pilot Study on the Mediating Effect of Job Embeddednesss on the Relationship between Quality of Work Life and Organizational Commitment” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.275-281 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51119

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Effect of Control Environment on the Management of Public Funds in Busia County, Kenya

Oluoch Mariwa Francis, Dr. Ng’ang’a – November 2021- Page No.: 282-287

Organizations establish systems of internal control to help them achieve performance and organizational goals, prevent loss of resources, enable production of reliable reports and ensure compliance with laws and regulations. Despite the commendable progress, limited funding from the national government is constraining the ability of the County governments to fulfill their mandate. According to annual County Government Budget report of 2019 lack of proper accounting systems and poor county-level oversight has consistently encouraged abuse of the allocated public funds, delaying the quality of service and the county governments’ overall performance. This study investigated the effect of control environment on the management of public funds in Busia County, Kenya. This study employed a descriptive research design. The target population for this study was the County government of Busia. A total of 54 respondents participated in the study comprising of 10 finance officers and 44 support staff from the department of accounting and finance of the County. A census of 54 respondents was carried out. The study used primary data that was collected using questionnaires. Questionnaires were piloted to 5 respondents to assess the validity and reliability of the research instruments. In addition to that these respondents were not included in the final data collection process. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation and presented in form of tables and figures where applicable. The study further carried out inferential statistics that included correlation analysis and multiple regressions to determine the relationship between variables. The study found that control environment, control activities, internal audit and risk assessment had a positive and significant relationship with the management of public funds in Busia County, Kenya. The study concludes that the degree to which people know that they will be held accountable has a big impact on the control environment and control environment in the County are carried out with the help of accountability. The study recommends that the County should create effective control environment so that it may improve its efficiency in delivering value and meeting its strategic goals.

Page(s): 282-287                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 01 December 2021

 Oluoch Mariwa Francis
Department of Accounting and Finance, School of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya

 Dr. Ng’ang’a
Department of Accounting and Finance, School of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya

Books:
[1] Ahmed, S. O., & Nganga, P. (2019). Internal Control Practices and Financial Performance of County Governments in the Coastal Region of Kenya. International Journal of Current Aspects, 3(V), 28-41.
[2] Al-Hawatmeh, O. M., & Al-Hawatmeh, Z. M. (2016). Evaluation of Internal Control Units for the Effectiveness of Financial Control in Administrative Government Units: A Field Study in Jordan. European Scientific Journal, 12(13), 123 – 131
[3] Aramide, S. F., & Bashir, M. M. (2015). The effectiveness of internal control system and financial accountability at Local Government level in Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Business Management, 3(8), 1 – 6.
[4] Aziz, M., Said, J., & Alam, M. (2015). Assessment of the practices of internal control system in the public sectors of Malaysia. Aziz, MAA, Said, J., and Alam, MM, 4(1), 43 – 62.
[5] Babatunde, M. A., & Olaniran, O. (2017). The effects of internal and external mechanism on governance and performance of corporate firms in Nigeria. Corporate ownership & control, 7(2), 330 – 344
[6] Berger, T. L., & Luckmann, T. (2011). The social construction of reality: A treatise on the sociology of knowledge. Harmondsworth, UK: Pengui
[7] Cheruiyot, M. P., Namusonge, G. S., & Sakwa, M. (2018). Influence of Internal Control Practices on Performance of County Governments in Kenya. International Journal of Social Sciences and Information Technology, 4(8), 224-234.
[8] Cheruiyot, P. M., Oketch, J. R., Namusonge, G.S. & Sakwa, M. (2017). Effects of Public Financial Management Practices on Performance in Kericho County Government, Kenya: A critical Review. International Journal of Education and Research, 5 (12), 211-224
[9] Dumicic, M. (2016). Financial Stability Indicators–The Case of Croatia. Journal of central banking theory and practice, 5(1), 113-140
[10] Edmonds, C. T., Edmonds, J. E., Vermeer, B. Y., & Vermeer, T. E. (2017). Does timeliness of financial information matter in the governmental sector? Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 36(2), 163 – 176
[11] Eton, M., Murezi, C., Fabian, M., & Benard, P. O. (2018). Internal control systems and financial accountability in Uganda: A case of selected districts in western Uganda. (Master’s Project, Kabale University)
[12] Feiveson, L. (2015). General revenue sharing and public sector unions. Journal of Public Economics, 125, 28-45
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[14] Ishola, S. A., Abikoye, O. A., & Olajide, R. A. (2015). Effect of Internal Control System in Nigeria Public Sectors: A Case Study of Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(6), 1093 – 1105
[15] Kinyua, J. B. (2016). Determinants of Capital Structure of Agricultural Firms in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi)
[16] Kromidha, E., & Cordoba-Pachon, J. R. (2017). Discursive Institutionalism for reconciling change and stability in digital innovation public sector projects for development. Government Information Quarterly, 34(1), 16-25
[17] Lerno, D. L. (2016). Relationship between internal controls and performance of county government in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
[18] Makgatho, K. E. (2013). Effectiveness of internal control mechanisms in monitoring financial resources at the Gauteng Department of Education (Doctoral dissertation, North-West University).
[19] Mawanda, S. P. (2018). Effects of internal control systems on financial performance in an institution of higher learning in Uganda, (Master’s Project, Kampala University)
[20] Meyer, H. D., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutional analysis and the study of education. The new institutionalism in education, 1(2), 1-13
[21] Muhunyo, B. M., & Jagongo, A. O. (2018). Effect of internal control systems on financial performance of public institutions of higher learning in Nairobi City County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Doctoral dissertation, Kenyatta University).
[22] Omar, F. S., & Yussuf, S. (2020). Effect of Control Environment on the Financial Performance of Higher Learning Public Institutions in Zanzibar. International Journal of Scientific and Technical Research in Engineering (IJSTRE), 6(3), 18 – 25
[23] Oppong, S., Arora, R., Sachs, P., & Seidu, M. (2016). Appraisal of corporate governance in a lower middle income country: The case of Ghana. Accounting, 2(1), 37 – 44.
[24] Othman, R., Aris, N. A., Mardziyah, A., Zainan, N., & Amin, N. M. (2015). Fraud Detection and Prevention Methods in the Malaysian Public Sector: Accountants’ and Internal Auditors’ Perceptions. Procedia Economics and Finance, 28, 59 – 67
[25] Oyaro, O., & Angwenyi, O. (2016). Internal Control and Revenue Fund management among County governments in Kenya. International journal of Accounting, 1(3), 5 – 12
[26] Piper J. A. (2015). Determinant of Financial Control Systems, for Multiple, Retailers – some Case Study Evidence. Managerial Finance, 6(1), 53 – 63
[27] Rizaldi, A. (2015). Control environment analysis at government internal control system: Indonesia case. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 211, 844-850.
[28] Said, J., Alam, M., Ramli, M., & Rafidi, M. (2017). Integrating ethical values into fraud triangle theory in assessing employee fraud: Evidence from the Malaysian banking industry. Journal of International Studies, 10(2), 23 – 36
[29] Tarmuji, I., Maelah, R., & Tarmuji, N. H. (2016). The impact of environmental, social and governance practices (ESG) on economic performance: Evidence from ESG score. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 7(3), 67 – 76
[30] Wabwire, M. I., & Bogonko, J. B. (2019). Effect of Internal Controls on Public Finance Management of Busia County Government, Kenya. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 6(6), 65 – 81

Oluoch Mariwa Francis, Dr. Ng’ang’a “Effect of Control Environment on the Management of Public Funds in Busia County, Kenya” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.282-287 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/282-287.pdf

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Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Pregnant Women Attending a Selected Ante-Natal Care Clinic towards Gestational Hypertension in Lagos State, Nigeria

Oduyoye, Omobola Oyebola, Chukwura, Arinze Michael, Chinenye-Julius, Augusta Ezinne, Oresegun, Adepeju Aderinsola – November 2021- Page No.: 288-294

Introduction
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality. PIH affects about 6 – 10% of pregnancies around the world, however, hypertension and proteinuria which exist in preeclampsia are present in 2-8% of all pregnancies. High maternal mortality rate can be linked to inadequate knowledge, negative attitude and poor perception on gestational hypertension in pregnancy among pregnant women. This study determined the knowledge, attitudes and perception of pregnant women towards gestational hypertension in Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos state.
Methodology
This study employed a descriptive cross sectional study design. A total sampling technique was used to select 160 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos State. The Instrument for this study was a structured researcher administered questionnaire which was divided into 5 sections. Data were coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 22). Data was analyzed to give descriptive statistics (percentage and frequencies) and inferential statistics (correlation analysis). The level of significance used was 0.05.
Result
About (50.6%) of the respondents were between the ages of 21-25 years, 63.1% had secondary education while 75.6% were married. Almost half (48.8%) were civil servants while majority (75.6%) earned more than ₦20,000. Most (75.0%) of the respondents had good level of knowledge on gestational hypertension and (54.4%) had poor attitude towards prevention of gestational hypertension. More also, more than half of the respondents (55.0%) had good perception towards prevention of gestational hypertension. Furthermore, hypothesis result showed a significant correlation between history of gestational hypertension and predisposing factors (Knowledge r = 0.963, p = 0.000), (Attitude r = 0.327, p = 0.000). and (perception r = -0.199, p = 0.012).
Conclusion
Gestational hypertension in pregnancy has remained as one of the world’s most important health problem. Pregnancy is one of the most important periods of a woman, a family and a society. However, complications during pregnancy especially hypertension have negative effect on the woman and child birth which is the leading cause of death among women of reproductive age.

Page(s): 288-294                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 02 December 2021

 Oduyoye, Omobola Oyebola
Department of Public Health, School of Public and Allied Health, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria

 Chukwura, Arinze Michael
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

 Chinenye-Julius, Augusta Ezinne
Department of Public Health, School of Public and Allied Health, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria

 Oresegun, Adepeju Aderinsola
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

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Oduyoye, Omobola Oyebola, Chukwura, Arinze Michael, Chinenye-Julius, Augusta Ezinne, Oresegun, Adepeju Aderinsola, “Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Pregnant Women Attending a Selected Ante-Natal Care Clinic towards Gestational Hypertension in Lagos State, Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.288-294 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/288-294.pdf

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Peer Reviewing of Electronic Examinations In Tertiary Institutions: Is It Being Done? A Case Study of Selected Three Higher Education Institutions- Lusaka, Zambia

Patricia Mambwe, Jordan Tembo – November 2021- Page No.: 295-299

Peer reviewing of examinations at assessment design stage is a sustainable approach for quality. The objective of peer reviewing is to identify deficiencies which can potentially adulterate the validity, reliability and integrity of assessments. Before COVID-19 pandemic, higher learning institutions in Zambia, using the traditional paper-based examinations, provided flowing evidence of peer reviewing of examinations. The objective of this study was to find out whether universities peer reviewed electronic examinations. This study was conducted between May and August, 2021. 15 participants were purposively sampled from 2 private universities and 1 public university in Zambia. Using the single- interview per participant data collection method, this study found that peer reviewing of electronic examinations was not being done in all the 3 institutions of higher learning- no independent review for spelling deficiencies, poor wording, unclear verbs, confusing sentence structure, unbalanced number of questions testing students’ level of cognition, repetitions and other deficiencies that compromise reliability, validity and integrity of assessments was done before examinations were administered to students. This study recommends that Higher Education Authority (HEA) develop assessment standard guidelines for setting and moderating examinations for universities and other tertiary institutions. The study also recommends mandatory Professional Development conferences and seminars on peer review techniques of online exams for all academic staff in universities and other learning institutions.

Page(s): 295-299                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 02 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51120

 Patricia Mambwe
Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Rusangu University, Monze, Zambia

 Jordan Tembo
Kalindawalo General Hospitals, P.O.Box 560008, Petauke, Zambia

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[2] Australian Learning and Teaching Council (2021). Good practices in moderation of assessment in transnational education. Melbourne, Australia: Retrieved from http://resource.unisa.edu.au/course/view.php?id=285&topic=1.
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[6] Clements, M. D., & Cord, B. A. (2013). Assessment guiding learning: developing graduate qualities in an experiential learning programme. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 38(1), 114–124. Accessed from https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1001&context=buspapers@ 15:43 hours on 5/8/2021
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[19] University of South Australia (2020). How do you peer review online examinations? https://i.unisa.edu.au/siteassets/staff/tiu/documents/covid-19/peer-reviewing-your-online-examination.pdf

Patricia Mambwe, Jordan Tembo “Peer Reviewing of Electronic Examinations In Tertiary Institutions: Is It Being Done? A Case Study of Selected Three Higher Education Institutions- Lusaka, Zambia” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.295-299 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51120

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Analysis of Theft and Allied Offences under the English Laws: The Many “Whys” That Make the Nigeria Jurisprudence Preferable?

Peter A. Ocheme- November 2021- Page No.: 300-311

By way of breaking away from the traditional convention of legal validity even without codification, more particularly with respect to criminal justice administration, the English Parliament has evolved a trend to continually review their laws relating to theft and allied offences alongside the speed by which the offences/crimes are technologically carried out. The research undertakes a doctrinal review of the genealogical improvements associated with the legal regimes vis-a-vis the technological appliances being employed by those who engage in these criminal activities, which includes the Internet… The discoveries are not only in respect of the changes interrelating between law and practical realities, but also in respect of the variety of properties – visible and invisible; tangible and intangible, and including Land, that are now capable of being stolen. The research also reveals that unlike the situations in England — not even Wales, let alone the United Kingdom as a whole — the Nigerian laws in respect of Theft and allied offences have remain as static as they were first drafted before Independence, whereas the technologies which aid and abet the commission of these offences are all put in use in Nigeria as in England. The contributions to knowledge to be derived from this study are in the sphere of the current scope of proprietary criminal laws in England which inversely mirrors their Nigerian contemporaries as rather lame ducks; while absurdly, they all seemingly are operating within the same Common Law and also the Commonwealth league of Nations.

Page(s): 300-311                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 02 December 2021

 Peter A. Ocheme
Professor, School of Law, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria

References are not available

Peter A. Ocheme, “Analysis of Theft and Allied Offences under the English Laws: The Many “Whys” That Make the Nigeria Jurisprudence Preferable?” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.300-311 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/300-311.pdf

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Influence of Flood Risk Awareness Information on the Adaptive Behaviour of Residents in Flood Prone Areas in Southeast Nigeria

Gideon Uchechukwu Nwafor PhD- November 2021- Page No.: 312-324

Within the past decade, flood disaster had had a devastating effect on Nigerian communities destroying lives and property and displacing thousands of people. The aftermath of every flood disaster left marks to show that Nigeria has not put adequate mechanism in place to prevent and manage flood disaster occurrences especially in the flood prone areas. One major approach that can enhance proper mitigation of flood disasters is risk and behavioural change communication. This study, therefore, evaluated the influence of flood risk awareness information on the adaptive behavior of people living in flood prone areas in southeastern Nigeria. The main objective of the study was to ascertain if there is availability of flood risk awareness information, major source of information, influence of accessibility on diffusion, relationship between awareness, adoption, and adaptive behavior. Anchored on Reasoned Action Approach, Habermas’ Theory of Communicative Action and Media Synchronicity Theory, the researcher adopted the survey design in carrying out the study with a projected population of 21,298,033 and a sample size of 384 drawn using Krejcie and Morgan sample size determination table. Findings revealed that there is availability of flood risk awareness information which majority access mainly through radio/TV in form of early warning but limited or uneasy access to sources of flood risk awareness information hampers its diffusion which results to low adoption and affect their adaptive behavior. The researcher, therefore, recommended that community-based communication process using communication forms such as interpersonal, seminar; town hall meeting should be maximally utilized in creating disaster awareness and to complement effort of the TV and radio stations being used presently.

Page(s): 312-324                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 03 December 2021

 Gideon Uchechukwu Nwafor PhD
Department of Mass Communication, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Igbariam, Anambra State, Nigeria

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[6] Etuonovbe, A.K. (2011).The Devastating Effect of Flooding in Nigeria.” Hydrography and the Environment. A paper presented at the FIG Working Week. Marrakech, Morocco. 18-22
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[9] Green, C., & Penning-Rowsell, E. C., (2010). Stakeholder Engagement in Flood Risk Management. Flood Risk Science and Management, 372. Wiley.com
[10] Hagger, M.S., Chatzisarantis, N.L.D., & Biddle, S.J.H. (2002). A meta-analytic review of the theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour in physical activity: Predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24, 3-32.
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[18] Molinari, D. and Handmer, J. (2011). A behavioural model for quantifying flood warning effectiveness. Journal of Flood Risk Management, Vol. 4, No. 1 pp. 23-32
[19] Oke, M.O. Adeyinka, A.T. and Oluseyi, O.G. (2018). Media and disaster management: Analysing communication trends in flood-ravaged communities in Benue State, North Central Nigeria. Journal of Media and Communication Studies, Vol. 10(9), pp. 106-112,
[20] Okonkwo, A. U. and Onyeizugbe, R. U. (2017). Disaster Vulnerability, Severity of Flood Losses and Information Dissemination in Ogbaru Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Int’l Journal of Advances in Agricultural & Environmental Engg. (IJAAEE) Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 194 – 198
[21] Olajuyigbe, A.E., Rotowa, O.O., and Durojaye, E. (2012). An Assessment of Flood Hazard in Nigeria: The Case of Mile 12, Lagos. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 3(2), 367-375
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[23] Olawuyi, E. A and Adiamoh, A. G. (2015). Influence of Flood Risk Information on Perceived Risk Severity and Vulnerability among Inhabitants of Ibadan, South-West Nigeria. Journal of Communication and Media Research, Vol. 7 No. 1, pp 106-123
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Gideon Uchechukwu Nwafor PhD, “Influence of Flood Risk Awareness Information on the Adaptive Behaviour of Residents in Flood Prone Areas in Southeast Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.312-324 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/312-324.pdf

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School Closure during Covid-19 and Likely Impact on Dropout Behavior in Bangladesh: A Theoretical Analysis

S.M. Shahidul – November 2021- Page No.: 325-330

Among the countries, with the highest number of days of full school closures, Bangladesh is in third position in worldwide and first in the Asian countries caused by Covid-19. And Bangladesh is in the 28th position where children are at moderate or high risk of drop out from education. Therefore, the foremost purpose of this study is to explore the theories of school dropout to find out the underlying factors of drop out for the children during prolonged school closer due to outbreak of Covid-19 in Bangladesh. Based on the study of BRAC, this study exhibits the current scenario of education during Covid-19, Students’ spending time during lockdown, rate and causes not for participating in distance learning in Bangladesh. This study also explores the dropout theories which are Finn’s developmental theory of high school dropout, structural strains theory, Tinto’s theory of institutional departure, academic mediation theory. This study observed that some of the factors which are particularly relevant to school dropout in online/distance education system.

Page(s): 325-330                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 03 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51121

 S.M. Shahidul
Department of Education, Pundra University of Science & Technology, Bogura, Bangladesh

[1] Battin-Pearson, S. & Newcomb, Michael D. & Abbott, Robert D. & Hill, Karl G. & Catalano, Richard F. & Hawkins, J. David & Pressley (2000). Predictors of early high school dropout: A test of five theories. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol.92(3), pp.568-582.
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[5] Coe, R., Weidmann, B., Coleman, R., & Kay, J. (2020). Impact of school closures on the attainment gap: Rapid evidence assessment. London: Education Endowment Foundation (EEF). Retrieved 8 August 2020 from https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/35707/1/EEF_%282020%29_
[6] Farmer, T.W., Estell, D.B., Leung, M.C., Trott, H., Bishop, J., & Cairns, B.D. (2003). Individual characteristics, early adolescent peer affiliations, and school dropout: An examination of aggressive and popular group types. Journal of School Psychology, 41, 217-232.
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[12] Kuhfeld, Megan, James Soland, Beth Tarasawa, Angela Johnson, Erik Ruzek, Jing Liu (2020), “Projecting the Potential Impacts of Covid-19 School Closures on Academic Achievement”, EdWorkingPapers No. 20-226, Annenberg (May), Brown University.
[13] Packham, G., Jones, G., Miller, C., & Thomas, B. (2004). E-learning and retention: Key factors influencing student withdrawal. Education & Training, 46(6/7), 335-342.
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[17] Tinto, V. (1993). Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[18] Willging, P.A., & Johnson, S. D. (2004). Factors that influence students’ decision to dropout of online courses. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Network, 8(4), 105-118.

S.M. Shahidul, “School Closure during Covid-19 and Likely Impact on Dropout Behavior in Bangladesh: A Theoretical Analysis” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.325-330 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51121

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Finance Act 2020 and Stability of Nigerian Banks

Clement Adewole, PhD, John Damak, Victor Odumu – November 2021- Page No.: 331-341

The health of financial institutions in Nigeria at any point in time revolves around the policies enacted by regulatory authorities. Furthermore, other factors that militate against ability of the regulatory authorities are political interference, instability, corruption and inconsistent monetary and fiscal policies. Interestingly, Nigeria introduced the Tax and Fiscal Law amendments bill (The Finance Act 2020) to address obsolete tax laws and align these laws with global best practices. This study did an appraisal of the implication of the Finance Act 2020 on the stability of banks in Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive research design, a nonprobability judgment sample of 127 participants who are employees of 5 deposit money banks in Jos, the Plateau state capital. These bank employees responded to a re-validated 5 points Likert scale questionnaire. Data were analysed using quantitative techniques of spearman ranking correlation with aid of SPSSv25 to test the hypotheses. Results of statistical data analyses showed that CGTA Reform has significant effect on bank stability; CITA Reform has significant effect bank stability; and VATA Reform has significant effect on bank stability. The study concluded that a probable cause of the statistically significant positive relationships among the variables is the enormous potential benefits that comes with the reformed tax laws. The study recommended that some provisions of the Finance Act should be clear enough for individuals to understand tax laws, corporate taxes should be reduced to encourage corporate investment and then lastly it recommended that fiscal authorities should expand its VAT exempt list to include some services provided by banks in Nigeria which would ensure bank stability in Nigeria.

Page(s): 331-341                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 03 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51122

 Clement Adewole, PhD
Department of Banking and Finance University of Jos, Nigeria

 John Damak
Department of Banking and Finance University of Jos, Nigeria

 Victor Odumu
Department of Banking and Finance University of Jos, Nigeria

[1] Adegbie et al (2011). Company income tax and Nigerian economic development. European journal of social sciences, 22(2).
[2] Akpan, E.S. (2017). Banking System Stability and Return on Assets Relationship: Evidence from Nigeria. The Macrotheme Review. 6(1), pp. 46-55.
[3] Borio, C. (2014). Monetary policy and financial Stability: What role in prevention and recovery? Bank for International Settlement Working Papers, 440(1). https://doi.org/10.24149/gwp203
[4] CBN (2010): Financial Stability Report
[5] Chigbu, E. E. (2014); “A Cointegration of Value Added Tax and Economic Growth in Nigeria: 1994-2012”. International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research.3(2); 95-103
[6] Fasina, H.T and Adegbite, T.A (2016) The Assessment of the Impact of Capital Gains Tax on Economic Growth in Nigeria, International Journal in Management and Social Science 4(8)
[7] Obayomi, W., & Salami, A. (2021). Finance Act 2020: Impact analysis. KPMG, 2-26. https://doi.org/kpmg.ng
[8] Ozili, P.K. (2019). Determinants of Banking Stability in Nigeria. CBN Bullion, 43(2), 2nd Quarter.
[9] The Nigerian Federal Government. (2021). Federal Republic of Nigeria official Gazette. Finance Act 2020, 108, pp. 1-81.
[10] Obayomi, W., & Salami, A. (2021). Finance Act 2020: Impact analysis. KPMG, 2-26. https://doi.org/kpmg.ng
[11] The Nigerian Federal Government. (2021). Federal Republic of Nigeria official Gazette. Finance Act 2020, 108, pp. 1-81.
[12] Ushie, V. (2010). Implementing the Fiscal Responsibilty Act at the state level in Nigeria . Centre for the Study of the Economies of Africa,10, 3-8.

Clement Adewole, PhD, John Damak, Victor Odumu “Finance Act 2020 and Stability of Nigerian Banks” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.331-341 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51122

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States’ Compliance to International Environmental Law Obligations: Study Based on Multilateral Environmental Agreements’ Performance in Kenya

Rose Nyangeri, Dr. Xavier Ichani- November 2021- Page No.: 342-345

States within the international system have always cooperated to attain a common good. The most common tool used to attain their goals is often treaties that make up International Laws. Environmental conservation has emerged as a key concern in the recent years with regard to sustainable development. States that ratify these treaties have to fulfil their obligations to ensure success of their goals. This can only be done through effective compliance. This study sought to gauge the performance of two key multilateral environmental Agreements (MEAs); Montreal Protocol and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) within the domestic setup of a state party (Kenya). The study population consisted of 22 officials within the environmental sector selected through purposive and snowballing methods. Data was collected through one-on-one interviews and review of official documents and analysed through the use of computer software Nvivo. Effective Compliance in Kenya’s International law obligations was found to be reliant on the existing toolswithin the treaties, cooperation between the two government tiers and grassroot support framework.

Page(s): 342-345                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 03 December 2021

 Rose Nyangeri
Department of International Relations Conflict and Strategic Studies, Kenyatta University, Kenya

 RDr. Xavier Ichani
Department of International Relations Conflict and Strategic Studies, Kenyatta University, Kenya

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Rose Nyangeri, Dr. Xavier Ichani, “States’ Compliance to International Environmental Law Obligations: Study Based on Multilateral Environmental Agreements’ Performance in Kenya” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.342-345 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/342-345.pdf

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Customer Retention Determinants in Hospitality Industry in Nigeria; A Study of Customer Relationship Marketing

Anyionu, Samuel Chukwu PhD, Mmamel, Uchenna Zita PhD, Obasiabara, Beatrice Orieoma PhD – November 2021- Page No.: 346-353

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of customer relationship marketing on customer retention in some selected hotels in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study drew the population from the customers of the selected hotels in Enugu Metropolis to understand the factors that makes them to be retained in the industry. Data was generated from 200 customers out of which 173 copies of the structured questionnaire were returned and qualified for use. The analytical tools used for the study comprises of; simple tables, percentages, simple regression and statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 20). The results obtained from the study revealed that customer care, affordable service, quality services, and customer satisfaction used as sub-variables for customer relationship marketing have positive and significant effects on customer retention in the hospitality industry in Enugu metropolis. Based on the findings, the study recommended to the management of the selected hotels in the industry to deliver consistent, reliable and dependable services to their customers to gain customers trust, understanding, confidence, patronage and willingness to ensure that customers’ needs are met during and after the services are delivered. The ability to retain customers depend on the past experience gained by customers after using the firm’s services. Also, the firms should provide adequate and better communication networks that will enable them to collect and handle all complaints arising from product use, develop and maintain effective and efficient after sale services to ensure periodic calls, and visit to keep customers informed of new offers and benefits, and consistently re-evaluate performance against standard to ensure that all promises made during the transaction are fulfilled. Customers are assets to every business organization and getting them satisfied after service use makes them to be retained and loyal to the organization.

Page(s): 346-353                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 03 December 2021

 Anyionu, Samuel Chukwu PhD
Marketing Department, Caritas University Amorji Nike Enugu, Nigeria

 Mmamel, Uchenna Zita PhD
Marketing Department, Institute of Management and Technology (IMT) Enugu, Nigeria

 Obasiabara, Beatrice Orieoma PhD
Marketing Department, Ebonyi State University Abakaliki, Nigeria

[1] Adeleke, A & Aminus, S.A (2012) The Determinants of Customer Loyalty in Nigeria’s G S M market, U S A, International Journal for Business and Social Science, 3. 14.www.ijbssnet.com
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Anyionu, Samuel Chukwu PhD, Mmamel, Uchenna Zita PhD, Obasiabara, Beatrice Orieoma PhD, “Customer Retention Determinants in Hospitality Industry in Nigeria; A Study of Customer Relationship Marketing” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.346-353 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/346-353.pdf

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Access to and Diffusion of Climate Change Adaptation Information among Rice Farmers in Southeast Nigeria

Ijeoma Obi PhD & Gideon Uchechukwu Nwafor PhD- November 2021- Page No.: 354-365

This study investigated how access to and diffusion of agricultural information contributed to rice farmers’ adaptation to climate change and variability in Southeastern Nigeria. The major research problem this study sought to address was how information on adaptation to climate change and variability is accessed and diffused among rice farmers to enhance their adaptation to climate change. This problem was borne out of the fact that a lot of rice farmers keep lamenting about how their crops were washed away by floods and the effects of other climatic conditions which they do not have the solution to except finding a way to adapt and mitigate this global phenomenon known as climate change. Specifically, the study was designed to find out the extent of access to information which rice farmers in southeast Nigeria have on climate change adaptation and to know the channels of communication that is the major source of information on climate change adaptation. It also aimed at determining the relationship that exists between variables like access, diffusion, adoption of innovation and adaptation to climate change as well as as certain the factors that influence the adoption or non-adoption of innovation of climate change adaptation rice farmers in southeast Nigeria. The study was underpinned by Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations theory. Survey method was adopted for the study with the questionnaire used to collect data. The study population was made up of rice farmers in Anambra, Enugu and Ebonyi states. A multistage sampling procedure was employed to select 900 respondents for the study involving both probability and nonprobability sampling methods. The key findings showed that rice farmers’ access to information on climate change adaptation was high and they identified periodical seminars and workshops organized by government extension workers and Non-Governmental organizations as their major sources of information on climate change adaptation. Apart from Radio which was found to be one of the major sources of information among the rice farmers, TV and newspaper were found not be effective in disseminating information on climate change adaptation to rice farmers in southeast Nigeria as most of them do not have access to the channels. The study, therefore, recommended that various channels of communication, especially radio, should be employed to disseminate information on climate change adaptation strategies to reach a broader audience.

Page(s): 354-365                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 04 December 2021

 Ijeoma Obi PhD
Department of Mass Communication, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Igbariam, Anambra State, Nigeria

 Gideon Uchechukwu Nwafor PhD
Department of Mass Communication, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Igbariam, Anambra State, Nigeria

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Ijeoma Obi PhD & Gideon Uchechukwu Nwafor PhD, “Access to and Diffusion of Climate Change Adaptation Information among Rice Farmers in Southeast Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.354-365 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/354-365.pdf

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An Assessment of Africa’s Philosophy of Local Electoral Democracy and its Ideology of Centralism

Ikemefuna Taire Paul Okudolo – November 2021- Page No.: 366-375

This study promotes the belief that Africa’s local electoral democracy is rooted more in an ideology of centralism and hegemonic desires of the higher tiers’ political elites over local administration. In this study, we contend that the local electoral democracy across Africa is in a state of crisis, producing practices at variance with the philosophy of Western liberal democracy which the continent pretends to imitate. Utilizing the political culture theory, the study’s argument is anchored on the evidence that the process of local electoral democracy across Africa rather emanates from an espoused political culture dictated by a desired centralizing ethos and inclinations of dominance of the local government by the higher political authorities, especially the state/provincial level. Its methodological construct is akin to the descriptive phenomenological qualitative research design. By analyzing observed experiences and documentary data using the qualitative content analysis approach, we contemplate the ingrained philosophy behind local electoral democracy in Africa as different from the idealistic sense of the democratic theory. The study’s findings accentuate the thesis that the actual African philosophy of local electoral democracy is not rooted in the ethos of Western liberal democracy, and thus democracy is largely lacking in African local government areas.

Page(s): 366-375                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 04 December 2021

 Ikemefuna Taire Paul Okudolo
Postdoctoral Research Fellow in African Studies in ILMA Entity
North West University (NWU), Mafikeng, South Africa

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Ikemefuna Taire Paul Okudolo, “An Assessment of Africa’s Philosophy of Local Electoral Democracy and its Ideology of Centralism” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.366-375 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/366-375.pdf

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Adaption of Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3RS) among market vendors in municipality of Santa Cruz, Davao del Sur

Mierabelle T. Esguerra, Roel Jr. D. Apas – November 2021- Page No.: 376-388

Waste generation in public markets have built up rapidly due to economic and population development which have resulted to harm the environment. This study was undertaken to determine the socio-demographic profile of market vendors specifically in terms of age, gender, civil status and ethnic origin, the adaption of reduce, reuse, and recycle of respondent’s base on socio-demographic profile, the problems encountered in solid waste management and the significant relationship between demographic profiles of the respondents.
The study was accomplished through the use of quantitative method in a correlational research design. A sample of 150 respondents in Santa Cruz Public Market, Davao del Sur were identified as the primary source of information through the use of total enumeration sampling technique. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the data which was developed by constructing a three part form, (1) demographic profile, (2) adaption of reduce, reuse, recycle (3R’s), (3) problems encountered in solid waste management. Data gathered from the survey were analyzed by the use of the following statistical tools mainly; mean, relative frequency, standard deviation, and analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Result showed that most of the respondents were female, 38-47 years of age, single, Cebuano in nature and been actively engaged in business operation for 5-15 years. Most of the respondents prefer to adapt the reduce practice followed by recycle and least was reuse. Furthermore, data showed that adaption to 3R practice varies on the demographic profile of the respondents. Highest age group who often adapt the 3R practices were from 48-57 years old (4.23), least were from the ages 28-37 years old (3.37) who tend to adapt sometimes. Based on the data, highest gender who often adapt the 3R practices were male (4.17) over female (3.64). In terms of civil status, separated (4.50) respondents denotes the highest to adapt the 3R practices and least were widow (3.28). Results also revealed that in terms of ethnic origin highest to adapt the 3R practices were the Tagalog (4.55) and least were Chinese (1). Highest to adapt the 3R practice in terms of number of years in business operation were 1-4 years (4.15) and least were 16-25 years (3.40). Accordingly, most common problems encountered involved in the storage facility sanitation, improper segregation, storing and disposal and inadequacy of storage facility as well as segregation. Most common solid waste respondents chose to reduce, reuse, and recycle were plastics and least were metals.
Hence, the study revealed that there is no significant relationship between demographic profile and its solid waste management. On the basis of these findings, the researcher suggested that the Local Government of Santa Cruz must develop an effective and efficient policy that can aid local implementation of waste minimization and conforms to the national law. Utilization of funds for public market maintenance, trainings, seminars and sanitation projects must be prioritize.

Page(s): 376-388                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 04 December 2021

 Mierabelle T. Esguerra
Master of Public Administration, Davao del Sur State College, Philippines

 Roel Jr. D. Apas
Master of Public Administration, Davao del Sur State College, Philippines

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Mierabelle T. Esguerra, Roel Jr. D. Apas “Adaption of Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3RS) among market vendors in municipality of Santa Cruz, Davao del Sur” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.376-388 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/376-388.pdf

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Influence of Reward System on Teacher Retention in Public Secondary Schools in Kamukunji Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya

Peter Kiio Manundu, Dr. Rose Mwanza and Dr. Janet Mulwa- November 2021- Page No.: 389-396

The study investigated the influence of reward system on teacher retention in public secondary schools in Kamukunji Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya. A descriptive research design was used. The study targeted 243 respondents consisting of 8 secondary school principals and 235 teachers. A census of 8 school principals was done and stratified sampling method was used. The sample size was 71 teachers. A pilot study was carried out in 1 public secondary school within Starehe Sub-County schools. involving 8 respondents who were purposively selected. Content validity was used to ensure validity. Reliability was measured using Pearson moment correlation formula. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented using bar graphs, pie charts and cross tabulation tables. Qualitative data was analysed thematically based on study objectives and presented in narrative form. The study found that there is a significant influence of reward system on teacher retention in Kamukunji Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya. According to the findings, 71.5% of principals firmly believe that reward system builds a positive school culture which makes teachers to be more willing to put forth extra effort on important tasks. The study concluded that reward systems are critical for motivating teachers and increasing retention. Furthermore, the study concluded that reward systems foster a positive school culture by putting teachers in a position to do more and improve their work performance. The study recommends that the school management should take stock of current reward practices and take corrective and preventive actions to reduce teacher turnover. The school should consider proving more creative financial and non-financial rewards to attract and retain teachers.

Page(s): 389-396                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 04 December 2021

 Peter Kiio Manundu
Master of Education Student, South Eastern Kenya University

 Dr. Rose Mwanza
Lecturer, South Eastern Kenya University

 Dr. Janet Mulwa
Lecturer, South Eastern Kenya University

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Peter Kiio Manundu, Dr. Rose Mwanza and Dr. Janet Mulwa, “Influence of Reward System on Teacher Retention in Public Secondary Schools in Kamukunji Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.389-396 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/389-396.pdf

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The Nile-Horn Nexus: Is a New Shatter Belt in the Making?

Aklilu Gebretinsae Andemikael – November 2021- Page No.: 397-403

By using a Shatter Belt Theory as a conceptual framework and a qualitative analysis, this research attempts to answer the question if a new shatter-belt region is in the making as a result of the growing connection between the Nile water politics, the geo politics of the Horn of Africa and presence of foreign powers in the Nile-Horn Region.
A Shatter Belt Theory provides the opportunity to critically expound various patterns of interactions within a certain region that is endowed with plentiful natural resources, has geostrategic importance, gulped in interstate and intrastate conflicts and when these fundamental reasons cumulatively make the region prone to a number of interventions by both regional, extra-regional and global powers.
This research concludes that the Nile-Horn region has all the core elements that all Shatter Belt regions have. The abundant water resources and other natural resources it has; its strategic importance; the multi-dimensional conflicts among states and within the states; as well as the pervasiveness of intervention from regional and extra-regional states all make this Region quite similar with its neighboring shatter belt regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. Hence, the Nile-Horn fits to be called a shatter belt region.

Page(s): 397-403                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 04 December 2021

 Aklilu Gebretinsae Andemikael
PhD Candidate, Department of International Relations, School of International and Public Affairs, Jilin University, People’s Republic of China

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Aklilu Gebretinsae Andemikael , “The Nile-Horn Nexus: Is a New Shatter Belt in the Making?” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.397-403 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/397-403.pdf

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Utilization of Field Trips in the Teaching of Social Studies in Colleges of Education in the Volta Region, Ghana

Comfort Adjoa Addo- November 2021- Page No.: 404-412

The aim of the study was to examine how field trips could be utilized in the teaching of Social Studies in Colleges of Education in the Volta Region of Ghana. In this regard, four research questions were formulated to guide the study. To answer these research questions, the researcher adopted the descriptive survey approach for the study. Thus, the researcher collected and analysed data quantitatively. The population of the study included Social Studies tutors and students of Social Studies department in the Colleges of Education in the Volta Region. The purposive sampling technique was employed to select 35 tutors while the simple random sampling method was used to select 316 students. Data were collected using two sets of questionnaires. The data were analysed using frequency counts and percentages and presented using tables and charts. The findings of the study revealed that the main methods of integrating field trips is to embark on field trips as stated by about 91.4% of the tutors and 91.2% of the students. The findings also revealed the use of virtual reality animations and models. In addition, the study revealed that majority of the students have positive perception about field trips since 73.7% of them prefer field trips that are more educational than fun. However, 65.7% of tutors stated otherwise. Further, 94.3% of the tutors and 79.5% of the students indicated that organising field trips is stressful. It has been recommended that appropriate procedures are adopted for students and tutors in order to facilitate the organisation of field trips.

Page(s): 404-412                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 06 December 2021

 Comfort Adjoa Addo
Department of Social Sciences, Accra College of Education, Ghana

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Comfort Adjoa Addo, “Utilization of Field Trips in the Teaching of Social Studies in Colleges of Education in the Volta Region, Ghana” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.404-412 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/404-412.pdf

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Tracer Study of STAs and Scholars of UM Panabo College

Amelie L. Chico, DM, FRIM – November 2021- Page No.: 413-421

Every academic institution’s goal is to produce competent and highly qualified graduates that can eventually be competitive in a local and global arena. A graduate tracer study is a very powerful tool that can provide valuable information for evaluating the whereabouts and performance of the graduates in the workplace. This study aimed to keep track of all the scholars who were graduates of the UM Panabo College by utilizing the GTS (Graduate Tracer Study) of Commission on Higher Education. Results revealed that most of the graduates were in their early 20s and have just recently graduated from the university. Furthermore, they were able to find a job through someone they knew. Most of the graduates have jobs related to their respective degree programs of which their courses are readily available in the host institution. All of them are currently employed in the Philippines with regular/permanent status. Majority of them stays in the job because of its relevance to their field of specialization. It is notable that almost of the competencies were useful in their first job. Thus, there should be career enhancement for the graduates of the institution.

Page(s): 413-421                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 06 December 2021

 Amelie L. Chico, DM, FRIM
Research Coordinator -University of Mindanao, Philippines

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Amelie L. Chico, DM, FRIM , “Tracer Study of STAs and Scholars of UM Panabo College” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.413-421 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/413-421.pdf

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Determinants of Help-Seeking behavior of schizophrenia Caregiver in Indonesia

Dahniar, Marty Mawarpury, Suryane Sulistiana Susanti, Hermansyah, Marthoenis – November 2021- Page No.: 422-424

In low and middle-income countries, family-caregivers of patients with schizophrenia are usually the ones who seek aid for schizophrenic patients. Caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia may seek assistance from health facilities for a variety of reasons. The goal of this study was to find out what factors influence family-caregivers of schizophrenia patients requesting treatment.
Methods: Quantitative cross-sectional research with family caregivers of schizophrenia patients was conducted. As many as 162 respondents were chosen using a systematic random selection procedure. Face-to-face interviews were used to collect data on respondents’ characteristics and their help-seeking behavior.
Findings: The range of age was between 40 to 65 years old. More than half were female (54.3%), married (61.1%), lower education level (66.7%), unemployed (64.2%), lower income (59.9%), and lived in the rural area (58%). Statistical analysis found several variables associated with help-seeking behavior, including gender, education, income, previous treatment, and residence (p<0.05).

Page(s): 422-424                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 06 December 2021

 Dahniar
Universitas Syiah Kuala, Indonesia

 Marty Mawarpury
Universitas Syiah Kuala, Indonesia

 Suryane Sulistiana Susanti
Universitas Syiah Kuala, Indonesia

 Hermansyah
Universitas Syiah Kuala, Indonesia

 Marthoenis
Universitas Syiah Kuala, Indonesia

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[8] Umubyeyi, A., Mogren, I., Ntaganira, J., & Krantz, G. (2016). Help-seeking behaviours, barriers to care and self-efficacy for seeking mental health care: a population-based study in Rwanda. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(1), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1130-2
[9] Yalvaç Elif, Dilek, HayriyeMutlu, A., Kotan, Z., & Özer, İ. (2016). Explanatory Models of Illness , Help Seeking Behaviours and Related Factors in Patients with Schizophrenia : A Comparative Study from Two Diferent Provinces of Turkey. Community Mental Health Journal, 0(0), 0. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-016-0074-7
[10] Yeshanew, B., Belete, A., & Necho, M. (2020). Help-seeking intention and associated factors towards mental illness among residents of Mertule Mariam town, East Gojam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia: A mixed-method study. Annals of General Psychiatry, 19(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-020-00261-y
[11] Yin, H., Wardenaar, K. J., Xu, G., Tian, H., & Schoevers, R. A. (2020). Mental health stigma and mental health knowledge in Chinese population: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02705-x

Dahniar, Marty Mawarpury, Suryane Sulistiana Susanti, Hermansyah, Marthoenis “Determinants of Help-Seeking behavior of schizophrenia Caregiver in Indonesia” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.422-424 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/422-424.pdf

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The Nexus between the Establishment of an Enabling Environment and Local Economic Development in the City of Harare

Anesu Mironga- November 2021- Page No.: 425-431

The ways in which local governments advance and put into operation their policies on the establishment of a conducive environment for businesses to thrive and flourish has great effect and impact on the development of an area. The main actor in Local Economic Development (LED) is local government and it should support the establishment of a conducive and enabling environment that is developmental and facilitates local businesses to grow and succeed. There should be mutual symbiotic relationships between communities, business and local government for Local Economic Development to take place. The study examined the nexus between the establishment of a conducive and enabling environment and local economic development in the City of Harare. Results from this study should assist local authorities in their quest to provide the best for citizens in terms of service delivery and good governance. The study’s major goal was to see if the creation of an enabling environment could help people succeed. The study’s major goal was to examine the notion that creating an enabling environment leads to local economic development. The study focused on business operators in Machipisa, Mbare Musika and the Central Business District of Harare. The perceptions of these operators and business owners were investigated. A total of 65 business operators were interviewed in the three areas using a structured questionnaire based on Enabling Developmental Environment Scale (EDES). Statistical analysis of data was done through Statistical Package for Social Sciences using descriptive analysis. The results revealed that there is a strong positive correlation (correlation coefficient above 0) between an enabling environment and economic growth. This implies that the more the local governments invest in creating an enabling environment the more economic development is achieved.

Page(s): 425-431                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 06 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51124

 Anesu Mironga
College of Business, Peace, Leadership and Governance, Africa University, Mutare, Zimbabwe

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Anesu Mironga, “The Nexus between the Establishment of an Enabling Environment and Local Economic Development in the City of Harare” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.425-431 November 2021 DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51124

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Improving Problem Solving Skills in Calculus among the Grade 12 Learners’ in Selected Public Secondary Schools in Lusaka District, Zambia

Julius Zulu, Kabunga Nachiyunde (PhD), Patricia Phiri Nalube (PhD), Prof Gift Masaiti – November 2021- Page No.: 432-438

The study sought to establish problem solving strategies that can improve problem solving skills in Calculus among the Grade 12 Learners’ in Selected Secondary Schools in Zambia. The study employed a qualitative study approach, which followed a case study design. Hundred teachers (n=100) and two-hundred and fifty (n=250) Grade 12 learners from ten (n=10) public secondary schools making a total sample size of three-hundred and fifty (n=350) of Lusaka province, Zambia, participated. The sampling techniques employed were purposive sampling and simple random sampling. Data was collected using semi-structured interview schedule. Interviews are said to be the best way to collect data because it helps the researcher to have feelings, opinions, gestures, tone of voice, reactions, attitudes, views, and are useful in gathering in-depth data. Audio recordings were used to capture interviews, respectively, in their totality. The collected data was analyzed using qualitative techniques. Qualitative data was organized into themes and analyzed using narratives and direct quotations of the respondents’ views, experiences and information. The study established that having pre-requisite knowledge in appropriate mathematics topics like Indices, Functions, Coordinate Geometry, Algebra (fractions, factorisation of quadratic expressions and equations), understanding the language of Calculus questions, understanding the development of Calculus formulas, and introducing Calculus symbols in early grades can improve Grade 12 learner’s problem solving skills in Calculus. The study therefore, recommended that applications of basic concepts in earlier grades should be consolidated and revised on an on-going basis. Teachers should focus on the development of the formulas and introducing calculus symbols in early grades. The study further recommended that teachers should also be carrying out a diagnostic assessment to determine what learners know about pre-calculus topics such as Indices, Factorization, and Algebraic Fractions before learners are taught Calculus.

Page(s): 432-438                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 06 December 2021

 Julius Zulu
Department of Mathematics and Science Education, The University of Zambia, School of Education, Lusaka, Zambia

 Kabunga Nachiyunde (PhD)
Department of Mathematics and Science Education, The University of Zambia, School of Education, Lusaka, Zambia

 Patricia Phiri Nalube (PhD)
Department of Mathematics and Science Education, The University of Zambia, School of Education, Lusaka, Zambia

 Prof Gift Masaiti
Department of Mathematics and Science Education, The University of Zambia, School of Education, Lusaka, Zambia

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Julius Zulu, Kabunga Nachiyunde (PhD), Patricia Phiri Nalube (PhD), Prof Gift Masaiti , “Improving Problem Solving Skills in Calculus among the Grade 12 Learners’ in Selected Public Secondary Schools in Lusaka District, Zambia” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.432-438 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/432-438.pdf

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Crowding-Out and Crowding-In Effects of Public Borrowing on Private Domestic Investment in Nigeria

Mathias A. Chuba- November 2021- Page No.: 439-448

Monetarists believe that public domestic borrowing crowds-out private domestic investment (PDI) and Keynesians believe that it does not crowd-out PDI. Most previous studies focused on the crowding-out effect of public spending on PDI but the point of contention between monetarists and Keynesians is the effect of increased public domestic borrowing on PDI. The results of the previous investigation that public domestic borrowing crowded-in and public external borrowing crowded-out private domestic investment in Nigeria are questionable. In view of the above stated problems, this paper determined the effect of public borrowing on PDI in Nigeria from 1986 to 2019 using a vector error correction model. The results of the investigation showed that public domestic borrowing drove-up interest rate. PDI was found to be negatively related to interest rate. Domestic credit provided by banks is positively related to interest rate. Public domestic borrowing crowded-out and public external borrowing crowded-in PDI. This paper suggests that instead of borrowing money from internal sources, the government should borrow money from external sources to finance the federal budget deficits in order to increase PDI in Nigeria.

Page(s): 439-448                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 07 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51125

 Mathias A. Chuba
Department of Economics, Achievers University Owo,
Km 1, Idasen-Ute Road, P. M. B. 1030, Ondo State, Nigeria

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[13] Ifeakachukwu, N. P.; Omodadepo, A. O. and Oluseun, A. A. (2013). “An Analysis of the Relationship between Public Spending Components and Private investments in Nigeria” in Journal of Finance and Economics, 1(2), pp. 1-14.
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Mathias A. Chuba, “Crowding-Out and Crowding-In Effects of Public Borrowing on Private Domestic Investment in Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.439-448 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51125

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The Conflict in Tigray and its Challenges for Sustainable Peace between Eritrea and Ethiopia

Aklilu Gebretinsae Andemikael – November 2021- Page No.: 449-455

This research article argues that a peaceful settlement of the conflict in Tigray is crucial for the continuation of the peace process, and is decisively linked with the attainment of sustainable peace between Eritrea and Ethiopia. For the conflict has an intra-state and inter-state dimension, any would be solution has for all intents and purposes to be an all-inclusive and sustainable. The TPLF has become ‘mutually exclusive’ with all participants in the conflict namely the Federal Government of Ethiopia, the Amhara Regional State Government as well as the Government of the State of Eritrea. By identifying the genesis, development and the substantive reasons for the continuation of the conflict, this research concludes that the preconditions for sustainable peace are unfortunately missing.

Page(s): 449-455                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 07 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51126

 Aklilu Gebretinsae Andemikael
PhD Candidate, Department of International Relations, School of International and Public Affairs, Jilin University, People’s Republic of China

[1] Ahmed Soliman (2019). Can Abiy Ahmed Continue to Remodel Ethiopia?p.12APRIL 019: https://www.chathamhouse.org/about-us/our-people/ahmed-soliman
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[6] Kassu Gebremariam (2004). Peace building in the Horn of Africa. The Role of Africa’s Regional Organization. In Tom Keating & W. Andy Knight (editors) .Building Sustainable Peace. The University of Alberta Press. 2004 p: 189
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[8] Martin Plaut (2021) Eritrea in the Tigray war: What we know and why it might backfire. JANUARY 8, 2021 https://africanarguments.org/author/martin-plaut
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[10] Robert Crowe (2021). Al Jazeera Appears to Lend Itself to TPLF Disinformation: African Medias. Posted on March 5, 2021https://www.africanmedias.com/horn-of-africa-al-jazeera-appears-to-lend-itself-to-tplf-disinformation/?lang=en
[11] Satya Brata Das (2004) Sustainable Peace Who Pays the Price? In Tom Keating & W. Andy Knight (editors) Building Sustainable Peace. The University of Alberta Press.
[12] Temesgen Kahsay (2021) As a Tigrayan, my bond with Ethiopia feels beyond repair. JANUARY 12, 2021 https://africanarguments.org/author/temesgen-kahsay/
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[14] Zola Moges (2020): Ethiopia: Defining Amhara Nationalism for a Better country.
https://www.theafricareport.com/subscribe/?checkout_origin_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theafricareport.com%2F43182%2Fethiopia-defining-amhara-nationalism-for-a bettecountry%2F&checkout_origin_post_id=43182 Posted on Sunday, 27 September 2020 12:19, updated on Wednesday, 4 November 2020 11:55

Aklilu Gebretinsae Andemikael, “The Conflict in Tigray and its Challenges for Sustainable Peace between Eritrea and Ethiopia” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.449-455 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51126

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An Examination of the Impact of Public Spending on Poverty Reduction in Nigeria

Dr. Abdulhadi Ibrahim & Salisu Umar – November 2021- Page No.: 456-461

The study investigates the impact of public spending on poverty reduction in Nigeria using time series data from 1980-2019.Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model has been used to achieve the objectives of this study. The cointegration test reveals there is long run relationship among the variables used in the study. The normalized cointegration result further reveals that government total expenditure has significant impact on poverty. GDP and private investment have positive effects on poverty while inflation has negative impact on poverty. The study recommendations include the following among others: embezzlement of public funds and corruption should be tackled, GDP should be fairly dist
ributed for it to have impact on poverty and measures should be put in place to curb inflationary pressure. Lastly unnecessary expenditures should be shortened and focus should be on expenditure that increases economic growth and reduces poverty.

Page(s): 456-461                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 07 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51127

 Dr. Abdulhadi Ibrahim
Department of Economics, Umar Suleiman College of Education, Gashua Yobe State Nigeria

 Salisu Umar
Department of Economics, Aminu Saleh College of Education, Azare Bauchi State Nigeria

[1] Aigbokhan, B.E. (2008),Poverty, growth andiInequality in Nigeria: A case study. African Economic Research Consortium (AERC). Nairobi, Kenya.
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Dr. Abdulhadi Ibrahim & Salisu Umar “An Examination of the Impact of Public Spending on Poverty Reduction in Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.456-461 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51127

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An Assessment of Politics without Bitterness, Conflict and War as A Path Forward in Nigerian Politics

Michael Ikechukwu INEH-DUMBI- November 2021- Page No.: 462-471

Since the emergence of Nigeria as an independent political entity, the nation has gone through an evolutionary system of politics of bitterness, conflict and war: starting from the; first republic to the current Fourth Republic, (Ayemere, 2015). Through the nurturing of such practices within the Nigerian political scene over the decades, it has transformed such abnormal practices in our society to the norm in conducting politics, (Boraine, 1999). Of note, is that the driver of such politics of bitterness, conflict and war especially in Nigeria can be situated in the corruption of the meaning of Kwame Nkrumah adage of “Seek Ye First the Political Kingdom and every other Thing will be added onto you” into using politics as a medium for the enrichment and self-serving interest of the political elite, (Bonsu, 2016). Also supporting such is the professionalization of politics as a vocation which ensure there is a difference between the political class and the general public, (Allen, n.d). This gap leads to an erosion in the mindset of the political class of the binding element that ties them ethically and morally into capitalizing on their roles in society to obtain the benefits of the good life for all. The absence of this and its replacement by self-benefits allows for a brand that is represented by politics of bitterness, conflict and war which is antithetical to social development. Hence this study emerged to critic a pathway forward, it does this via a review of raison d’état, politics of bitterness, conflict and war which is shown to curate politics as an access way for ill-gotten enrichment of the political class whose quest to maintain their uncertain position leads to the adoption of tactics that allow the manifestation of fierce competition that does not accommodate others views and ambitions. The modus operandi results to include political violence to perpetuate the self-benefitting politician within the political scene, this has been in practice in the political history of Nigerian from independence till date. A theoretical study presents the theory of democracy, role morality theory and conflict theory as a guide that best explains the framework for this paper. Also from an examination of the crux of the topic a route to ensure politics without bitterness, conflict and war the paper provides five models that proffer for societies: not only in Nigeria but in Africa and other political entities.

Page(s): 462-471                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 07 December 2021

 Michael Ikechukwu INEH-DUMBI
Department of International Relations and Diplomacy (IRD), College of Social and Management Science (CSMS)
Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti (ABUAD), Nigeria

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Michael Ikechukwu INEH-DUMBI, “An Assessment of Politics without Bitterness, Conflict and War as A Path Forward in Nigerian Politics” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.462-471 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/462-471.pdf

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The Impact of Micro-Finance on Women Groups in Katsina-Ala, Benue State, Nigeria

Linda Kwon-Ndung (PhD), Gbaeren, Felix Tersoo – November 2021- Page No.: 472-481

Microfinance is hailed as a tool for poverty alleviation and is one of the major strategies to achieve poverty reduction especially among women. This is because access to financial services assist poor households in meeting their basic financial needs, protects them against risks, and reduces their vulnerability to shocks, by building assets. Prof Mohammed Yunus of Bangladesh developed a framework for Microfinance approach to community development with a pilot group lending scheme for the landless people and this later became the Grameen Bank which currently serves millions of clients out of which about 94% of them are women. This approach has become a model for many countries. The Central bank of Nigeria (CBN) views microfinance as a mechanism for providing financial services to the poor who are traditionally not served by the conventional financial institutions. This research examined the impact of micro finance on women in Katsina Ala Local Government Area of Benue state. This research was based on a primary source of data obtained from a survey using structured questionnaires administered to 200 women that were randomly selected through their various associations. An empirical review was done to establish the potency of microfinance in other societies. Secondary source of data obtained from previous similar studies was also used to strengthen the study. Descriptive statistics ofsimple percentages was adopted as the method of analysis to establish how micro finance impacted the socio-economic wellbeing of the women. The study revealed that women who had access to microfinance from Lift Above Poverty organization and Better Life microfinance institutions esperienced significant growth in their businesses and improvements in their socio-economic wellbeing as compared to those that had no access. The study also established that the repayment process appeared too demanding for the women. The paper recommends that the repayment process should be made less demanding for the women by spreading the payments into a longer duration so as to reduce the pressure of repayment and massive sensitization should be carried out for more women to know of the availability and gains of the facility and its benefits to overcoming financial insecurity

Page(s): 472-481                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 07 December 2021

 Linda Kwon-Ndung (PhD)
Department of Political Science, Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria

 Gbaeren, Felix Tersoo
Department of Political Science, College of Education Katsina-Ala. Benue State, Nigeria

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Linda Kwon-Ndung (PhD), Gbaeren, Felix Tersoo, “The Impact of Micro-Finance on Women Groups in Katsina-Ala, Benue State, Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.472-481 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/472-481.pdf

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Social Cohesion Heritage and Self-Help Groups on Sustainable Livelihoods among Households in Nyakach Sub-County, Kenya

Paul Okello Atieno, George N Mose, Nicholas K. Ombachi- November 2021- Page No.: 482-491

One of the heritages we have adopted from the past and which is assumed to help marginalised communitiess address common communal realities is social cohesion. Through social cohesion, informal groups have emerged at the grass-roots which have enabled accumulation of capital by way of small savings and facilitating members access to formal credit facilities. Through such credit facilities, SHG members are assumed to be in a position to acquire assets for production as well as food and improved nutrition. However, in some regions such as Nyakach Sub-County in Kenya, poverty levels have continued to remain high as around 40% of households living below one dollar per day. This tends to cast aspersions upon virtues of social cohesion existing in SHGs inhelping to solve social problems such as sustainable livelihood among participating members. The purpose of the study was to explore how social cohesion heritage inherent in SHGs have influenced sustainable livelihood among participating households in Nyakach Sub-County, Kenya. Specific objectives were to explore how cultural heritages in SHGs influence sustainable livelihood, determine how social cohesion existing in SHGs influence sustainable livelihood, and to assess how empowerment from participation in SHGs influence sustainable livelihood among participating households in Nyakach Sub County, Kenya. Collective Action Theory was used to guide the study. The study adopted qualitative research approach on a target population of 458 SHGs with a membership of 6824 household heads and 3 Sub-County Divisional Social Services Officers (DSSOs) who were all included in data collection exercise. The study yielded a sample size of 377 and Interviews were used to collect data from DSSOs while Focus Group Discussions were used to collect data from SHG officials. Field observations were also used to gather data related to group activities in the study area. Findings showed thatsocial cohesion heritage existing in SHGs (M=3.53; SD=0.93) have influenced livelihood of their households and is a significant predictor of sustainable livelihood {F (1, 377) =88.495, P<0.05}. Similarly, it was found that 40.4% change in household livelihood was attributed to social cohesion heritage in SHGs under this study. The study concludes that social empowerment at the grassroots among families at the bottom of the socio economic pyramid can be attributed to participation in SHGs. The study recommends that further research needs to be done on influence of life skills’ training on social empowerment of SHG participants

Page(s): 482-491                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 08 December 2021

 Paul Okello Atieno
Kisii University, Kenya

 George N Mose
Muranga University of Technology, Kenya

 Nicholas K. Ombachi
Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya

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Paul Okello Atieno, George N Mose, Nicholas K. Ombachi, “Social Cohesion Heritage and Self-Help Groups on Sustainable Livelihoods among Households in Nyakach Sub-County, Kenya” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.482-491 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/482-491.pdf

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Contraceptive Use among High School Students in the Effutu Municipality, Ghana; the Unknown Perception

Otoo, E.A., Tackie-Yarboi, D., Gyimadoh, B., Yayra, H., Gyasi, S., and Gyan, A. – November 2021- Page No.: 492-496

In the Ghanaian society, many high school students are ignorant of the various forms of contraceptive methods available and how they are effectively used, despite significant numbers being sexually active. This study sought to investigate the perception of high school students towards the use of contraceptive in the Effutu Municipality. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods to sample sixty (60) students from two SHS schools in the municipality as well as six (6) teachers who were patrons of reproductive health clubs from the participating schools, four (4) staffs from the family planning and reproductive health units of the Trauma Specialist Hospital, and the Municipal Hospital and also ten (10) persons identified as pharmacists, health assistants or counter assistants in drugs stores, chemical shop and pharmacies within the study area were also interviewed. A self-administered questionnaire was used in obtaining data on the perception of students. The results showed that male student had a positive perception of contraceptives and their use as against females. Again, findings from the study indicated misperceptions tended to cloud the judgment of adolescents towards contraceptives, thus serving as a barrier to the use of contraceptives. From the study it was recommended that an adolescent friendly facilities be established across the country to help adolescents make informed choices pertaining to sex and their reproductive health.

Page(s): 492-496                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 08 December 2021

 Otoo, E.A.
Department of Geography Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana

 Tackie-Yarboi, D.
Department of Geography Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana

 Gyimadoh, B.
College of Community Health Nursing, Winneba, Ghana

 Yayra, H.
College of Community Health Nursing, Winneba, Ghana

 Gyasi, S.
College of Community Health Nursing, Winneba, Ghana

 Gyan, A.
College of Community Health Nursing, Winneba, Ghana

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Otoo, E.A., Tackie-Yarboi, D., Gyimadoh, B., Yayra, H., Gyasi, S., and Gyan, A., “Contraceptive Use among High School Students in the Effutu Municipality, Ghana; the Unknown Perception” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.492-496 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/492-496.pdf

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Impact of Money Politics on Good Governance in South West Nigeria (2011-2019)

Omoleye Olabode – November 2021- Page No.: 497-507

This study explored the impact of money politics on good governance in Southwest Nigeria (2011-2019). Five research questions were framed while one hypothesis was formulated and tested for the study. From a population of 38,257,260 a sample of 400 respondents was drawn using the stratified sampling technique. The descriptive survey research design was used for the study. One instrument was utilized for the study. The questionnaire was a 27-item Money Politics and Good Governance Questionnaire (MPGGQ). The reliability of the MPGGQ was obtained using Crombach’s Alpha which yielded coefficient alpha value of 0.74. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation was used for data analysis while Chi-square statistics was used to test the research hypothesis. The study found that: money politics impacts highly on good governance in Southwest Nigeria between 2011 and 2019, money politics impacts highly on the emergence of people’s choice of political leadership in Southwest Nigeria. Also, money politics impacts highly on the electoral system in the Southwest between 2011 and 2019 and have negative consequences on good governance. The extent money politics affected performance in office in the Southwest between 2011 and 2019 is high. Money/godfatherism, poverty, corruption and impunity, weak electoral body, deceit by politicians, desperation to win at all cost and weak electoral framework are the major causes of money politics in Southwest Nigeria. The paper concludes that Money politics has obliterated the political process in the Southwest states of Nigeria and has impacted negatively on good governance. Money politics also impacted negatively on good governance and abuse of political office because the political office holders. The study among others recommends that until the regulatory agencies responsible for monitoring of elections and sanctioning of offenders improve their efforts in minimizing excessive use of money in politics of Southwest Nigeria, it will continue to produce incompetent leaders and this will lead to bad governance and abuse of power as well as misuse of state resources for private gain.

Page(s): 497-507                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 08 December 2021

 Omoleye Olabode
School of Postgraduate Studies, Department of Political Science & International Relations, Nile University of Nigeria

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Omoleye Olabode “Impact of Money Politics on Good Governance in South West Nigeria (2011-2019)” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.497-507 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/497-507.pdf

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Causes of Herders and Farmers Conflicts on Economic Activities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Mohammed Musa, Ekhamheye, Sylvester, Ibrahim Gayam Meeqhaeel El-kas- November 2021- Page No.: 508-517

This research investigated the causes of the incessant conflict between the pastoralists and the crop producers in Nasarawa state. There is no doubt that for centuries, both have lived in peace and harmony and have greatly contributed to the progress of the society. However, recent happenings between the two groups show a high degree of bitterness to the extent of carrying arms against each other, which has led to the loss of lives and properties. It is against this background that this research seeks to unravel the causes of conflict between these animal farmers and crop farmers. In achieving this, a mixed method of research technique was adopted employing both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The research adopted Eco-violence theory developed by Homer-Dixon in 1999 as its theoretical framework. The theory view conflicts as a product of environmental resources and the competition over their usage by their users in a society, it assumed that competition over scarce ecological resources engenders violent conflict. The study is guided by one research objective, one research hypothesis and one research question. The findings of the study show that there is a significant difference between the responses of herders and farmers on the causes of their conflict in Nasarawa state. In lieu of the above, the study concluded that there is considerable difference between the position of the herders and the farmers as to the causes of the conflict. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers therefore recommend that the government of Nasarawa state in conjunction with the Federal Government and other relevant authorities should put in place necessary mechanisms that will forestall the recurrence of these incessant conflicts.

Page(s): 508-517                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 08 December 2021

 Mohammed Musa
Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria

 Ekhamheye, Sylvester
Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria

 Ibrahim Gayam Meeqhaeel El-kas
Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria

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Mohammed Musa, Ekhamheye, Sylvester, Ibrahim Gayam Meeqhaeel El-kas, “Causes of Herders and Farmers Conflicts on Economic Activities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.508-517 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/508-517.pdf

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The Effect of Legislators’ Education Levels on Constituency Service: A Case Study of CDF Utilization (2008-2013)

Frank Muinde Munyao & Patrick Kasyula – November 2021- Page No.: 518-528

Education levels world over are used as a measure of determining a potential employees job performance abilities. Unfortunately little research has been done to establish the effect of legislators’ education levels on their performance, yet there has been clamor for university education to be used as a pre-requisite for any one running for a representative position. The main purpose of this study was therefore aimed at establishing the effect of legislators’ education levels on their constituency service. The study used CDF as the measure of constituency service and utilized secondary data obtained from parliament and the National Association of Taxpayers. The study findings showed that the legislators’ levels of education didn’t have effect on their constituency service as far as CDF utilization ranking is concerned. In the first and second phase of ranking the legislators who didn’t have a bachelor’s degree were ranked better in CDF utilization compared to those who had at least a bachelor’s degree. It’s only in the third and fourth phases of the CDF rankings that those with at least a bachelor’s degree were ranked well than their counterparts without a bachelor’s degree. The study then comes to an end with a number of recommendations and suggestions for further research work to broaden the sphere of knowledge in this scholarly area of research.

Page(s): 518-528                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 08 December 2021

 Frank Muinde Munyao
University of Nairobi, Kenya

 Patrick Kasyula
University of Nairobi, Kenya

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Frank Muinde Munyao & Patrick Kasyula, “The Effect of Legislators’ Education Levels on Constituency Service: A Case Study of CDF Utilization (2008-2013)” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.518-528 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/518-528.pdf

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The Impact of Female Empowerment on the Fourth Birth

Mostafa Sayed Mostafa Abd – El Hameed El Misery- November 2021- Page No.: 529-533

The Egyptian strategy aims at reducing the fertility rate from 3.5% children per woman to 2.4 % by 2030. Egypt is one of the most populous countries in the Arab world with a population of 93 million citizens in 2016, and it is set to grow to about 120 million by 2030 if the same fertility level continues (United Nations, 2017). According to the country’s statistics agency CAPMAS (CAPMAS, 2018) Egypt saw the birth of almost 2.6 million babies per year, from 2012 to 2016. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between women’s empowerment and their fertility choices in order to identify how, if possible, can women’s empowerment contribute to lowering their fertility preference in terms of the number of children ever born and thus lowering the total fertility rate. Due to issues with measuring the direct indicators of empowerment as revealed in the paper, special focus is given to women’s education and work due to their role identified in the literature as key resources of empowerment. We estimate a Cox’s hazard regression model to investigate the significant factors that related to having four children. We fit our model using data from the 2012 round of Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey. Results show that reaching replacement level of having two children is a big challenge to which policy makers must pay careful attention? females who less empowered have more children than those who are more empowered also.

Page(s): 529-533                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 09 December 2021

 Mostafa Sayed Mostafa Abd – El Hameed El Misery
Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, Egypt

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[17] Jejeebhoy SJ, (1995) “Women’s Education, Autonomy, and Reproductive Behaviour: Experience from Developing Countries”, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
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[24] WoldemicaelG, (2009)“Women’s autonomy and reproductive preferences in Eritrea”, Journal of Biosocial Science, 41(2):161–181.

Mostafa Sayed Mostafa Abd – El Hameed El Misery, “The Impact of Female Empowerment on the Fourth Birth” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.529-533 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/529-533.pdf

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Liberative Pedagogies for Mitigating Teenage pregnancy

John Kibwage Nyangaresi, Elvis Omondi Kauka – November 2021- Page No.: 534-537

The role of pedagogy in transmitting preventive skills necessary for mitigating teenage pregnancies is usually sacrificed at the behest sociological and psychological curative and reactive measures. It is however permissible to entertain critical and philosophical preventive pedagogical procedures that are heavily hinged on the theory of man’s capacity to think efficaciously. This article therefore purposed to examine the implications of liberative pedagogical dispositions in solving teenage pregnancy in schools. The article appeals to the implications of Freirian pedagogical dispositions in addressing teenage pregnancy and the implications of Deweyian pedagogical principles in mitigating teenage pregnancy. The article employed critical Method of Philosophical investigation. The study points that if teenage pregnancy is to be addressed in a more permanent and humanized way, then educators must embrace Pedagogical balance, Pedagogical humanization, Emotional intelligence, experiential pedagogy, Problematization of pedagogy, Engaged Pedagogy and Democratic pedagogies. These forms of pedagogies are hinged on the concept of Educere-(Latin for bringing out-leading out). Educerean conception of education posits that pedagogy is a catalyst for the unfolding the latent powers within a learner. The latent experiential and cognitive powers are not only the best way of addressing teenage pregnancy from a liberative perspective but it is also philosophically sound.
Operational Definitions
Pedagogy: It is the art and science of transmitting knowledge, skills or attitudes. In this paper pedagogical orientation inclines towards learner centered transmissions.
Liberative pedagogies: Steps or action taken to setindividuals free from oppressive environments
Teenage pregnancy: (Adolescent pregnancy) can be described as a conception by any female who is less than 19 years of age at the end of the pregnancy (WHO, 2004).
Critical pedagogy: Refers to methods and principles laid down for teaching children on careful and serious multi-sectoral approaches for instance mitigating teenage pregnancy
Humanizing Pedagogy: Instructional orientation that bring out latent human capabilities of the individual learner

Page(s): 534-537                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 09 December 2021

 John Kibwage NyangaresiJohn Kibwage Nyangaresi
Department of Educational Foundations, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P. O. BOX 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya

 Elvis Omondi Kauka
Department of Educational Foundations, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P. O. BOX 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya

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[24] WHO(2004).AdolescentPregnancy:http://wqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241595650_eng.pd

John Kibwage Nyangaresi, Elvis Omondi Kauka, “Liberative Pedagogies for Mitigating Teenage pregnancy” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.534-537 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/534-537.pdf

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Review of the Implementation of South Sudan’s National Gender Policy in Jubek State, South Sudan

Mburu Joseph Njoroge, Dr. Edna Moi – November 2021- Page No.: 538-554

Most studies have shown that gender mainstreaming in South Sudan has not been well undertaken this is due to lack of working policy or lack of policy implementation. While expansive body of literature has explored the implications of gender disparities in South Sudan, none has been published on the impact National Gender Policy full implementation. This study aims at assessing the implementation of South Sudan National Gender Policy in Jubek State, South Sudan. The study was guided by three objectives namely; to identify the gender gaps in the National gender Policy as a step towards achieving gender equality in Jubek state in gender mainstreaming in Jubek State; and to determine stakeholders’ achievement in a national gender policy in Jubek State. The study employed a stand point theory. A population of 350 government officials and members of the public in the Jubek State targeted in the study with a randomly selected sample of 105 respondents. Members of the public responded to questionnaire while Government Officials to respond to both interview guide questionnaire. The aim of the study was to assess this strategies that help in the implementation of Gender policy in all government Ministries. The study employed descriptive and inferential analysis with the aid of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and data presented by Charts and tables. The study further revealed that despite the existence of South Sudan National Gender Policy its implementation is still a not clear since the general public is not even aware of its existence and there is no awareness to the public on the importance of the South Sudan National Gender Policy. The study further concluded that there is no emphasis national gender policy in gender mainstreaming. Gender responsive training and retraining programs have not been established. There are also no adequate resources allocated for gender mainstreaming. The government doesn’t increase financial allocation for interventions to increase retention rates for girls and boys in schools. Thus the national gender policy in gender mainstreaming has not produced any success. The study findings further revealed that stakeholders in national gender policy have not achieved a lot. The study recommends that, there is need for the government state ministries to establish more strict measures to ensure there is gender equity in employment in both private and public service. There is also need for the government stakeholders to create awareness to the public on the importance and implementation of Sudan National Gender Policy (SSNGP). The government should allocate adequate resources for gender mainstreaming. The government also needs to increase financial allocation for interventions to increase retention rates for girls and boys in schools. Thus the national gender policy in gender mainstreaming has not produced any success

Page(s): 538-554                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 09 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51128

 Mburu Joseph Njoroge
Kenyatta University, Kenya

  Dr. Edna Moi
Kenyatta University, Kenya

[1] Abusharaf, R. M. (2009). Transforming displaced women in Sudan: politics and the body in a squatter settlement. University of Chicago Press.
[2] Ali, N. M. (2011). Gender and state building in South Sudan. US Institute of Peace.
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[11] Edward, J. (2011). Women and political participation in South Sudan. Sudan Tribune.
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[14] Fordham, M. (2003). Gender, disaster and development. Natural disasters and development in a globalizing world. Routledge, London, 57-74.
[15] Majekodunmi, A. A. (2006). 10. NIGERIA: Using Gender Mainstreaming Processes to Help Protect Drinking Water Sources of the Obudu Plateau Communities in Northern Cross River State. Gender, Water and Sanitation, 62.
[16] Mannan, H., McVeigh, J., Amin, M., MacLachlan, M., Swartz, L., Munthali, A., & Van Rooy, G. (2012). Core concepts of human rights and inclusion of vulnerable groups in the disability and rehabilitation policies of Malawi, Namibia, Sudan, and South Africa. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 23(2), 67-81.
[17] Mjøen, A. O. (2015). Women’s participation in statebuilding with a focus on South Sudan, Rwanda and Nepal (Master’s thesis, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås).
[18] Mugenda, O. & Mugenda, G. (2003). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: African Centre for Technology Studies.
[19] National Gender Policy, (2013). Ministry Of Gender, Child and Social Welfare. The Republic Of South Sudan, 1-66
[20] Okumu J. (2012) Gender mainstreaming and promotion of gender equality: A case study of the Swedish Cooperative Centre, Vi-agroforestry project, Kisumu-Kenya. Examensarbete i Hållbar Utveckling 90
[21] Sudan, F. (2021). Technological Disruptions, Youth Unemployment and Vocational Education Challenges in South Asia: A Short Report. Global Economics Science, 80-97. doi: 10.37256/ges.222021769

Mburu Joseph Njoroge, Dr. Edna Moi “Review of the Implementation of South Sudan’s National Gender Policy in Jubek State, South Sudan” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.538-554 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51128

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Implementation of Programs under the Child-Friendly School Systems (CFSS): Response to Sustainable Development Goals

Marita S. Magat- November 2021- Page No.: 555-562

The study assessed the implementation of child-friendly school system (CFSS) programs in Camarines Sur, Philippines. Specifically, it presented a profile of programs; assessed the sustainability, relevance, and accessibility; and determined the degree of achievement of the expected outputs of the programs. The study utilized a mixed model of quantitative and qualitative methods. It used a validated researcher-made questionnaire as a data-gathering instrument. Triangulation through structured interview and secondary documents analysis was conducted. Stratified and random sampling was used to determine the samples of students and teachers while the fishbowl technique was used to draw samples of public schools both in secondary and elementary levels in the whole province of Camarines Sur. Total enumeration of school heads was considered in the Key Informants Interview (KII).
The study reveals that majority of the programs were relevant, accessible, and sustainable. The achievement of the CFSS outcomes such as retention rate and percentage of well-nourished children are relatively satisfactory while the Mean Percentage Score (MPS) in National Achievement Test (NAT) is low average. The programs addressed Goal 2 (Zero Hunger); Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-Being); Goal 4 (Quality Education); Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation); Goal 13 (Climate Action) and Goal 16 (Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions) of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The programs that were commonly implemented by school respondents are Brigada Eskwela Plus; Youth for Environment in School (YES); Every Child a Reader Program (ECARP). Massive anti-child labor and anti-bullying campaigns; intensified linkages and resource generation; recovery and sustainability measures for inactive programs which are relevant but no longer implemented were some of the recommendations.

Page(s): 555-562                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 09 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51129

 Marita S. Magat
Partido State University, Goa, Camarines Sur, Region V, Philippines

[1] United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF). (2009). Assessing Child-Friendly Schools: Manual, UNICEF, New York, USA. Retrieved from htpp://www.unicef.org/eapro/Assessing_CFS.pdf
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[7] Aguilar, J. 2011. Child-Friendly School as an Entry Point for Democratization of Educational System and Learning, Paper presented to the Ministerial Conference on “Education as an Investment into the Future of Asia”, Tashkent, April 2011. Retrieved from www.osce.orgcio28968.
[8] United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF), (2009). Child-Friendly Schools Evaluation: Country Report for the Philippines. United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, USA. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/index_58798.html .
[9] United Nations (UN). (2019). Un Sustainable Development Goals. New York, USA. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/
[10] Godfrey, E.,( 2012). Cross-national measurement of school learning environments: Creating indicators for evaluating UNICEF’s Child-Friendly Schools Initiative. Child and Youth Services Review, 34(3), 546-557.
[11] Cobanoglu, F, et.al., (2018). Child-Friendly Schools: An assessment of Secondary Schools. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 466-477. DOI 10.13189.
[12] Lacrampe, R.( 2017). Children’s Participation as a Feature of Educational Reform in Kenya: An Analysis of the Child-Friendly School Framework and Children’s Government. University of Ottawa Research Journal, retrieved from http://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/36671/Lacrampe_Rachel.
[13] Shapiro, J. (2005). Monitoring and Evaluation, CIVICUS, South Africa, p. 3. Retrieved from http://www.schoolnetafrica.net/fileadmin/resources/Monitoring_and_Evaluation.pdf
[14] Department of Education, (2008).Institutionalization of Brigada Eskwela Program, DepEd Memo # 24, s.2008, http://www.deped.gov.ph
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[23] Department of Education, (2015). Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Coordination and Information Management Protocol, DedEd Memo # 21, s.2015, http://www.deped.gov.ph

Marita S. Magat, “Implementation of Programs under the Child-Friendly School Systems (CFSS): Response to Sustainable Development Goals” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.555-562 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51129

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The politics of moral panic: Anthropology of mass-panicking processes of contemporary Sri Lanka

A. Sarath Ananda – November 2021- Page No.: 563-574

Sri Lanka society is an appropriate arena of research to the nature of moral engineering and moral enterprising for unending power struggle of supremacy seekers and pressure groups. The political as well as cultural elite-sponsored moral panics that come from many forms that based on semi-authentic or fault factors makes a huge damage to the social order of the nation. The long term disturbance to the nation development, social integrity and cultural ethical codes is immeasurable. This article deliberates over selected cases such as debate over chronicle kidney diseases, food poisoning, DCD, satirizing pills and satirizing surgery panics appeared in the contemporary history in Sri Lanka. The basic objective of this research is building a sociological discourse on the prevailed reality of the concurrent socio-political structure and revealing its effectives on Sri Lankan society. This paper that has been employed enclosing the discourse building a literary discourse on the concept of moral panic such as, reviewing worldwide experiences on mass-panicking and the application these concepts to the concurrent Sri Lankan socio-political context. Primary data were extracted by selected newspaper articles, recorded public speeches made by influential individuals, blog reports, research reports and public acts regarding various issues related in the thematic area of this research. This study also has been built largely on the contour of secondary literature. Sociological as well as philosophical perceptions developed in multiple dimension on moral panic that has been used as tools of context analysis. Finally, this paper concludes the politicians, cultural elites and some pressure groups that seek contentment of their hidden political agendas shown as vital actors as moral engineers and moral entrepreneurs responsible for mass panicking. So-called mass media and uncensored social media users knowingly or unknowingly has carried out the needs of those groups

Page(s): 563-574                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 09 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51130

 A. Sarath Ananda
Department of Social Science, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka

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[7] Cooray, Titus; Yuansong Wei 1,2,3,* , Hui Zhong 1,2, Libing Zheng; Sujithra K. Weragoda and Rohan Weerasooriya (2019), Assessment of Groundwater Quality in CKDu Affected Areas of Sri Lanka: Implications for Drinking Water Treatment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019, 16, 1698; doi:10.3390/ijerph16101698 (Access: 12.1.62019)
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[22] Rajapakse, Senaka; Chrishan, Mitrakrishnan; Shivanthan, and Selvarajah, Mathu (2017). Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka, International Journal of Occupational Health, 2016 Jul; 22(3): 259–264: doi: 10.1080/10773525.2016.1203097 (Access: 22.10.2020)
[23] Rameez, Abubaker (2018) Resurgence of ethno-Religious Sentiments Against Muslims in Sri Lanka: Recent Anti-Muslim violence in Ampara nd Kandy, Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2018.
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[25] Silva, K.T. 2019. Religious Diversity and Interreligious Contestations in Sri Lanka: The Encounter between Buddhism and Islam in the Galebandara Cult in Kurunagala eligious diversity in Asia, Religious Diversity in Asia (Ed. Borup, J. et al.), Leiden/Boston, Brill, pp. 243-267.
[26] Silva, K.T. 2020. Stigma and Moral Panic about COVID-19 in Sri Lanka, Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (JHS), Volume 03, Issue 02, University of Peradeniya, PGIHS.
[27] Ugwuoke, C.O., Ngwu, E.C. & Iziga, P.N. 2016. Terrorism and Moral Panic in Nigeria, Review of European Studies; Vol. 8, No. 3; 2016 ISSN 1918-7173 E-ISSN 1918-7181 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education.
[28] Waxler, Nancy E. (1976) Social change and psychiatric illness in Ceylon: An investigation of traditional and modern conceptions of disease and treatment. In Culture Bound Syndromes, Ethnopsychiatry and Alternative Therapies. W. Lebra, ed. Honolulu: pp. 22-240.University of Hawaii Press.
[29] Waxler, Nancy E. (1977). Is Mental Illness Cured in Traditional Societies? A Theoretical Analysis, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, No. 1, pp. 233- Amenta, Edwin; Neal Caren; Elizabeth Chiarello (2010) Political Consequence of Social Movements, Annual Review of Sociology, www.annualreview.soc (Online Open Access, Last View: 15th Feb. 2020)
[30] Bandarage, Asoka (2013), Political Economy of Epidemic Kidney Disease in Sri Lanka, Sage Open (November, 2013), https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013511827 (Online Open Access, Last View: 15th Feb. 2020)
[31] Bandaranaike, A.D. & Nicolle, S. 2020. Information Disorder and Mainstream Media in Sri Lanka: A Case Study, Social Media, Disinformation and Democracy in Asia: Country Cases, Seoul, Asia Democracy Research Network: pp. 267-292.
[32] Bide, Yalena Margatete (2015) Social Movements and Process of Political Change: The Political Outcome of the Chilean Student Movement; 2011-2015, Brown University Providence RI, the Watson Institute for International Studies.
[33] Bhuiyan, Md Kamruzzaman (2019) The Bloody Easter Sunday Terrorist Attack in Sri Lanka: What Went Wrong?, IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 24, Issue 9, Series 8 (September, 2019), 35-40.
[34] Cohen, Stanley (2002). Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Modes and Rockers. London and New-York, Rutledge.
[35] Cooray, Titus; Yuansong Wei 1,2,3,* , Hui Zhong 1,2, Libing Zheng; Sujithra K. Weragoda and Rohan Weerasooriya (2019), Assessment of Groundwater Quality in CKDu Affected Areas of Sri Lanka: Implications for Drinking Water Treatment, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019, 16, 1698; doi:10.3390/ijerph16101698 (Access: 12.1.62019)
[36] Critch, Chas (2018). Moral Panic Analysis: Sociology Compass, Vol. 2, Issue 4, July 2008 (Ed. Rebecca Kissane and ulie Kmec), ISSN 1751-9020.
[37] Dalton, Russel J. and Hans-Dieter K. (2013) Overview of Political Behaviour: Political Behaviour and Citizen’s Politics, The Oxford Handbook of Political Science, (Ed. Robert E. Goodin), Online Open Access, (Last View: 13th Feb. 2020).
[38] De Silva, A.M.W; Albert, Steven M.; Jayasekar, J.M.K.B. (2017). Structural violence and chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka, Social Science & Medicine, Volume 178, April 2017, Pages 184-195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.016
[39] Dissanayaka, Suneetha & Silva, Gihani De (2017). Sabaragamuwa University Sinhala Shasthiya Samgrahaya, Vol. 10, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka
[40] Faundes, J.M.M. 2019. The geopolitics of moral panic: The influence of Argentinian neo-conservatism in the genesis of the discourse of ‘gender ideology’, International Sociology. 2019;34(4):402-417. doi:10.1177/0268580919856488
[41] Goode, Erich & Ben-Yahuda, Nachman (1994) Moral Panic, Culture, Politics and Social Construction, Annual Review of Sociology, No. 20, 149-171.
[42] Hill, Michael (2001). Elite Sponsored Moral Panic: A Singapore Perspective, CAS Research Paper Series, No. 33, National University of Singapore, Centre for Advanced Studies.
[43] Hill, Michael (Undated). Conversion and Subversion: Religion and the Management of Moral Panics in Singapore, Working Paper 8, Asia Studies Institute, Victoria University of Wellington.
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[46] Jayasekara, J.M.K.B.; Menike, D. Dammika; Adhikari, Badri (2013), Geographical distribution of chronic kidney disease of unknown origin in North Central Region of Sri Lanka, Ceylon Medical Journal (March 2013), 58(1):6-10, DOI: 10.4038/cmj.v58i1.5356 (Access: 19.10.2018)
[47] Marambe, Buddhi (2019). Banning of herbicides and the impact on agriculture: the case of glyphosate in Sri Lanka, Weed Science , Volume 68 , Issue 3 , May 2020 , pp. 246 – 252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2019.71 (Access: 19.10.2020)
[48] Mendley, Susan R.; Adeera Levin; Ricardo Correa-Rotter; Madeleine K. Scammell; Robert O. Wright; Robert A. Star, (2019). Kidney International, VOLUME 96, ISSUE 5, P1071-1076, (August 2019), DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2019.06.024, (Access: 22.01.2020)
[49] Obeyesekere, Gananath (1977) Psycho-cultural Exegesis of a Case of Spirit Possession in Sri Lanka. In Case Studies in Spirit Possession. V. Crapanzano and V. Garrison, ed. pp. 235-294. New York: J. Wiley.
[50] Rajapakse, Senaka; Chrishan, Mitrakrishnan; Shivanthan, and Selvarajah, Mathu (2017). Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka, International Journal of Occupational Health, 2016 Jul; 22(3): 259–264: doi: 10.1080/10773525.2016.1203097 (Access: 22.10.2020)
[51] Rameez, Abubaker (2018) Resurgence of ethno-Religious Sentiments Against Muslims in Sri Lanka: Recent Anti-Muslim violence in Ampara nd Kandy, Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2018.
[52] Rocheron, Yvette and Linne, Olga (1989). European Journal of Communication, Vol. 4, Issue 4, Dec. 1989, SAGE.
[53] Silva, K.T. 2019. Religious Diversity and Interreligious Contestations in Sri Lanka: The Encounter between Buddhism and Islam in the Galebandara Cult in Kurunagala eligious diversity in Asia, Religious Diversity in Asia (Ed. Borup, J. et al.), Leiden/Boston, Brill, pp. 243-267.
[54] Silva, K.T. 2020. Stigma and Moral Panic about COVID-19 in Sri Lanka, Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (JHS), Volume 03, Issue 02, University of Peradeniya, PGIHS.
[55] Ugwuoke, C.O., Ngwu, E.C. & Iziga, P.N. 2016. Terrorism and Moral Panic in Nigeria, Review of European Studies; Vol. 8, No. 3; 2016 ISSN 1918-7173 E-ISSN 1918-7181 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education.
[56] Waxler, Nancy E. (1976) Social change and psychiatric illness in Ceylon: An investigation of traditional and modern conceptions of disease and treatment. In Culture Bound Syndromes, Ethnopsychiatry and Alternative Therapies. W. Lebra, ed. Honolulu: pp. 22-240.University of Hawaii Press.
[57] Waxler, Nancy E. (1977). Is Mental Illness Cured in Traditional Societies? A Theoretical Analysis, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, No. 1, pp. 233253

A. Sarath Ananda, “The politics of moral panic: Anthropology of mass-panicking processes of contemporary Sri Lanka” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.563-574 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51130

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Early Menstrual Characteristics in a Group of Sri Lankan Women with Endometriosis in the Western Province of Sri Lanka

Professor Ramya P. Pathiraja, Madura A. Jayawardena, Professor Dhammike De Silva, Ajith Fernando, Madhuka Rajakaruna, Madushan Weerasinghe- November 2021- Page No.: 575-578

I. INTRODUCTION
Endometriosis is defined as the presence of active endometrial mucosa; which can be either glands or stroma, abnormally implanted in locations other than the uterine cavity. 1
Endometriosis is a common, poorly understood and extremely debilitating benign gynaecological condition which affect both physically and psychologically. Despite extensive research, the aetiology of endometriosis remains elusive. Several theories exist that attempt to explain this disease, but none have been entirely proven. But these ectopic foci respond to cyclical hormonal fluctuations in much the same way as intrauterine endometrium, with proliferation, secretory activity, and cyclical sloughing of menstrual material leading to an altered inflammatory response characterized by neovascularization and fibrosis.
Endometriosis is classified under 4 stages depending on location, extent, and depth the implants, presence of adhesions and presence of ovarian endometriosis. However the severity or stage doesn’t correlate with the symptoms of endometriosis.2

Page(s): 575-578                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 10 December 2021

 Professor Ramya P. Pathiraja
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka

 Madura A. Jayawardena
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka

 Professor Dhammike De Silva
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka

 Ajith Fernando
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka

 Madhuka Rajakaruna
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka

 Madushan Weerasinghe
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka

[1] HartR. Unexplained infertility, endometriosis and fibroids. BMJ 2003; 327: 721-4.
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[5] Kelechi E. Nnoaham, Premila Webster, Jharna Kumbang,Stephen H. Kennedy, Krina TZondervan, Is early age at menarche a risk factor for endometriosis, Fertil Steril. (2012) September; 98(3): 702–712.e6
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Professor Ramya P. Pathiraja, Madura A. Jayawardena, Professor Dhammike De Silva, Ajith Fernando, Madhuka Rajakaruna, Madushan Weerasinghe, “Early Menstrual Characteristics in a Group of Sri Lankan Women with Endometriosis in the Western Province of Sri Lanka” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.575-578 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/575-578.pdf

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An exploration of the Performance Lag Address Programme (PLAP) in addressing Literacy in primary schools: the case of Tsholotsho District in Zimbabwe

Nhlanhla Sibanda, Bhekinkosi Ndlovu – November 2021- Page No.: 579-585

The standard of education in Matabeleland North has deteriorated to the extent that the province has over the years recorded the lowest pass rate at Grade Seven level in the country. Owing to the persistent high failure rate, the Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture introduced the Performance Lag Address Programme (PLAP). It is in this guise that this study focussed on the challenges and opportunities of the performance Lag Address Programme introduced to address suppressed literacy levels and high failure rate in primary schools. The study used a qualitative approach taking into cognisance the versatility of this approach in generation of appropriate descriptive information on the phenomenon under study. A case study design was chosen focussing mainly on Tsholotsho District in Matabeleland North Province. Purposive sampling and convenient sampling techniques were used to identify the teachers and Ministry of Education Officials to discuss PLAP programme implementation. The findings of the study revealed that scepticism by the teachers regarding the thrust and feasibility of the programme hindered its effective implementation. The study recommended that teachers should be equipped sufficiently to be effective in PLAP implementation. Furthermore, there is need for capital injection, expanse resource mobilisation and a multi-stakeholder approach to propel the programme to success.

Page(s): 579-585                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 10 December 2021

 Nhlanhla Sibanda
Department of Languages and Literature, Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe

 Bhekinkosi Ndlovu
Schools Psychological Services, Matabeleland North Province, Zimbabwe

[1] Ausubel, D.P. (2000). The Acquisition and Retention of Knowledge: A Cognitive View: Springer
[2] Anderson, J.R. ( 1995). Cognitive Psychology and its Implications, Fourth Edition: New York. W.H.Freeman & Company
[3] Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology”. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2):83. Doi 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
[4] Chakanyuka, S., Chung, F.K., & Stevenson, T. (2009). The Rapid Assessment of Primary and Secondary Schools: National Advisory Board. Harare
[5] Chiteko, B. (2013). “Zimbabwe’s Forgotten Generation” Online:www.thinkafricapress.com/zimbabwe/education-crisis-leaves-teachers-and-pupils-underequipped Accessed: 08/09/2014
[6] McLaughlin, M. & Talbert, J. (1993). Contexts the matter for teaching and Learning: Strategic opportunities for meeting the nation’s educational goals
[7] Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education (2014). ED 46, Tsholotsho District Statistical Schedule. Annual Report. Matabeleland North Province
[8] Mpofu, S. (2013). “Bold Future for School Drop-outs” The Herald, August 26, Online: www.herald.co.zw/bold-future-for-school-drop-outs/ Accessed: 08/09/2014
[9] Nkoma, E. (2014). “Performance Lag Address Programme (PLAP): Teachers’ perceptions and pedagogical approaches in Mutare urban P2 (former group B) Primary Schools” Journal of Business Management& Social Sciences Research, 3(2), 31-42
[10] Phiri, L. (2013). “Low Reading culture threatens country’s literacy rate: Minister” The Chronicle, May 16, Online: www.davidcoltart.com/2013/05/low-reading-culture-threatens-countrys-literacy-rate-minister/Accessed: 0/07/2014
[11] Schoenfed, A. (1999). Looking towards the 21st Century: Challenges of Educational theory and Practice, Educational Researcher, 28(7), 4-14
[12] Shumba,P.(2013).“Programme to address learning anomalies launched in Bulawayo” The Chronicle ,7 June, Online: www.davidcoltart.com/2013/06/programme-to-address-learning-anomalies-launched-in-bulawayo/ Accessed: 08/08/2014
[13] UNICEF (2011) Annual Report 2011 for Zimbabwe, UNICEF
[14] Wilkinson, G.S., & Robertson, G.J. (2006). Wide Range Achievement Test Professional Manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources “Zimbabwe’s economy during the life of the coalition government: Economy/Investment/Industry” The Zimbabwe Mail, Online: www.solutions4africa.com/country-info/zimbabwe/114-zimbabwe?showall=1&limitstart Accessed: 20/07/2014

Nhlanhla Sibanda, Bhekinkosi Ndlovu, “An exploration of the Performance Lag Address Programme (PLAP) in addressing Literacy in primary schools: the case of Tsholotsho District in Zimbabwe” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.579-585 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/579-585.pdf

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A Criminological Study on the problems faced by the women prisoners Convicted for drug offences in Sri Lanka

Prof. M.W. Jayasundara – November 2021- Page No.: 586-592

Sri Lanka has a long history of drug use, mainly cannabis and opium. Both compounds have also been used as a pharmaceutical preparation in herbal medicine. Most researchers agree that the problem of drug abuse began to increase in the 1970s. According to Gunatilake, accurate estimation was impossible as no scientific survey had been carried out during this period. According to a survey made during the period 1975-1981, there were only 3200 known drug dependents and most of them were opium and cannabis users in this country. Heroin suddenly shot into prominence in the late seventies and early eighties. There were very few heroin users in the 1980s. In 1981 the police were able to seize 0.277 kilograms of heroin. In many instances, heroin was smuggled from India and Pakistan. In 2017, more than one thousand kilograms were seized from individuals and among them 4% were females. The use of heroin in the country has increased rapidly and thousands of drug users both males and females had emerged by 2017. It was estimated that 10,432 males and 157 females were imprisoned for narcotic drug offences in 2017. Drug abuse among females in Sri Lanka is on the increase. Female drug users are likely to be more stigmatized than their male counterparts and they are regarded as double deviants. Drug habits among Sri Lankan females have increased faster than those of men. Compared to the drug abuse of men, women’s drug abuse could bring more negative consequences to the health, families, and society at large. In Sri Lanka, female drug offenders are imprisoned to rehabilitate them but many such females return to prison upon their release after being reconvicted for drug offences. Therefore, this study is aimed at finding the problems faced by the women prisoners whose rehabilitation process has been hindered during their stay at the prison and also upon their release. This study was carried out concerning the women prisoners imprisoned in Welikada women’s prison in 2018 and 30 inmates were selected from a systematic sample. In addition, 10 prison officers both male and female were selected as respondents. Interviews, case studies, and observation methods were utilized for data collection. The findings of the study revealed that societal factors, shortcomings of the rehabilitation programs, poverty, unhealthy home environment, and mental confusion have affected negatively in the process of women prisoners in their social integration and rehabilitation.

Page(s): 586-592                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 10 December 2021

 Prof. M.W. Jayasundara
Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka

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Prof. M.W. Jayasundara “A Criminological Study on the problems faced by the women prisoners Convicted for drug offences in Sri Lanka” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.586-592 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/586-592.pdf

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Grammar Profiling: Realignment of CEFR Teaching Materials and Assessments

Fazillah Sulaiman, Surinder Kaur Satwant Singh- November 2021- Page No.: 593-597

This study investigates the effectiveness and the role of grammar profiling in the realignment of teaching and assessment of grammar as an explicitly taught subject based on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages or CEFR. This study utilised a quantitative analysis involving fifty students from the Basic Grammar and Vocabulary (LLE 3012) class at the National Defence University of Malaysia (NDUM). The students were assessed on their grammar knowledge and communication skills. The students took the track test at the beginning of the semester to evaluate their grammar knowledge, whereby their results were recorded. The results were later categorisedto six levels namely A1 (Beginner), A2 (Elementary), B1 (Pre-intermediate), B2 (Intermediate), C1 (Upper-intermediate) and C2 (Advanced). Then, the teaching and learning process took place for fourteen weeks using the grammar profiling syllabus. At the end of the fourteenth week, the students retook the track test. As for their communication skills, the studentsrecorded a presentation about themselves at the beginning and at the end of the semester. The presentations were evaluated using the CEFR Self-Assessment Grid (Spoken Production). The data were analysed using the paired sample t-test and it was found that for both assessments the mean value for the pretest was lower compared to the value obtained from the posttest. This indicates that the teaching and learning process using the grammar profiling syllabus was considered a success in terms of guiding instructors to align their assessment strategies and knowledge according to the newly aligned CEFR proposed benchmarked descriptors.

Page(s): 593-597                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 10 December 2021

 Fazillah Sulaiman
Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Language Centre, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, MALAYSIA

 Surinder Kaur Satwant Singh
Language Centre, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, MALAYSIA

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[19] ZuraidahMohd Don. (2015). English language proficiency, graduate employability and the role of CEFR. ASEAN Seminar 2015 on “Best Practices in English Teaching in ASEAN Universities”. UM repository.

Fazillah Sulaiman, Surinder Kaur Satwant Singh, “Grammar Profiling: Realignment of CEFR Teaching Materials and Assessments” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.593-597 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/593-597.pdf

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Leadership Styles and Employee Motivation among Non-Academic Staff in SMS College, ABUAD

Kelvin N. Agbakwuru, Babatunde T. Fanisi – November 2021- Page No.: 598-602

This research seeks to empirically investigate the effect of leadership styles on employee motivation among non-academic staff in the College of Social Management Sciences in Afe Babalola University (ABUAD). Its specific objectives are to determine the relationship between: (i) transformational leadership style and employee motivation and; (ii) transactional leadership style and employee motivation. The study used a cross-sectional descriptive research design and data was collected using a close-ended questionnaire. Census sampling technique was adopted while simple linear regression and Karl Pearson’s correlation methods were used. Findings show that leadership styles have an insignificant effect on employee motivation. It also shows that a strong positive relationship exists between transformational leadership style and employee motivation and a weak positive relationship exists between transactional leadership style and employee motivation. The implication of this is that superiors in the College should adopt more of the transformational leadership style.

Page(s): 598-602                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 10 December 2021

 Kelvin N. Agbakwuru
PhD Student, Human Resource Management, Afe-Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

 Babatunde T. Fanisi
PhD Student, Human Resource Management, Afe-Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

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Kelvin N. Agbakwuru, Babatunde T. Fanisi, “Leadership Styles and Employee Motivation among Non-Academic Staff in SMS College, ABUAD” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.598-602 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/598-602.pdf

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Moderating Effect of Institutional Policy on Institutional Strategies and Performance of Selected MDIs

OTSUPIUS, Anthonia Ighiebemhe (PhD)- November 2021- Page No.: 603-613

This research attempt to address the question, can it be inferred that institution policy has effect on the relationship between institutional strategies and the performance of the selected MDIs in Nigeria? Despite the importance of Institutional Strategies (IS)-(Agility, Flexibility, Alliance, and Planning), as identified strategic options/approaches used by management development institutions (MDIs) to pilot the different setting towards attaining a successful performance. The multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 398 staff. Stratified sampling technique was used to select the relevant MDIs across the entire MDIs in Nigeria.
Data were collected using a validated questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential (correlation and regression) statistics to determine the moderating effect of institution policy on the relationship between IS and performance of the selected MDIs.
Findings revealed that institution policy had no statistically significant moderating effect on the relationship between IS and performance of the selected MDIs in Nigeria, (Adj.R² = .137, F(4,336)=0.933, p>.05. The study concluded that recognizing the role and importance of MDIs in economic development, it is recommended that government (the office of the head of civil service of the federation) should develop flexible and concise policies as means of institutional support. When policies are understood by the different entities in an institution, there will be an atmosphere of improved performance reason being that everyone will work according to stipulated rules, using their initiative for creative value within the stipulated strategies.

Page(s): 603-613                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 11 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51133

 OTSUPIUS, Anthonia Ighiebemhe (PhD)
Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Arts, Management & Social Sciences, Edo State University Uzairue,
KM7, Auchi-Abuja Expressway, Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria

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OTSUPIUS, Anthonia Ighiebemhe (PhD), “Moderating Effect of Institutional Policy on Institutional Strategies and Performance of Selected MDIs” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.603-613 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51133

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Subsidized Fertilizer Utilization and Determinants among Small-scale Maize Farmers in Kakamega County, Kenya

Dennis Kimoso Mulupi, Mose P. B Ph.D, Kenneth Waluse Sibiko Ph.D – November 2021- Page No.: 614-622

Decline in soil fertility due to continuous use of land has been outlined as one of the major challenges facing crop productivity in Africa. However, a number of government-led interventions and strategies have been introduced to raise fertilizer usage including the fertilizer subsidy program for small-scale farmers. This study investigated the determinants and whether, and extent of successful of the government subsidy program among small-scale maize farmers in Kakamega County, Western Kenya. The study employed cross-sectional survey research design using semi-structured questionnaires to obtain data from 300 farmers, who were selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data was analyzed by econometrically employing descriptive analysis and a one-limit Tobit regression – controlling for programme selection bias. Results reveal that the average proportion of subsidized fertilizer utilized was59.48% among subsidy program participants. The intensity of subsidized fertilizer utilization by farmers was significantly influenced by the farm size under maize, household size, seed rate, age and education level of the household head, distance to the market and amount of credit borrowed. By the findings showing higher average fertilizer application rate of 85.6 kg per haamong the program participants compared to 74 kg per ha for non-participants, the study recommends expansion of the program to incorporate more farmers by increasing quantities of subsidized fertilizer supplied and consider socio-economic factors of small scale farmers when formulating policies on allocation as they are the main target of the program.

Page(s): 614-622                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 11 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51134

 Dennis Kimoso Mulupi
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Maseno University, Kenya

 Mose P. B Ph.D
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Maseno University, Kenya

 Kenneth Waluse Sibiko Ph.D
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Maseno University, Kenya

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Dennis Kimoso Mulupi, Mose P. B Ph.D, Kenneth Waluse Sibiko Ph.D, “Subsidized Fertilizer Utilization and Determinants among Small-scale Maize Farmers in Kakamega County, Kenya” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.614-622 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51134

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Effect of Guided Diagram Scoring Teaching Strategy on Students’ Achievement in Biology at Senior Secondary School Level

Adipere Ebiye, Okpko, Valentine, Leghemo Ebifaghe K, Enareigha Esther B, & Epem Ubodiom – November 2021- Page No.: 623-628

A quasi-experimental study of non-equivalent control design was adopted to investigate the effect of guided diagram scoring teaching strategy on senior secondary school class 2 (SS2) students’ achievement in biology. The study sample size consisted of 135 SS2 students consisting 70 students in one intact class from one school and 65 students from another school within Yenagoa metropolis of Bayelsa State. The aim of the study was to evaluate the students’ achievement through GDSTS in one of the biology topics. The students were drawn from intact classes, were randomly selected into experimental group and control group. The study employed pretest and posttest on biology of nervous system in data collection. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation and independent t-test. Findings from the study revealed that students taught with guided diagram scoring teaching strategy scored higher in their achievement test items than those taught with conventional lecture method (control group (m=5.64, SD=1.08) and experimental group (m=7.31, SD=0.71) conditions t(133)=4.72, t-tab=1.97); which implied that guided diagram scoring teaching strategy was effective in improving students’ achievement in learning. More so, it was revealed that gender is a significant factor in students’ achievement when taught with guided diagram scoring strategy favouring the female gender. Since guided diagram scoring teaching strategy enhanced performance of students, we therefore recommend that guided diagram scoring teaching strategy be included as an integral part of instructional procedure of biology education in senior secondary schools.

Page(s): 623-628                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 11 December 2021

 Adipere Ebiye
Admiralty University of Nigeria, Ibusa/Ogwashi-Uku Express, Delta State, Nigeria

 Okpko, Valentine
Admiralty University of Nigeria, Ibusa/Ogwashi-Uku Express, Delta State, Nigeria

 Leghemo Ebifaghe K
Bayelsa State College of Health technology Otuogidi, Ogbia, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

 Enareigha Esther B
Bayelsa State College of Education, Sagbama, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

 Epem Ubodiom
Bayelsa State College of Education, Sagbama, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

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Adipere Ebiye, Okpko, Valentine, Leghemo Ebifaghe K, Enareigha Esther B, & Epem Ubodiom “Effect of Guided Diagram Scoring Teaching Strategy on Students’ Achievement in Biology at Senior Secondary School Level” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.623-628 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/623-628.pdf

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History of Christian Education: Latin and Syriac Fathers

Youssry Guirguis, PhD- November 2021- Page No.: 629-640

“Men learn while they teach.” Seneca
Christian education can be considered to have been advanced with the early church fathers who wrote in Latin. They made significant contributions in numerous areas of education, such as philosophy, religion, science, poetry, polemical language, rhetoric, establishing of school curriculums, and other literature. Their unique input to Christian education paved the way for greater development in educating the laity. By contrast the Syriac fathers aimed to make society more meaningful. They emphasized that good teaching and learning was Christocentric and help individuals to become good Christians. Their missionary approach to Christian education focused on apologetics, hymnology, homilies, and typologies as iconoclastic weapons to defend the Christian faith. Their theories are discussed to assist educators to adapt the concepts they employed, which, in turn, will impact classroom learning.

Page(s): 629-640                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 11 December 2021

 Youssry Guirguis, PhD
Asia-Pacific International University, Muak Lek, Saraburi, Thailand

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Youssry Guirguis, PhD, “History of Christian Education: Latin and Syriac Fathers” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.629-640 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/629-640.pdf

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Effects of Decentralization Policy on Service Delivery by Local Governments in the Republic of South Sudan: A case of Jubek State

Ohisa James Claudio and Nelson Mango- November 2021- Page No.: 641-650

This article concerns the effects of decentralization on service delivery in Jubek State of South Sudan. The study adopted both descriptive survey research design and explanatory research design to identify, analyze, and describe the relationship between governance decentralization and service delivery. The study population was 1890 local government officials from Jubek State. This study used multiphase sampling technique to select the subjects of study. Both stratified random sampling technique and simple random sampling techniques were adopted to get the sample of counties and local government officials to be included in the study. A sample of 330 respondents was selected for survey. Out of the 330 respondents, 275 completed the questionnaire survey giving a response rate of 83.3%. Cronbach‘s alpha was used to test for internal reliability of each variable used in the study. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 23 to generate descriptive statistics. The study used tables to analyze the association between governance decentralization dimensions and service delivery variables. The findings revealed that governance decentralization had a positive significant effect on service delivery in local governments in Jubek State, Southern Sudan. Specifically, the study found out that financial decentralization (mean 3.06 at Cronbach’s alpha 0.703), administrative decentralization (mean 4.03 at Cronbach alpha 0.813), citizen participation (mean 3.57 at Cronbach alpha 0.702) and social accountability (mean 3.99 at Cronbach alpha 0.714) practices, for the 7 items examined, all had positive and significant effect on service delivery. However, social accountability had a significant effect on service delivery independently but not jointly. From these study findings, it is concluded that governance decentralization had a positive significant effect on service delivery. Thus the study makes a policy recommendation that the financial decentralization, administrative decentralization, citizen participation, social accountability practices need to be facilitated to improve service delivery in local government in Jubek State.

Page(s): 641-650                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 11 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51135

 Ohisa James Claudio
Mount Kenya University, P.O. Box 342-01000, Thika, Kenya

 Nelson Mango
Mount Kenya University, P.O. Box 342-01000, Thika, Kenya

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Ohisa James Claudio and Nelson Mango, “Effects of Decentralization Policy on Service Delivery by Local Governments in the Republic of South Sudan: A case of Jubek State” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.641-650 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51135

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Trauma Coping Strategies for the Catholic Religious Men and Women Survivors of Kidnapping in the Southern Ecclesiastical Provinces of Nigeria

Esther Oluwatoyin Amowe, Elijah Macharia Ndung’u, Ph.D, Joyzy Pius Egunjobi, Ph.D.,Dr.AD – November 2021- Page No.: 651-657

The study aimed at investigating the effective trauma coping strategies among Catholic religious men and women survivors of kidnap in Southern Ecclesiastical Provinces of Nigeria. It had a phenomenological design. Twenty-one survivors of which twelve were males and nine females were interviewed in a focus group using a semi-structured interview guide. A thematic analysis was of the data showed emerging themes of Relating with more people, having a wider social support network, not paying too much attention to the fact that they experienced the kidnapping, finding a rational and realistic explanation to the situation, being open to learning positive lessons from a very difficult situation, being compassionate towards their abductors, actively looking forward to ways to replace the losses they have encountered, plunging themselves into the depth of their prayers, praying for their abductors, and receiving some kind of professional counseling or therapeutic support have helped them to cope and navigate the path that leads to posttraumatic growth. Other themes that emerged from participants who seem to be struggling and are still traumatized are Inadequate understanding of their trauma by their conferrers, poor understanding of mental health issues by their superiors, fear of the costs of therapy, and that the recommendations of counselors and therapists are not often respected. The study recommends that Catholic Institutes of religious men and women, family members, and the society at large can incorporate these positive coping strategies into the trauma intervention and care of the survivors of kidnapping for them to navigate the path of posttraumatic growth.

Page(s): 651-657                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 11 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51136

 Esther Oluwatoyin Amowe
Department of Counselling Psychology, Catholic University of Eastern Africa

 Elijah Macharia Ndung’u, Ph.D
Department of Counselling Psychology, Catholic University of Eastern Africa

 Joyzy Pius Egunjobi, Ph.D.,Dr.AD
Department of Counselling Psychology, Catholic University of Eastern Africa
Psycho-Spiritual Institute, Marist International University College

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Esther Oluwatoyin Amowe, Elijah Macharia Ndung’u, Ph.D, Joyzy Pius Egunjobi, Ph.D.,Dr.AD, “Trauma Coping Strategies for the Catholic Religious Men and Women Survivors of Kidnapping in the Southern Ecclesiastical Provinces of Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.651-657 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51136

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Is Gender Still Important in Defining the Work-Family Conflict of Married Employees in 21st Century?

Nida Zahoor, Nazlina Zakaria, Nor Azimah Chew Abdullah – November 2021- Page No.: 658-664

The purpose of this research was to analyze the importance of gender in defining the work-family conflict of married employees in 21st century. Especially in workplaces with higher work related and work environment related stress. To achieve the research objective, 362 married male and female bank employees (181 each) who had at least one child, were selected for the study. The research results disseminated that although there is no significant difference in level of work related stress, work environment related stress, and work-family conflict of married employees. But unlike males, work-family conflict of married females is highly dependent on their level of work related stress. Hence, gender still plays an important role in defining the source of work-family conflict. Even though it is no longer important in determining their level of work related stress, work environment related stress, and work-family conflict. So, banks and other organizations should focus on lowering the work stress of their employees: to reduce the work-family conflict of their employees, and to flourish the performance and culture of their organization.

Page(s): 658-664                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 11 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51137

 Nida Zahoor
School of Business Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia

 Nazlina Zakaria
School of Business Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia

 Nor Azimah Chew Abdullah
School of Business Management, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia

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Nida Zahoor, Nazlina Zakaria, Nor Azimah Chew Abdullah “Is Gender Still Important in Defining the Work-Family Conflict of Married Employees in 21st Century?” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.658-664 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51137

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Fame Suppression on Company Growth in Small to Medium Enterprises in the Construction Industry of Zimbabwe, Focusing on Aluminium Companies

Mary Chakawa, Dr Chipo Mutongi, Singirai Sikomwe, Mary Murambi- November 2021- Page No.: 665-672

The study investigated the impact of fame suppression on company growth in the construction industry’s small to medium enterprises. The toxic triangle was used as the theoretical framework in this study to explain how toxic leaders can cause toxic environment as well as influence employee. The study used the quantitative approach, with a sample size of 160 drawn from the three Aluminium companies under study. Questionnaires were sent to SMEs employees and management of three Aluminium companies in Harare. A correlation and regression analysis was carried out to find the relationship between the variables. The research found out that fame suppression has an impact on company growth, although there are other factors that affect organisational growth like slow adoption to technology. The study recommended the reduction of fame suppression through the adoption of strategies like employee involvement and participation in decision making as well as encouraging both management and employee training. The research further recommends that there should be further studies to explore in other towns where other fundamentals may be different and in other sectors too.

Page(s): 665-672                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 13 December 2021

 Mary Chakawa
Midlands State University, Zimbabwe

 Dr Chipo Mutongi
Midlands State University, Zimbabwe

 Singirai Sikomwe
Midlands State University, Zimbabwe

 Mary Murambi
Midlands State University, Zimbabwe

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Mary Chakawa, Dr Chipo Mutongi, Singirai Sikomwe, Mary Murambi, “Fame Suppression on Company Growth in Small to Medium Enterprises in the Construction Industry of Zimbabwe, Focusing on Aluminium Companies” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.665-672 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/665-672.pdf

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The Role of Public Relations in Creating Cordial Relationship with the Relevant Publics: A Study of A.B.U/MTN Library Connect

Ben Odeba, and Jennifer I. Osazuwa – November 2021- Page No.: 673-682

In order to create and sustain a cordial relationship with Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) Community, MTN introduced a project called “MTN Library Connect” in the University. This paper, “The Role of Public Relations in Creating Cordial Relationship with the Relevant Publics: A Study of A.B.U./MTN Library Connect”, examined the use of MTN Foundation Connect Library in institutions of higher learning in Nigeria. The purpose of the investigation is to determine whether or not MTN achieved a cordial relationship with Ahmadu Bello University Community which is one of the beneficiaries of the Project. Survey research design was adopted for the study with questionnaire as the instrument to elicit data from 120 respondents in twelve (12) Faculties of the University, comprising 100 from the Main campus, and 20 from Kongo campus. Findings reveal that, majority of the students appreciate the services rendered by the A.B.U./MTN Library Connect. Further findings indicate that the MTN Library Connect is effective as it helps the telecom company to carry out its corporate social responsibility by creating and maintaining cordial relationship as well as providing students with the necessary facilities which enable them to carry out their research. Findings also indicate that training of users on how to use the facility has been a major challenge. The study therefore recommends among others that the MTN Management should intensify efforts in creating more awareness about training students and extension of space to accommodate more students, provision of more systems and servers to cater for the ever-increasing number of students in the University.

Page(s): 673-682                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 13 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51138

 Ben Odeba
Directorate of Academic Planning, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

 Jennifer I. Osazuwa
Directorate of Public Affairs, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

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Ben Odeba, and Jennifer I. Osazuwa, “The Role of Public Relations in Creating Cordial Relationship with the Relevant Publics: A Study of A.B.U/MTN Library Connect” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.673-682 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51138

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The Need for Developed Universal Intellectual Traits on Mitigating Teenage Pregnancy

John Kibwage Nyangaresi – November 2021- Page No.: 683-686

The role of developed universal intellectual traits is to impart curable skills necessary for curbing teenage pregnancy. It is however; legitimate to captivate analytical and philosophical precaution processes that are weightily anchored on man’s faculty of correct reasoning. This article therefore examines the need for developed universal intellectual traits on mitigating teenage pregnancyin schools. The article appeals to the implications of Richard Paul & Linda Elder in addressing teenage pregnancy. The article used analytical Method of Philosophical consultancy and analysis. The study pinpoints out that if teenage pregnancy is to be addressed once for all, then educators must infuse Universal intellectual traits without omitting or commissioning any of the following: intellectual humility, intellectual autonomy, intellectual integrity, intellectual courage, and intellectual perseverance confidence in reason, intellectual empathy, and intellectual fair-mindedness. Universal intellectual traits triggers the faculty of reasoning among teenagers, concerned stakeholder and even sexual perpetrators to be critical thinkers in resolving and solving social problems like teenage pregnancy in a more logical, valid and sound manner.

Page(s): 683-686                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 13 December 2021

 John Kibwage Nyangaresi
Department of Educational Foundations, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P. O. BOX 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya

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[14] Wood, L., & Hendricks, F. (2017). A participatory action research approach to developing youth-friendly strategies for the prevention of teenage pregnancy. Educational action research, 25(1), 103-118.
[15] Alcoff, L. M. (2002). Does the public intellectual have intellectual integrity? Metaphilosophy, 33(5), 521-534.
[16] Narayan, U. (2018). Minds of their own: Choices, autonomy, cultural practices, and other women. In A mind of one’s own (pp. 418-432). Routledge.
[17] Thobejane, T. D. (2015). Factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in South Africa: The case of Matjitjileng Village. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology, 6(2), 273-277.

John Kibwage Nyangaresi “The Need for Developed Universal Intellectual Traits on Mitigating Teenage Pregnancy” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.683-686 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/683-686.pdf

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Jumping Over the Fence: The Stories of Senior High School Students

Herdin Gray Intervencion Cutab- November 2021- Page No.: 687-691

Jumping over the fence is a long-time problem not only in the school but also worldwide. For this reason, this study was conducted to determine the cause of the problem and provide implications. With the use of phenomenological research design, data gathered using Focus Group Discussion and In-Depth Interviews from the ten (10) purposively selected participants reveal that their reasons include boredom, bullying, recreation and preoccupation. Despite this, they also feared academic lag, and parental expectations. The findings of the research also reveal that the jumpers also faced several negative and positive consequences. In the light of these findings, implications and recommendations were presented in this manuscript.

Page(s): 687-691                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 14 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51139

 Herdin Gray Intervencion Cutab
Department of Education, Tagum City Division, Philippines

[1] Adams, m. (2015, January 15). Five-year-old leaves school unnoticed by jumping fence and walking half a mile home. Education.
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[4] Davis, B. (2021, May 3). MV Organizing. Retrieved from https://www.mvorganizing.org/: https://www.mvorganizing.org/what-are-the-causes-of-skipping-classes/
[5] Davis, R. (2021, September 28). Best Colleges. Retrieved from https://www.bestcolleges.com/: https://www.bestcolleges.com/resources/top-5-mental-health-problems-facing-college-students/
[6] Diamantakos, C. (2017, July 25). Clear Cut Fitness. Retrieved from https://www.clearcut-fitness.com/: https://www.clearcut-fitness.com/blog/2017/7/25/how-long-should-you-rest-in-between-sets
[7] Etler, C. (2018, November 8). What to Do if Your Teen Is Cutting Class. Parenting.
[8] Fernando, S. (2019, December 5). Factors that affects class cutting. Parenting.
[9] Genovia, S. (2019). Number of Jumpers in Jose Tuason Jr. Memorial National High School. Tagum.
[10] Gordon, S. (2021, February 27). Very Well Family. Retrieved from https://www.verywellfamily.com/: https://www.verywellfamily.com/reasons-why-victims-of-bullying-do-not-tell-460784
[11] Gosline, A. (2007, February 26). Scientific American. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-science-of-boredom/
[12] Hoehn, T. (2020, September 24). Mayo Clinic Health System. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/: https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/prevent-boredom-and-injury-during-physical-activity
[13] John Hopkins University. (2021). John Hopkins University. Retrieved from https://jhsap.org/: https://jhsap.org/self_help_resources/school-life_balance/`
[14] Lee, L. (2016, July 16). National Home Education Research Institute. Retrieved from https://www.nheri.org/: https://www.nheri.org/home-school-researcher-cutting-class-experiences-of-gifted-adolescents-who-switched-to-homeschooling/
[15] Lyness, D. (2015, July). Nemours Kids’ Health. Retrieved from https://kidshealth.org/: https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/peer-pressure.html
[16] McBride, M. (2016, May 31). Protective. Retrieved from https://profence.com.au/.
[17] Mondares, L., Baring, T., Marikit, M., & Dayday, A. (2019). The Cause and Effect of Cutting Classes Towards The Academic Performance of Junior High Students of Maya National.
[18] Morin, A. (2020, July 18). Very Well Family. Retrieved from https://www.verywellfamily.com/: https://www.verywellfamily.com/reasons-kids-are-bored-at-school-620804
[19] Musgrove, L. (2016, May 24). Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/: https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2016/05/24/importance-teaching-students-not-fear-essay
[20] Patchin, J. (2017, January 3). Cyberbullying Research Center. Retrieved from https://cyberbullying.org/: https://cyberbullying.org/millions-students-skip-school-year-bullying
[21] Richmond, E. (2012, August 30). Who’s Really Skipping School? Education.
[22] Scudamore, B. (2016, April 27). Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/: https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianscudamore/2016/04/27/4-ways-cutting-class-made-me-a-better-entrepreneur/?sh=6db52f236779
[23] Siytangco, A. (2019, June 24). Reports of students cutting classes just to go to internet shops alarm QC councilors. Education.
[24] Spocchia, G. (2021, May 11). Boy, 11, jumps from bus ‘to avoid bullying’: ‘He could have lost his life’. Americas.
[25] Taylor, L. (2012). Cutting Class Harms Grades. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education.
[26] Unicef. (2019). Online bullying remains prevalent in the Philippines, other countries. Unicef.
[27] Wood, B. (2021). Classroom. Retrieved from https://classroom.synonym.com/: https://classroom.synonym.com/pros-cons-lengthening-school-day-8209249.html

Herdin Gray Intervencion Cutab, “Jumping Over the Fence: The Stories of Senior High School Students” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.687-691 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51139

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Exploring Innovative Ways of Protecting the “Soft Targets” in Volatile Countries: The Experience of Children and Women in Northeast of Nigeria

Prof. Madu Magnus Emeka – November 2021- Page No.: 692-699

Currently, the most crucial challenge facing Nigeria is insecurity of lives and properties of the citizens .The situation has become more complicated and unbearable, particularly in Northeast of Nigeria where terrorist group, called Boko Haram which in Housa language means Western education is evil and the group fighting to establish an Islamic State of West Africa in Nigeria, resorts to the abduction of teenage girls, boys and women and use them as soldiers, suicide bombers and human shields in battles against Nigerian troops. Despite all the efforts, the abduction, recruitment and usage of children and women for insurgent activities by those terrorists continue to escalate. Thus, the work intends to explore the better ways of safeguarding Nigeria children and women from access, attack, recruitment and usage by insurgents. It also explores the ways and means of sustaining institutions and businesses in Nigeria from insurgent’s destruction. In the course of the work, both empirical and library methods of data collection were utilized. Empirically, personal interviews and roundtable discussions were conducted on the top security operatives, political and community leaders as well people of various backgrounds. In the process, the responses, views and opinions of people interviewed and information from secondary sources were analyzed by drawing inferences and conclusions to uphold, reject or as supporting information to the research question in order to provide answers to the objectives of the work. The researcher recommends that in Nigeria, communities should organise community security systems where everyone is suspicious as well as a suspect due to the nature of membership of Boko Haram where even some members of the communities forms parts of the group. In addition, security gadgets should be mounted at every strategic point to monitor movements, actions and activities at strategic targets such as schools, shops, motor parks, markets and public gatherings. In the process, security scanning and checking devices should be utilised to checkmate people with dangerous materials that can be used to kill and inflict injuries on people. Above all, as there are insinuations that even Nigerian enforcement officials are playing double standards in the fight against the insurgents, the central government should find new ways of recruiting the fighters of the insurgents. Furthermore, though the insurgents are non-state actors, the international community should find ways of including protective treaties that will restrict the insurgents from capturing children and women and using them for military purposes. The work is presented qualitatively.

Page(s): 692-699                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 14 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51140

 Prof. Madu Magnus Emeka
Department of Political Science, Nigeria Police Academy, Wudil, Kano State, Nigeria

[1] Adam Nossiter (2015)“Boko Haram Militants Raped Hundreds of Female Captives in Nigeria, ”New York Times, May 18, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/19/world/africa/boko-haram-
[2] Angela Dalton and Victor Asal, (2011) “Is It Ideology or Desperation: Why Do Organizations Deploy Women in Violent Terrorist Attacks?,’’ Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 34, no. 10 : 802-819
[3] Benjamin S. Eveslage (2012) “Clarifying Boko Haram’s Transnational Intentions, Using Content Analysis of Public Statements in 2012,” Perspectives on Terrorism 7, No. 5 (October 2013).
[4] Charlotte Alfred (2015) “How Boko Haram Uses Female Suicide Bombers to Terrorize Nigeria, ”The Huffington Post, February 28.
[5] Dara K. Cohen, (2015) “The Reach of Rape: Does Mass Rape Affect How Wars End and What Comes Next?” (Research for Peace Conference at the Folke Bernadotte Academy, Stockholm, Sweden, June 9).
[6] Dara Kay, Cohen and Ragnhild Nordås (2015), “Do States Delegate Shameful Violence to Militias? Patterns of Sexual Violence in Recent Armed Conflicts,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59, no. 5 : 877-898.
[7] Edith M. Lederer (2015) “Sexual Violence Becomes Favorite Tool of Torture for Extremist Groups Like ISIS and Boko Haram: Report,” The Huffington Post, April 14, 2015, ; See also Raleigh, Clionadh, Andrew Linke,HåvardHegre and JoakimKarlsen, “Introducing ACLED- Armed ConflictLocation and Event Data,” Journal of Peace Research 47, no. 5 (2010): 651-660.
[19] Senator Iroegbu (2024), “Kano Bombings Traced to Female Beggars,” This Day, August 4,
[20] Tulip Mazumdar (2015) “Chibok Girls ‘Forced to Join Nigeria’s Boko Haram,’” BBC, June 29, 2015,http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33259003

Prof. Madu Magnus Emeka, “Exploring Innovative Ways of Protecting the “Soft Targets” in Volatile Countries: The Experience of Children and Women in Northeast of Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.692-699 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51140

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Tendering Confidentiality and Procurement Performance at Kenya Electricity Generating Company

John Gichuki Kahare; Dennis Chege – November 2021- Page No.: 700-704

Procurement challenges including loss of public funds have become very common in the public sector where the public civil servants have colluded with suppliers of goods and works often to misappropriate public money. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence that ethics has on the procurement performance of State Corporation in Kenya. The study specifically sought to establish the influence that tendering confidentiality has on procurement performance at Kenya Kenya Electricity Generating Company PLC (KenGen).The population of the study included 381 procurement staff in Kenya in the two levels of management (middle and operational level of management). The probabilistic sampling method through the Taro Yamane formula was used to yield a sample of 195. The study was descriptive, data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire with Likert questions. Data was collected specifically in the headquarters in Nairobi. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics (frequency, standard deviation, mean, and percentages) and inferential analysis through the ordinary least square method. The study found that tendering confidentiality influenced procurement performance (F= 54.416, p<0.001). The study also concluded that tendering confidentiality had had a positive and significant influence on procurement performance at KenGen. The study recommended for protection of intellectual property during tendering, the composition of tendering committee by members who are independent and no-partisan, and people of integrity while safeguarding information regarding the tendering documents and processes away from tenderers.

Page(s): 700-704                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 14 December 2021

 John Gichuki Kahare
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya

 Dennis Chege
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya

[1] Adow, I. M., Edabu, P., & Kimamo, G. (2020). Influence of Compliance with Ethical Procurement Practices on Management of Public Secondary School Resources in Mandera County, Kenya. American Journal of Educational Research, 8(3), 132-141.http://article.scieducationalresearch.com/pdf/education-8-3-2.pdf
[2] Cheboi, J. K. (2014). Procurement legislation and procurement performance: a case of Kenya national highways authority [Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi].http://41.204.161.209/handle/11295/74813
[3] Kavanagh, P. (2016). A case for negotiated performance-based contracting rather than competitive tendering in government public transport (bus) service procurement. Research in Transportation Economics, 59, (6), 313-322.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0739885915300901
[4] Kitheka, S. S. (2018). Influence of Sourcing Ethics on Procurement Performance of State Corporations in Kenya. [Doctoral dissertation, Jomo Kenyata University Of Agriculture and Technology].http://41.89.128.50/handle/123456789/17436
[5] Makali, J. (2015). Ethics and procurement performance of humanitarian organizations in Kenya. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi]. erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/94607
[6] Mbae, L. N. (2014). Public procurement law and procurement performance of county governments in Kenya: Case of Machakos county government. [Doctoral dissertation,University ofNairobi].https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid 2257738
[7] Miles, S. (2017). Stakeholder theory classification: A theoretical and empirical evaluation of definitions. Journal of Business Ethics, 142(3), 437-459.https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10551-015-2741-y.pdf
[8] Mohd Nawi, M. N., Deraman, R., Bamgbade, J. A., Zulhumadi, F., & Mehdi Riazi, S. R. (2017). E-procurement in Malaysian construction industry: benefits and challenges in implementation. International Journal of Supply Chain Management (IJSCM), 6(1), 209-213.http://repo.uum.edu.my/21949/
[9] Musyoka, D. K. (2017). Procurement Ethics and Organizational Performance of Animal Feeds Manufacturing Firms in Kenya. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi].http://41.204.161.209/handle/11295/102709
[10] Nganu, D. M., & Mwangangi, P. (2019). Influence of Procurement Practices on Performance of State Corporations in Kenya. International Journal of Supply Chain and Logistics, 3(1), 76-100. https://carijournals.org/journals/index.php/IJSCL/article/view/285/0
[11] Organizations in Kenya. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 8(4), 833-849. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2018.84058
[12] Panda, B., & Leepsa, N. M. (2017). Agency theory: Review of theory and evidence on problems and perspectives. Indian Journal of Corporate Governance, 10(1), 74-95.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0974686217701467
[13] Republic of Kenya. (2018). Supplies Manual: Government Printer, Nairobi. https://www.health.go.ke/resources/guidelines-and-manuals/
[14] Republic of Kenya. (2019).The Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Act, 2015. Government printer. ppra.go.ke/ppda/
[15] Simiyu, V., Keitany, P., & Mukanzi, C. (2018). Influence of supplier evaluation ethical practice on supply chain performance among G4s transport and logistics firms in western Kenya.International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH), 5(4), 185-203.https://www.paperpublications.org/upload/book/INFLUENCE%20OF%20SUPPLIER%20EVALUATION-1260.pdf
[16] Sunmola, F. T., & Shehu, Y. U. (2020). A Case Study on Performance Features of Electronic Tendering Systems. Procedia Manufacturing, 51, (2), 1586-1591.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351978920320928
[17] Syengo, J. (2015). Ethical practices and supply chain Performance at Kenya revenue authority. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi]. erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/94774/jossineter_final%20(1). df?sequence=1

John Gichuki Kahare; Dennis Chege “Tendering Confidentiality and Procurement Performance at Kenya Electricity Generating Company” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.700-704 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/700-704.pdf

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The impact of development control enforcement activities on housing quality in Calabar, Nigeria

Otop Oquah Otop (Ph.D), Ibok, Akarawak Nduonyikoyo (Ph.D)- November 2021- Page No.: 705-710

This study assessed the impact of development control enforcement activities on housing quality in Calabar, Nigeria. The Data was collected using 400 copies of questionnaire, using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. The primary sources of data was employed were obtained from direct field measurement using a designed checklist from Cross River State building regulations, 1984 as amended in 1987 and questionnaire survey to determine building code violations, factors, location or spread and level of violations. The hypothesis was formulated and tested using analysis of chi square. The result stated that housing quality does not significantly depend on development control measures. Since the calculated value X2(6.830) is less than the tabulated X2 (18.31), the null hypotheses (H0) was accepted. The findings were that one of the major problems of unregulated development causing serious traffic congestion and flooding

Page(s): 705-710                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 15 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51141

 Otop Oquah Otop (Ph.D)
Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria

 Ibok, Akarawak Nduonyikoyo (Ph.D)
Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria

[1] Abumere, S. (1987): “Urbanisation and Urban Decay in Nigeria”; in Oniboku, AG, Olokesusi, F, and Egunyobi, Layi (eds) Urban Renewal in Nigeria. NISER CURP Urban and Regional Planning Series. Vol. IV; pp 19 – 32. Femsod Industrial Press, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Otop Oquah Otop (Ph.D), Ibok, Akarawak Nduonyikoyo (Ph.D), “The impact of development control enforcement activities on housing quality in Calabar, Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.705-710 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51141

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The Efficacy of Procurement Strategies on Operational Performance of Humanitarian Organisations during Covid-19 Lockdown Period in Zimbabwe

Dumisani Mawonde and Josphat Nyoni – November 2021- Page No.: 711-715

The purpose of the study was to determine the efficacy of procurement strategies on operational performance of humanitarian organisations in Zimbabwe during the Covid-19 lockdown period. A mixed-method approach was used, with a randomly chosen sample of 28 supply chain professionals from a population of 30 humanitarian aid organizations who responded to the questionnaire and interviews. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Analysis for Moment Structures (AMOS) programs were used to analyse quantitative data while thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data from interviews. The findings were that local sourcing; electronic procurement and multiple sourcing had a significant positive effect on inventory levels, operating costs and material availability. The study concluded that local sourcing; electronic procurement and multiple sourcing have a positive and significant effect on operational performance of humanitarian organisations during the Covid-19 lockdown period in Zimbabwe. Therefore the study recommended humanitarian organisations in Zimbabwe to source locally, procure electronically and to source from multiple suppliers during the Covid-19 lockdown period as concluded by the study that doing so is critical in improving operational performance.

Page(s): 711-715                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 15 December 2021

 Dumisani Mawonde
Women’s University in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe

 Josphat Nyoni
Women’s University in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe

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Dumisani Mawonde and Josphat Nyoni, “The Efficacy of Procurement Strategies on Operational Performance of Humanitarian Organisations during Covid-19 Lockdown Period in Zimbabwe” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.711-715 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/711-715.pdf

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The Effect of Sustainable Procurement Practices On Procurement Efficiency in Mining Companies in Mashonaland Central Province in Zimbabwe

Tarisai Nduna, Dumisani Mawonde and Josphat Nyoni – November 2021- Page No.: 716-719

This study aimed to investigate the effects of sustainable procurement practices on procurement efficiency in the mining sector in Zimbabwe. A qualitative research approach was employed where interviews were conducted with 10 key informants in mining companies. The findings of the study were that supplier training, whole life cycle costing, procurement of recyclable products and environmentally friendly products have positive effects on procurement efficiency. The study concluded that supplier training, product whole life cycle costing, procurement of recyclable products, and the procurement of environmentally friendly products have a positive effect on procurement efficiency in mining companies in Zimbabwe. The study recommended mining companies to increase the recycling of purchased products and to use environmentally friendly products in order to minimize costs.

Page(s): 716-719                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 15 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51142

 Tarisai Nduna
Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe

 Dumisani Mawonde
Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe

 Josphat Nyoni
Women’s University in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe

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Tarisai Nduna, Dumisani Mawonde and Josphat Nyoni “The Effect of Sustainable Procurement Practices On Procurement Efficiency in Mining Companies in Mashonaland Central Province in Zimbabwe” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.716-719 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51142

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Monetary Policy Instruments and Performance of Nigeria Capital Market

Ezu, Gideon Kasie PhD, Ukoh, Josephine.E, PhD- November 2021- Page No.: 720-726

Capital Market is the engine of every economy since financial intermediation are carried out through it. The study aims to carefully ascertain the effects of monetary policy rate, liquidity ratio and interest rate on the performance of Nigeria capital market. Secondary data were obtained from CBN statistical bulletin and the NSE Annual reports. The study applied the ordinary least square regression technique with E-view statistical software version 10 in which variations in market capitalization was regressed on monetary policy rate, interest rate and liquidity ratio: The analysis revealed monetary policy rate influences capital market performance significantly and thus, a strong determinant factor. Interest rate and liquidity ratio is not very significant in terms of influence on capital market performance in Nigeria. Based on the findings from this study the CBN should moderate the monetary policy rate by reducing it to single digit percentage, which will enable customers seek for more loans for investment; government should pursue a lower interest rate regimes as it negatively influenced capital market performance which would encourage investment and boost productivity of capital. The Deposit money banks should maintain an optimal level of liquidity in order to have enough funds that they will extend to the economy for investment in the capital market.

Page(s): 720-726                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 15 December 2021

 Ezu, Gideon Kasie PhD
Department of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

 Ukoh, Josephine.E, PhD
Department of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

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Ezu, Gideon Kasie PhD, Ukoh, Josephine.E, PhD, “Monetary Policy Instruments and Performance of Nigeria Capital Market” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.720-726 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/720-726.pdf

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Fear of God and Its Implementation

Susanto Kawi- November 2021- Page No.: 727-731

Fearing God and obeying His commands will have an impact on successful life for every human being who believes in Him. The purpose of this research is to explain whether or not the concept of fearing God will have an impact on humans who believe and obey His commands. Explanation from the perspectives of the New Testament and the Old Testament sees the condition of every human being who fears God has an impact on a successful life. The method used in this research is a qualitative method, namely library research, leveraging various data sources: the Bible, interpretation of holy books and other books that discuss the fear of God, which are arranged descriptively to achieve the goals and objectives of the research. In this study it was found that in every aspect of human life, both through human actions and behavior, there are many things in life that will make people feel fear and dither, either towards other humans or against other things. Fear of God experienced by humans is an ordinary thing, but the fear of God is a respect for God, and humans will experience a successful life if we humans obey and believe in accordance with the characteristics discussed in this study.

Page(s): 727-731                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 15 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51143

 Susanto Kawi
Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Kharisma, Indonesia

[1] Alkitab Bahasa Masa Kini. (n.d.).
[2] Bevere, J. (1998). Takut akan Tuhan. Jakarta: Metanoia Publishing.
[3] Browning. (2002). Kamus Alkitab. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia.
[4] Cailing, R. M. (2018). Fear God and Keep His Commandments: Foundation for a Relationship with God”. Review & Expositor.
[5] Caram, P. G. (2007). Kekristenan Sejati. Jakarta: Voice of Hope.
[6] Ibid. (n.d.).
[7] Largen, K. J. (2011). The Role of Fear in Our Love of God: A Lutheran Perspective”. Dialog.
[8] Maiaweng, P. C. (2012). Tinjauan Teologis Tentang Takut Akan Tuhan Berdasarkan Kitab Amsal dan Implementasinya dalam Hidup Kekristenan.
[9] Nataatmadja, A. (n.d.). Renungan Kristen.
[10] OMF. (1995). Ensiklopedia Alkitab Masa Kini Jilid II. Yayasan Komunikasi Bina Kasih.
[11] Takut Akan Tuhan Adalah Permulaan Pengetahuan. (n.d.).
[12] Tampasigi, R. (n.d.). Tinjauan Teologis tentang Takut Akan Tuhan Berdasarkan Kitab Amsal dan Implementasinya Dalam Hidup Kekristenan.
[13] Urbaniak, J., & Motsisi, M. (2019). The Impact of the ‘Fear of God’ on the British Abolitionist Movement. Journal for the History of Modern Theology.
[14] Villiers, P. G. (2013). Fear as Dread of a God Who Kills and Abuses? About a Darker Side of a Key, but Still Forgotten Biblical Motif. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies.

Susanto Kawi, “Fear of God and Its Implementation” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.727-731 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51143

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Consumer Perception on Basic Spice: A Comparative Study between Branded & Open Spice

Prof. Mihir Kumar Roy, Ph.D, Md. Shakil – November 2021- Page No.: 732-741

The study on consurmer perception on basic spice was undertaken to analyse the gap between consumers’ perception & existing market scenario with reference to opened and branded ones specially chili, turmeric, cumin and coriander. Data for the study were collected both from secondary as well as primary sources through content analysis, questionnaire and face to face conversation It is observed from the analysis that most of the respondents used branded spices under Radhuni Powered Spice which they found most hygenic than open spices. The study recommended that Radhuni Basic Spice(RBP) need to conduct frequent consumer survey to develop new user group for the products with increased promotional expenses. The study concluded that more research work should be done on RBS to expand market in competitive situation and to attract the consumers in broader perspectives.

Page(s): 732-741                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 15 December 2021

 Prof. Mihir Kumar Roy, Ph.D
Professor and Dean, Faculty of Business Administration, City University, Dhaka-1213

 Md. Shakil
Lecturer (Finance & Banking), Department of Business Administration, City University, Dhaka, Bangladesh & Assistant Research Fellow, Independent Perception Research Hub, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Text Book
[1]. Kotler,Philip. Armstrong, Gary.2008. principles of Marketing, Pearson Prentice Hall, United State of America
[2]. Mallhotra, Naresh.K. 2003. Marketing Research, Prentice Hall International, United State of America
Website
[3]. www.theepicentre.com
[4]. Crosby, M. R. (2008). “Senna,” Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2008. Retrieved from http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561243/Senna.html
[5]. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/roman.html?PHPSESSID=26caf3bc35486152e548b7b2dc0eb0bd)
[6]. “Spices,” Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2008. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761564609 /spices.html on 25.05.2008
[7]. Retrieved from World Wide Web : http://www.foodproductdesign.com/articles/herbs-and-spices.html
[8]. www.squarefoods.com.bd (official website of SCPL)
[9]. http://www.google.com
Related Articles and Journals
[10]. Senjit (2011): Product Idea, Radhuni, senjit7.blogspot.com
[11]. Sadeghi, Tooraj and Khadijeh Ghaemmaghami Tabrizi (2011),
[12]. The Correlation Between Feelings and Brand Perception on Purchase Intention, world Applied Sciences Journal 12 (5): 697-705,2011, ISSN 1818-4952, IDOSI Publications,2011,p.698
[13]. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

Prof. Mihir Kumar Roy, Ph.D, Md. Shakil, “Consumer Perception on Basic Spice: A Comparative Study between Branded & Open Spice” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.732-741 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/732-741.pdf

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An Assessment of Influence of Defiant Behavior Disorder on Poor Performance among Learners with Hearing Impairment in Kilifi County, Kenya

Ommang’ale Linus Ernest, Dr. George Mathenge, Dr. Beatrice Bunyasi Awosi- November 2021- Page No.: 742-748

The purpose of this was to establish how defiant behavior disorder leads to poor performance among learners with hearing impairment in Kilifi County, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey design since the design includes asking a large group of people about a specific issue. The target population was 461 respondents from the four schools. Purposive sampling was used to select special schools and their principals in Kilifi County. Purposive sampling was used to select all teachers while stratified random sampling was used in selecting learners for the study with strata based on classes from class one to class eight. The research instruments used were questionnaires, interview and observation schedules. Piloting was done at Kakuyuni School for the Hearing Impaired after which further improvements of the research instruments was done. Mixed data analysis methods were employed whereby qualitative data was analyzed by use of thematic method while quantitative data will was analyzed by use of simple descriptive statistics such as measures of central tendency, frequency distribution tables, mean, mode, median and measures of dispersion i.e. variance and standard deviation. The study established that high scores of defiant behaviour deteriorated the level of participation in classroom, class attendance and accomplishment of assignments, performance and reading skills among learners with HI. The learners displayed little to no knowledge and retention of academic skills in the various levels of academic they were in. The study concluded that hearing impaired learners with defiant behavior have below average to poor academic achievement levels. The learners displayed little to no knowledge and retention of academic skills in the various levels of academic they were in. It is recommended that Board of Management, school administration and parents should take part in identification, assessment and management of hearing impaired learners with defiant behaviour.

Page(s): 742-748                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 16 December 2021

 Ommang’ale Linus Ernest
Master’s student, Department of Early Childhood & Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University P.O Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

 Dr. George Mathenge
Lecturer, Department of Early Childhood & Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University P.O Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

 Dr. Beatrice Bunyasi Awosi
Lecturer, Department of Early Childhood & Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University P.O Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

[1] Agomoh, O.E., & Kanu, S.A. (2011). Introduction to Psychology of Special Needs Children. Port Harcourt: Kanissi Books.
[2] Akinbami, L, Liu, X., Pastor, P., & Reuben, C. (2011). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among Learners Aged 5-17 Years in the United States, 1990-2009. National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief 70.
[3] American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2011). “Facts for Families: Learners with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Retrieved from http://www.aacap.org.
[4] Bru, D. (2009). Academic Outcomes in School Classes with Markedly Disruptive Pupils.
[5] Clunies-Ross, P., Little, E., &Kenhuis, M. (2008).Self-Reported and actual use of proactive and reactive classroom management strategies and their relationship with teacher stress and student behavior. Educational Psychology, 28(6), 693-710.
[6] Cullinan, D., & Sabornie, E. J. (2004). Characteristics of Emotional Disturbance in Middle and High School Students. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 12, (8)157-167.
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[9] Gordon, O., & Eiraldi, P. (2011). Characteristics of Children with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in Community‐based Programs Designed to Prevent Placement in Residential Facilities. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 11(2), 51‐57.
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[11] Kauffman, J. M. (2001). Characteristics of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders of Children and Youth (7th ed.). Columbus, OH: Merrill Press.
[12] Koenig, E., & Volkmar, U. (2006). The Effect of the Level of Aggression in the First Grade Classroom on the Course and Malleability of Aggressive Behavior into Middle School. Journal of Development and Psychopathology, 28(10), 165-185.
[13] Kathleen O. R, John C. W. (2013) Support Groups for Learners. Taylor and Francis, California, USA.
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[15] McCarthy, C.J., Lambert, R.G., O’Donnell, M., &Melendres, L.T. (2009).The Relation of Elementary Teachers’ Experience, Stress, and Coping Resources to Burnout Symptoms. The Elementary School Journal, 109(3), 282-300.
[16] Miller, A. (2006). Understanding Behavior Problems in Urban Elementary Schools. (Senior Research Project Trinity College, 2006).
[17] Rabiu, G.I. & Mastura, B. (2017). Interpersonal Behavioral Problems in Learners with Hearing Impairment: The Parental. International Journal of Education and Research Vol. 5 No. 10 October 2017
[18] Ratcliff, N.J., Jones, C.R., Costner, R.H., Savage-Davis, E., & Hunt, G.H. (2010). The Social Psychology of Education, 12, 461-479.
[19] Reid, R., Gonzalez, J., Nordness, P. D., Trout, A., & Epstein, M. H. (2004). A Meta-analysis of the Academic Status of Students with Emotional/ Behavioral Disturbance. Journal of Special Education, 8(38), 130-143.
[20] Stanfield J. (2005) White mischief with education in Kenya, Economic Affairs, vol. 25, pp, 55-57, march 2005

Ommang’ale Linus Ernest, Dr. George Mathenge, Dr. Beatrice Bunyasi Awosi, “An Assessment of Influence of Defiant Behavior Disorder on Poor Performance among Learners with Hearing Impairment in Kilifi County, Kenya” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.742-748 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/742-748.pdf

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Chicago- Journey to a sustainable city

Omolade Ola, Gbekeloluwa B. Oguntimein – November 2021- Page No.: 749-752

Urbanization and increase in population have triggered the rise of pollution in the city of Chicago. A lot of her residents grew up on polluted lands and impoverished neighborhoods. And many believe it is solely the government job to help mitigate these problems. How can the city government channel her funds in curbing hunger, unemployment rate, and combat air pollution? This paper examines the social and environmental impact of assessment in Chicago and effective ways to mitigate it. Investments in the city will help provide the government with more funds to resolving some of the issues reviewed in this paper. However, what strategies can the city of Chicago use in raising investors within and outside its city’s walls?

Page(s): 749-752                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 16 December 2021

 Omolade Ola
Department of Electrical Engineering, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States

 Gbekeloluwa B. Oguntimein
Department of Civil Engineering, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States

[1] Air Quality and Health. City of Chicago: Air Quality and Health. (n.d.). https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/cdph/provdrs/healthy_communities/svcs/air-quality-and-health.html.
[2] Brackett, E. (2017, December 13). Where Does Chicago’s Garbage Go? WTTW News. https://news.wttw.com/2017/06/26/where-does-chicago-s-garbage-go
[3] Chase, B. (2021). City working to fix problems with air pollution enforcement, watchdog says. Times. https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/1/7/22219448/environmental-air-pollution-justice-health-rahm-emanuel.
[4] Chicago Air Quality Index (AQI) and Illinois Air Pollution: AirVisual. Chicago Air Quality Index (AQI) and Illinois Air Pollution | AirVisual. (n.d.). https://www.iqair.com/us/usa/illinois/chicago.
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[7] Environmental Protection Agency. (2020). Chicago Lead in Drinking Water Study. EPA. https://www.epa.gov/il/chicago-lead-drinking-water-study.
[8] Environmental Protection Agency. (2021). Environmental Issues in Southeast Chicago. EPA. https://www.epa.gov/il/environmental-issues-southeast-chicago.
[9] Help friends continue to improve the Chicago River. Combined Sewer Overflows – Policy – Advocacy – Friends of the Chicago River. (n.d.). https://www.chicagoriver.org/issues/policy/combined-sewer-overflows.
[10] How a Spike in Poor Air Quality is Impacting Chicago’s Most Polluted Neighborhoods. WTTW News. (n.d.). https://news.wttw.com/2020/07/09/how-spike-poor-air-quality-impacting-chicago-s-most-polluted-neighborhoods.
[11] Issues in Chicago. The Chicago Center for Health and Environment. (n.d.). https://www.chicago-cachet.org/community/issues-in-chicago/.
[12] Kiprop, V. (2019). The Largest Cities in the Midwest. World Atlas. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-cities-in-the-midwest.html.
[13] Lydersen, K. (2008). Toxic Neighbor. Toxic neighbor, Chicago Reporter. http://www.pilsenperro.org/news/chicagoreporter_08_10_01_1.html.
[14] Reyes, A. (n.d.). TAKE ACTION: Toxic explosion threatens Chicago EJ communities during COVID-19! NRDC. https://act.nrdc.org/letter/4904-il-chicago-ej-200424
[15] U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Chicago city, Illinois; United States. (n.d.). Census Bureau QuickFacts. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/chicagocityillinois,US/PST045219
[16] TAKE ACTION: Toxic explosion threatens Chicago EJ communities during COVID-19! NRDC. (n.d.). https://act.nrdc.org/letter/4904-il-chicago-ej-200424?source=WBSILJPET&_ga=2.144884788.1889554800.1620694086-1703698084.1620506786.
[17] User, S. (n.d.). History of Mining in Illinois. Illinois Mine Subsidence Insurance Fund. https://www.imsif.com/about-mine-subsidence/history-of-mining-in-illinois.
[18] Vaughan, C. (2019). Floods, Carp, And Crap: The Environmental Impacts of The Chicago River Reversal. WBEZ Chicago. https://www.wbez.org/stories/floods-carp-and-crap-the-environmental-impacts-of-the-chicago-river-reversal/df408b2a-16f0-44e1-8686-2668163993d2.
[19] Traverso, V. (2020). The best trees to reduce air pollution. BBC Future. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200504-which-trees-reduce-air-pollution-best.
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Omolade Ola, Gbekeloluwa B. Oguntimein, “Chicago- Journey to a sustainable city” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.749-752 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/749-752.pdf

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Gender Inequality towards Women in Novel Ikhtilas by Hani Naqshabandi

Wulida Fairuza Azkiya, Maman Lesmana- November 2021- Page No.: 753-759

This study discusses gender injustice against women in the novel Ikhtilas by Hani Naqshabandi. This novel tells the story of the lives of women in Saudi Arabia, both when they were before marriage to when they were married. This study uses the theory of gender injustice by Mansour Fakih, he divided the forms of gender injustice into five parts, namely marginalization, subordination, stereotyping, violence, and workload. The purpose of this study is to explain what forms of gender injustice against Saudi Arabian women are in the novel and what forms of injustice are dominant in the novel. The method used is a qualitative method. The results of this study are that there are all five forms of gender injustice by Mansour Fakih in the novel. The dominant forms of gender injustice are subordination, stereotype, and violence. Each of these forms of injustice has five types of cases in the novel. The gender injustice towards women that occurs in this novel is caused by the patriarchal culture that is still inherent in Saudi Arabia.

Page(s): 753-759                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 16 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51144

 Wulida Fairuza Azkiya
Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia

 Maman Lesmana
Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia

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[6] Naqshabandi, Hani. (2010). PerempuanTerpasung(translator: TaufikDamas). Jakarta: PT SerambiIlmuSemesta.
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Wulida Fairuza Azkiya, Maman Lesmana, “Gender Inequality towards Women in Novel Ikhtilas by Hani Naqshabandi” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.753-759 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51144

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An Assessment of PAYE System of Taxation in Nigeria (TETFUND Sponsored)

Uzamere Jim Onaiwu, & Ebhodaghe Lennards Arekhandia- November 2021- Page No.: 760-768

This study was carried out with the aim to assess PAYE system of taxation in Nigeria. In order to actualize the objectives of the study, various literature and theoretical issues were discussed. The researcher administered one hundred (100) questionnaires to respondents, out of which eighty (80) were retrieved for the purpose of presenting and analyzing responses on issues raised in the questionnaires. The data used for the purpose of this research was gathered through primary source. The mass information generated from the questionnaires was analyzed, summarized and presented in tables using simple percentage. The hypotheses were tested using Z-test statistical tool. The findings from analysis revealed among other things that non availability of tax statistics, inability to prioritize tax effort, poor tax administration, multiplicity of tax stands a barrier to Pay-As-You-Earn (PAYE). In line with the findings of the study, therefore recommend that government should have the political will and should also ensure effective assessment, collection and utilization of tax revenue; this would improve Pay-As-You-Earn (PAYE) collection.

Page(s): 760-768                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 17 December 2021

 Uzamere Jim Onaiwu
Department of Business Education, College of Education, Igueben, Edo State, Nigeria

 Ebhodaghe Lennards Arekhandia
Department of Business Education, College of Education, Igueben, Edo State, Nigeria

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[15] Samaila, I. A. (2012), An Assessment of the Contribution of Pay-As-You-Earn to the Internally Generated Revenue of Kano State between the Periods 1999 to 2008, International Journal of Research in Computer Application & Management, 2(2), 26 – 30.
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[19] Yahaya, K. A. (2009). An Analysis of the Challenges of taxation in Kwara State. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2(5), 5 – 6.
[20] Yomere, G. O. and Agbonifoh, B. A. (1999), Research Methodology in the Social Science and Education, Benin City: Centerpiece Consultant Nigeria Limited.

Uzamere Jim Onaiwu, & Ebhodaghe Lennards Arekhandia, “An Assessment of PAYE System of Taxation in Nigeria (TETFUND Sponsored)” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.760-768 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/760-768.pdf

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Has Palliatives Reduced the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Human Security in Southwestern Nigeria?

Shaibu M. T., Lanre Olu-Adeyemi & Felix Ikalewumi – November 2021- Page No.: 769-775

The emergence of COVID-19 pandemic and the consequence lockdown stimulated palliatives implementation towards reducing the impact of lockdown on the citizens but it appears that in Nigeria, palliative is yet to have significant impact on human security as hunger, poverty and insecurity continue to exacerbate in the country. Reviewed literature inspired that researches scarcely address palliatives impact on human security but profusely concentrated on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. This present study interrogate the various palliatives implemented by Federal Government of Nigeria and examine whether palliatives have reduced the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on human security in Southwestern Nigeria. The social assistance theory underscored this study but humanitarian obligation theory is used to supported it. Both Qualitative and Quantitative Research Design (QQRD) were adopted. The Multistage Level Sampling Techniques (MLST) was employed to select 200 population sample size from male and female Nigerians across the six states in the Southwestern Nigeria and a 4-point Likert style rating scale closed ended questionnaire was distributed to obtain responses. The gathered responses was analysed electronically using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The outcome of the study shows there are eleven palliatives implemented but the extent palliatives have reduced the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on human security in Southwestern Nigeria is low and recommends that palliatives should be reviewed and expanded to address core COVID-19 lockdown-induced Human Security Threats (HSTs), otherwise, threats will thrive and achieving economic recovery as well as sustainable development in Nigeria through palliative will remain an illusion.

Page(s): 769-775                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 17 December 2021

 Shaibu M. T.
Department of Political Science, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

 Lanre Olu-Adeyemi
Department of Political Science, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

 Felix Ikalewumi
Centre for Strategic Research and Studies, National Defence College, Abuja, Nigeria

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[4] Barrientos, Armando, Justice-based social assistance. Global Social Policy. 2016 Aug; 16(2): 151-165. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5036077/ (accessed December 9, 2020).
[5] Chriscaden, Kimberly, Impact of COVID-19 on people’s livelihoods, their health and our food systems. Joint statement by ILO, FAO, IFAD and WHO, October 13, 2020:1-9. https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2020-impact-of-covid-19-on-people’s-livelihoods-their-health-and-our-food-systems (accessed January 20, 2021).
[6] Eranga, Isaac Omo-Ehiabhi, COVID-19 Pandemic in Nigeria: Palliative Measures and the Politics of Vulnerability. International Journal of Maternal and Children Health and AIDS, Jul 8, 2020; 9(2): 220-222. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7359756/ (accessed November 6, 2020).
[7] Farayibi, O. Adesoji. & Asongu A. Simplice, “The Economic Consequences of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Nigeria,” Working Papers 2020, 20/042, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS). https://ideas.repec.org/p/exs/wpaper/20-042.html (accessed December 21, 2020).
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[13] Ikeyi Shittu & Co COVID-19- Additional palliatives issued by the Federal Government of Nigeria. April 29: 2020: 1-4. https://iclg.com/briefing/11746-covid-19-additional-palliatives-issued-by-the-federal-government-of-nigeria (accessed November 9, 2020).
[14] Irabor Paul & Awofeso Olu, Assessment of Government Response to Socioeconomic Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic in Nigeria. Journal of Social and Political Sciences, 3(3), 2020: 677-686. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343152043_Assessment_of_Government_Response_to_Socioeconomic_Impact_of_Covid-19_Pandemic_in_Nigeria (accessed December 21, 2020).
[15] Janssen Daisy J. A., Ekström Magnus, Currow David C., Johnson Miriam J., Maddocks Matthew, Simonds Anita K., Tonia Tomy & Marsaa Kristoffer, COVID-19: Guidance on Palliative care from a European Respiratory Society International Task Force. European Respiratory Journal 2020:1-42. https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/early/2020/07/09/13993003.02583-2020 (accessed December 21, 2020).
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[18] Salau Gbenga, Government condemns raid as residents loot COVID-19 palliatives in warehouse. The Guardian, October 23, 2020. https://guardian.ng/news/govt-condemns-raid-as-residents-loot-covid-19-palliatives-in-warehouse/ (accessed December 7, 2020).
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Shaibu M. T., Lanre Olu-Adeyemi & Felix Ikalewumi, “Has Palliatives Reduced the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Human Security in Southwestern Nigeria?” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.769-775 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/769-775.pdf

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Party Politics and Democratic Practices: The Bane of Under-Development in Nigeria

Omoregie Edoghogho – November 2021- Page No.: 776-782

This study takes a look at the activities of political parties in a democratic system and how it affects the Nigeria state of under-development in the fourth Republic. The paper takes cognizance, of parties and democratic roles in the development of the developed Democracies; on the other hand, most developing societies like Nigeria are not so lucky in charting this trajectory, rather, the advent of the new wave of Democratic experience which is decorated with multi-party configuration that emerged in 1999, has done infinitesimally, in its quest of charting the path of progress for the people. These assertions are better explained through some factors that are prominent within the political space at the period, these includes; the inability of the system to effectively integrate the ethno-cultural divide in the state, the failure of the system to enhance the living standard of the people, also, the absence of good governance play a prominent role in this regard, the inability of the political parties to encourage participation is another key factor and the consistent failure of the political leadership to perform its core webberian functions of securing lives and property as well as engendering an enabling environment that is devoid of crisis. The paper depends heavily on qualitative materials which are carefully analysed. The sustainable development theory is deployed for the study as it better x-ray the nitty-gritty of the paper. Finally, the study proffers some salient recommendations which includes; the need for political parties to be structured in a way as to integrate the divergent forces in the system, the political leadership must vigorously pursue policies that would enhance the peoples living standards, political participation must be encouraged at all levels and the issues of insecurity must be tackled and given its pride of place in the scheme of things in the system.

Page(s): 776-782                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 17 December 2021

 Omoregie Edoghogho
Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria

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Omoregie Edoghogho “Party Politics and Democratic Practices: The Bane of Under-Development in Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.776-782 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/776-782.pdf

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Knowledge, Attitude and Practices toward Protection and Sustainable Management of Riverine Ecosystems in Goa and Mt. Isarog Territories

Patricia M.Candelaria and Raul G.Bradecina- November 2021- Page No.: 783-794

The extent of knowledge and attitude the people have over the riverine ecosystems and the practices they employ in using them significantly impact the sustainability of these ecosystems. The low level of knowledge on ecosystem dynamics and negative attitude towards riverine ecosystem protection aggravate unsustainable practices aside from abetting low compliance to rules for rationally managing rivers. A deeper understanding of people’s knowledge, attitude and practices is crucial in developing interventions that promote sustainability of riverine ecosystems and resources. This paper characterizes the knowledge, attitude and practices of households on the conservation and sustainable management of riverine ecosystems. The data were generated using survey and analyzed employing descriptive statistics. Results indicated that some households are highly aware of the rivers but knowledge of its names, locations, and network connections are inadequate. Majority expressed positive attitude on aspects of ecosystem governance such as local knowledge, access to decision-making, participation in ecosystem governance, resources, environmental services to society, water quality monitoring, law enforcement, and livelihood. The practices employed by households are dominantly extractive in nature which include quarrying or sand mining (30%), throwing of garbage in the river (18%) and unsustainable fishing (45%). The mixed findings on households’ knowledge, attitude and practices reflected their ambiguous relationship to resource management principles induced by distinct socio-economic and cultural realities of the area which include sociodemographic condition, land tenure and political complexities. This paper suggests that public officials may take advantage of the highly positive attitude of households as a good indication of a welcoming disposition towards riverine ecosystem conservation and management. It recommends that a holistic riverine ecosystem governance must be developed and implemented employing both evidence-based and local knowledge-based management, promoting multi-stakeholder participation in decision making, restoration of riverine ecosystem and supporting social enterprise development such as riverine ecotourism.

Page(s): 783-794                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 17 December 2021

 Patricia M. Candelaria
Partido State University, Sagñay Campus, Sagñay, Camarines Sur, Philippines

 Raul G. Bradecina
Partido State University, Goa Campus, Goa, Camarines Sur, Philippines

[1] Aini MS, Laily P, Nurizan Y, Azizah HS,Zuroni,JandS. Norhasmah.2006. Sustainability knowledge, attitude and practices of Malaysians, WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol 93, © WIT Press
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[5] Oremo F, Mulwa R and N Oguge.2019. Knowledge, attitude and practice in water resources management among smallholder irrigators in the, Tsavo Sub- Catchment, Kenya, Resources, 8: 130

Patricia M.Candelaria and Raul G.Bradecina, “Knowledge, Attitude and Practices toward Protection and Sustainable Management of Riverine Ecosystems in Goa and Mt. Isarog Territories” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.783-794 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/783-794.pdf

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Impact of Road Safety Education on Parents’ Willingness to Pay on Safety Equipment via Family Communication Pattern

Nur Afifah Aisyah Mohmood Nor, Low Suet Fin, Nurfatin Nadia Suhaimi, Nurul Khairani Ismail- November 2021- Page No.: 795-798

Children are the most vulnerable road users as their physical body is small with limited experiences on the road. Parents are responsible to make sure children are being protected and safe on the road. The objective of this study is to investigate road safety education as a contributing factor in parents’ willingness to pay (WTP) on road safety equipment based on family communication patterns (FCP). WTP was measured in Ringgit Malaysia (RM) while four types of FCP are laissez-faire, protective, pluralistic and consensual. This is a descriptive quantitative intervention study and data was collected via a survey during the pre- and post-study. The sample comprised of 1,969 parents of primary school children from Year 1 to Year 6 who have been using the revised road safety education activity books during the pilot study. The result revealed that pluralistic and protective are two types of FCP with higher increment in WTP among parents on safety equipment to be used on their children during the post-study. Further analysis using paired sample t-test showed a significant difference was only found in pluralistic and protective FCP among Year 1 and pluralistic FCP among Year 5 students. The findings further explained that road safety education influenced the parents’ willingness to pay on safety equipment for their children based on the type of FCP practiced in the family.

Page(s): 795-798                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 17 December 2021

 Nur Afifah Aisyah Mohmood Nor
Road User Behavioral Change Research Centre, Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

 Low Suet Fin
Road User Behavioral Change Research Centre, Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

 Nurfatin Nadia Suhaimi
Road User Behavioral Change Research Centre, Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

 Nurul Khairani Ismail
Road User Behavioral Change Research Centre, Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

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Nur Afifah Aisyah Mohmood Nor, Low Suet Fin, Nurfatin Nadia Suhaimi, Nurul Khairani Ismail, “Impact of Road Safety Education on Parents’ Willingness to Pay on Safety Equipment via Family Communication Pattern” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.795-798 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/795-798.pdf

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Factors Influencing the Employee Turn Over at Tanzania Telecommunication Corporation Limited, Dar Es Salaam Office

Glory Lelo Surumbu, Ikandilo Kushoka – November 2021- Page No.: 799-805

Employee retention is among the important factors for business sustainability. The purpose of the study is to examine the factors influencing the employee turnover by using Tanzania Telecommunication Corporation Limited (TTCL) as a case study. Specifically, the study examined the impact of Training and Promotion on employee turnover, the effects of working environment on employee turnover and it identified the strategies for reducing employee turnover in Tanzania. This study was conducted in Dar Es Salaam city in its five municipals (Ilala, Ubungo, Temeke, Kinondoni and Kigamboni). The study used Primary data which was collected using questionnaire and interview. Quantitative data was analyzed using Correlation and Regression while the qualitative data was analyzed by content analysis. The findings revealed that Training and Promotion positively influence the Employee turnover. Also working environment positively influences the Employee turnover. Furthermore, the study identified different strategies for improving reduction of employee turnover such promoting high-quality of work relationships and Promotion of job Satisfaction. The study concludes that providing a positive work environment reduces turnover.

Page(s): 799-805                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 17 December 2021

 Glory Lelo Surumbu
Institute of Accountancy Arusha, Dar Es Salaam Campus, Dar Es Salaam,Tanzania

 Ikandilo Kushoka
Institute of Accountancy Arusha, Dar Es Salaam Campus, Dar Es Salaam,Tanzania

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Glory Lelo Surumbu, Ikandilo Kushoka, “Factors Influencing the Employee Turn Over at Tanzania Telecommunication Corporation Limited, Dar Es Salaam Office” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.799-805 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/799-805.pdf

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Secondary School Learners with Disabilities Challenges in Three Provinces of Zambia

Penda Annie, Chibwe Juliet, Shanzuwa Biggie- November 2021- Page No.: 806-814

Children are the most vulnerable road users as their physical body is small with limited experiences on the road. Parents are responsible to make sure children are being protected and safe on the road. The objective of this study is to investigate road safety education as a contributing factor in parents’ willingness to pay (WTP) on road safety equipment based on family communication patterns (FCP). WTP was measured in Ringgit Malaysia (RM) while four types of FCP are laissez-faire, protective, pluralistic and consensual. This is a descriptive quantitative intervention study and data was collected via a survey during the pre- and post-study. The sample comprised of 1,969 parents of primary school children from Year 1 to Year 6 who have been using the revised road safety education activity books during the pilot study. The result revealed that pluralistic and protective are two types of FCP with higher increment in WTP among parents on safety equipment to be used on their children during the post-study. Further analysis using paired sample t-test showed a significant difference was only found in pluralistic and protective FCP among Year 1 and pluralistic FCP among Year 5 students. The findings further explained that road safety education influenced the parents’ willingness to pay on safety equipment for their children based on the type of FCP practiced in the family.

Page(s): 806-814                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 18 December 2021

 Penda Annie
Kwame Nkrumah University, Zambia

 Chibwe Juliet
Kwame Nkrumah University, Zambia

 Shanzuwa Biggie
Kwame Nkrumah University, Zambia

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[13] Tongco, D.C. (2007) Purposive sampling as a tool for information selection.Journal of plants, people and applied research.pp 145-152
[14] United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2018)The challenge of inclusion for children with disabilities – experiences of implementation in Eastern and Southern Africa.https://www.unicef.org/esaro/EducationThinkPieces_7_DisabilityInclusion.pdf Accessed on 20/07/2020
[15] United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (1994) Final Report –World Conference on Special Needs Education Development. London: Leonard Cheshire International
[16] World Healthy Organization and World Bank (2011). World Report on Disability. Malta: WHO Press.

Penda Annie, Chibwe Juliet, Shanzuwa Biggie, “Secondary School Learners with Disabilities Challenges in Three Provinces of Zambia” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.806-814 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/806-814.pdf

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Blended Learning: The Post Covid-19 Solution for Higher Education in Kenya (A Case of KCA University)

Dennis Simiyu – November 2021- Page No.: 815-819

The outbreak of COVID-19 and post COVID-19 pandemic has basically reshaped our thinking and how different the global carries out its business from today. There is no doubt that even if the COVID-19 virus is completely suppressed and global lockdown comes to an end, the virus effects will linger. Higher education is one of the areas that have been highly hit by the pandemic. This paper scans through blended learning as the post COVID-19 solution to teaching and learning in higher education, particularly, Kenyan Higher Education with KCA University as a case study.

Page(s): 815-819                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 18 December 2021

DOI : 10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51145

 Dennis Simiyu
St. Lawrence University, United States of America

[1] Becker, A., Cummins, M., Davis, A., Freeman, A., Hall Giesinger, C., & Ananthanarayanan, V. (2017). NMC horizon report: 2017 higher Education Edition. Austin: The New Media Consortium.
[2] Dumpit, Z. & Fernandez, J. (2017). Analysis of Use of Social Media in Higher Education Instituitions (HEIs) Using the Technology Acceptance Model. International Journal of Educational Education Technology in Higher Education. 4(5)
[3] Dzuiban, (C. 2018) Blended Learning: The New Normal and Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education volume 15,
[4] Dziuban, C., & Moskal, P. (2011). A Course is a Course: Factor Invariance in student Evaluation of Online, Blended and Face-to-Face Learning Environments. The Internet and Higher Education, 14(4), 236–241. Dziuban, C., Moskal, P., Hermsdorfer, A., DeCantis, G., Norberg, A., & Bradford, G., (2015) A Deconstruction of Blended Learning. Presented at the 11th annual Sloan-C blended learning conference and workshop
[5] Dziuban, C., Picciano, A. G., Graham, C. R., & Moskal, P. D. (2016). Conducting Research in Online and Blended Learning Environments: New pedagogical frontiers. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
[6] Dziuban, C. D., Hartman, J. L., & Moskal, P. D. (2004). Blended Learning. EDUCAUSE Research Bulletin, 7, 1–12.
[7] EDUCAUSE. (2017) 2017 Key Issues in Teaching & Learning. Retrieved from https://www.EDUCAUSE.edu/eli/initiatives/key-issues-in-teaching-and-learning
[8] Floridi, L. (2014). The 4th Revolution: How the Infosphere is Reshaping Human Reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[9] Gaudo, M. (2019) How to Put the Six Blended Learning Models in to Action. https://www.prodigygame.com/blog/six-blended-learning-models-examples-download/
[10] Graham, C. R. (2013). Emerging practice and research in blended learning. In M. G. Moore (Ed.), Handbook of distance education, (3rd ed., pp. 333–350). New York: Routledge.
[11] Harari, Y. (2020) The World after Corona Virus. Financial Times, March 20th
[12] Kitchenham, A. (2011). Blended Learning Across Disciplines: Models for Implementation. Hershey: information Science Reference.
[13] Kofi, S. (2020). What will Higher Education in Afrika Look Like after Covid-19? https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/higher-education-africa-covid19-coronavirus-digital- online/
[14] Kyalo, W. and Hopkins, S. (2013) Exploring the Acceptability of Online learning for Continuous Professional Development at Kenya Medical Taraining Colleges. Electronic Journal of e-Learning 11(2):82-90
[15] Lowe, D. (2013). Roadmap of a Blended Learning Model for Online Faculty Development. Invited Feature Article in Distance Education Report, 17(6), 1–7.
[16] Magretta, J. (2011) Understanding Michael Porter: The Essential Guide to Competition and Strategy. Havard Business Review
[17] Means, B., Toyama, Y., Murphy, R., & Baki, M. (2013).The Effectiveness of Online and Blended Learning: A meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Teachers College Record, 115(3), 1–47.
[18] Means, B., Toyama, Y., Murphy, R., Kaia, M., & Jones, K. (2010). Evaluation of Evidence- Based Practices in Online Learning. Washington: US Department of Education.
[19] Moskal, P., Dziuban, C., & Hartman, J. (2013). Blended learning: A dangerous idea? The Internet and Higher Education, 18, 15–23.
[20] Mtebe, J & Raphael, C. (2013). “Students’ experiences and challenges of blended learning at the University of Dar es Salaam. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology” (IJEDICT). Vol. 9, Issue 3, pp. 124-136. DSM, UDSM
[21] Nolaila, S. (2015) “Use of Information and Communication Technology for Teaching and Learning at Mzumbe University in Tanzania.” (Masters dissertation, Kenyatta (University)
[22] Norberg, A. (2017).” From Blended Learning to Learning Online: ICTs, Time and Access in Higher Education” (Doctoral dissertation, Umeå University).
[23] Norberg, A., Dziuban, C. D., & Moskal, P. D. (2011). A time-based blended learning model. On the Horizon, 19(3), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1108/10748121111163913.
[24] Picciano, A. G. (2009). Blending with Purpose: The Multimodal Model. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 13(1), 7–18.
[25] Picciano, A. G., Dziuban, C., & Graham, C. R. (2014). Blended Learning: Research Perspectives, (vol. 2). New York: Routledge.
[26] Picciano, A. G., & Dziuban, C. D. (2007). Blended learning: Research perspectives. Needham: The Sloan Consortium.
[27] Porter, M. (2008) The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy, Harvard Business Review.
[28] Rainer R., and Turban E. (2009), Introduction to Information Systems (2nd edition), Wiley, pp 36–41.
[29] Ross, B., & Gage, K. (2006). Global Perspectives on Blended Learning: Insight from WebCT and Our Customers in Higher Education. In C. J. Bonk, & C. R. Graham (Eds.), Handbook of Blended Learning: Global Perspectives, Local Designs, (pp. 155–168). San Francisco: Pfeiffer.
[30] Rovai, A. P., & Jordan, H. M. (2004). Blended learning and sense of community: A comparative analysis with traditional and fully online graduate courses. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 5(2), 1–13.
[31] Sharpe, R., Benfield, G., Roberts, G., & Francis, R. (2006). The undergraduate Experience of Blended Learning: A Review of UK Literature and Research. The Higher Education Academy, (October 2006).

Dennis Simiyu, “Blended Learning: The Post Covid-19 Solution for Higher Education in Kenya (A Case of KCA University)” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.815-819 November 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2021.51145

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Avoiding Plagiarism and Copyright Infringement in Research Publications in Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria: A Case Study of Colleges of Education in Edo State and Delta States

Imoni Gilbert Ikezahu & Ibhagbemien Sylvester – November 2021- Page No.: 820-824

This study was carried out to investigate researchers awareness and their perception about research publications. The study covered 4 Colleges of Education. With 2 each from Edo and Delta States of Nigeria. The study also adopted the survey method using self-designed structured questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. The population of the study consisted of 113 researchers randomly selected in the Colleges of Education. Out of 113 copies of questionnaire distributed to the respondents, 89 (78.8%) useable copies were returned to the researchers. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics particularly frequency counts and percentage are represented in the table. The findings of the study showed that most of the researchers working in the Colleges of Education in Edo and Delta States do not know about copyright infringement and the consequences in research publications. As a result of this, an awareness and perception of this act need to be given. The study further showed that plagiarism, copyright infringement is serious academic offences. The study brought to an understanding of the penalties for plagiarism and created awareness.

Page(s): 820-824                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 18 December 2021

 Imoni Gilbert Ikezahu
Edo State College of Education, Nigeria

 Ibhagbemien Sylvester
Edo State College of Education, Nigeria

[1] Aitufe, T.A and Imoni, G.I. (2010) Essentials of Library studies for schools and Colleges. Agbor: Pon Publishers Ltd.
[2] Amos, Abutu (2016) Developing new copyright services in Academic Libraries Lagos: Fourth Dimension. Campaign Against Copyright in Nigeria (2020)
[3] Charbonneau, D. H. and Prichs, M. (2014) Copyright awareness, Partnerships and Training issues in Academic Libraries. The journal of Academic Librarianship 40(3): 228-233, Dol; http://.dx.doi.org/10/016.
[4] Chikaodili, E. (2016) Entrepreneurship in Library and Information Services. Ibadan: Stirling-Horden Publication Limited. Copyrightlaw in Encyclopedia Brittannica
[5] Ducan, J. (2013) Teaching our faculty: Developing copyright and scholarly communication outreach programs. Library faculty and Staff Publications paper 117. http://digitalcommons. Usu. edu/lib.pub/117
[6] Guth, Cynano (2008) Managing change in Libraries and Information Services: A system approach. London: Clive Bingley.
[7] Hassan, A & Joseph, O. F. (2007). Further Reading on Research Methology University of Ilorin.
[8] Horava, T. (2016) Copyright communication in Canadian Academic Libraries: A national survey/les modes de communication concernant les droits d’ auteour dans less. Conadian Journal of Informations and Library Science Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/i/s.o.0002.
[9] Nilson, I. L. (2016) Developing new strategies in copyright Services in Academic Libraries. DOI:http//doi.org/10:1629/ukg.216.
[10] Obi, Ezeilo (2016). Problems of retrospective conversion Nigerian University Libraries: case of KOL University Ibadan. Paper presented at the 45th Annual catalogue and classification services . workshop of the Nigerian Library Association.
[11] Okiy, Rose (2005) Photocopying and awareness of copyright in tertiary institutions: March, 2005. Interceding and Document Supply. 33 (1): 49-52. DOI:10.1108/02641610510382144
[12] Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2006) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[13] Pandey, D.K. (2020), Awareness and perception of Academic Plagiarism among the students of Netaji subhas University: -A Study: New Delhi, Ess Ess
[14] Swahu, Mahendra Kumar (2020). Awareness of copyright laws: A case study of Library professionals. New Deihi: Ess Ess.
[15] Widely, Hammer, (2016). Computer related technology in Library operations. England: Aldashot J. Gowen.

Imoni Gilbert Ikezahu & Ibhagbemien Sylvester “Avoiding Plagiarism and Copyright Infringement in Research Publications in Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria: A Case Study of Colleges of Education in Edo State and Delta States” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.820-824 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/820-824.pdf

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Using the Esan Language in Enhancing the Delivery of Quality Education in Edo State, Nigeria

Okhiria Idemudia I., Samuel E.A Osime & Felix E.A. Ogiso- November 2021- Page No.: 825-834

The constant use of indigenous language (Esan)was discovered to be a perfect medium of imparting knowledge in primary schools which was fundamental to educational growth in the country. It sufficed to state that “Esan Language belonged to the north-central part of “Edoid” Language in Edo State, and it has been in use as a medium of instruction in Esan Central Primary Schools. Specifically, the study focused on promoting Esan Language among the multifarious Indigenous Languages in Nigeria, enhancing the consciousness of “Esan Language among Esan primary school pupils, assisting teachers with workable methodologies of teaching/learning of Esan language, assisting the Ministry of Education in the preparation of Esan Language syllabus for Primary Schools, etc. Also, the study which is based on theoretical and empirical approaches focused on the sampling of sixteen (16) primary schools which were randomly selected from the four kingdoms in the targeted Local Government. Total of (50) pupils were sampled through a designed questionnaire in each school bringing it to a total number of eight hundred (800) respondents in each of the schools. The study further highlighted the findings which revealed inter alia that Esan Language was taught in all the primary schools by teachers who were all from Esan origin though not qualified (not Esan certificated). There were no libraries in schools as well as sufficient textbooks for the subject. The pupils can speak Esan Fluently but cannot write and read a passage fluently in Esan Language. Outside Esan Language, no other subject is taught with “Esan” in primary schools. All these justified the hypotheses raised for the study. Finally, Conclusion and Recommendations were made for quality teaching and learning of the Esan language in Esan Central Local Government Area of Edo State.

Page(s): 825-834                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 18 December 2021

 Okhiria Idemudia I.
Edo State College of Education, Nigeria

 Samuel E.A Osime
Edo State College of Education, Nigeria

 Felix E.A. Ogiso
Edo State College of Education, Nigeria

[1] Adekunle, M,A, (1976) “ National Language Policy and Planning: The Nigerian Situation” West African Journal of Modern Languages.Vol. 1
[2] Agheyisi, R. N. (ed) (1987) “Esan Orthography” Orthographies of Nigerian Languages Manual V.Lagos: Federal Ministry of Education.
[3] Awoniyi, T.A. (1982) The Teaching of African Languages, London: Hodder and Stoughton.
[4] Bamgbose, A. (1966) The Assimilated Low Tone in Yoruba, Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books Limited.
[5] Brian, T. (ed.) (1996) A Language in Common, London: Longman Publishers.
[6] Brown, F. (1973) A First Llanguage, Cambridge: Mass Harrad University Press.
[7] Caroll, I. (1964) “The Arguments for the Mother Tongue” Language in Education, Dakin: J. et al (ed) London: Oxford University Press. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1979)
[8] Elugbe, B.O. (1973) A Comparative Edo Phonology, Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Ibadan.
[9] Hansford, K.J, Bender Samuel and R. Stanford, (1976) “A Provisional Language Map of Nigeria” Savana Vol. 5 No 2 pp 115-126.
[10] Hoffmann, c. (1974), The Language of Nigeria by Language Families, Ibadan: University of Ibadan, Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages
[11] Ikara, B. (ED) (1982) Nigerian Languages and Cultural Development Lagos: National Language Centre.
[12] National Policy on Education (Revised) (1981), Lagos: NERC Press.
[13] OdiagbeA I (2004) Esan/English Dictionary, Benin City: New Era Publications.
[14] Okojie C.G. (1994), Esan Native Laws and Customs, Benin City: Ilupeju Press Ltd
[15] Omo-Ojugo M.O. (1991) “Mother Tongue in the Development of Cognitive Abilities and Educational Potentials in Nigeria’s Educational System” Ekpoma Journal of Languages and Literary Studies Vol. 4.
[16] Omo- Ojugo M.O.(2004) Esan Language Endanger?: Implications for the Teaching and Learning of Indigenous Languages in Nigeria,Ekpoma: Ambrose Alli University Publishing House.
[17] Oyeleye, R.K. (1990) Languages and Culture in Society, Lagos: Bolajiand Associates.
[18] Valdman, A. (ed) (1966) Trends in Language Teaching, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company
[19] Williams, K. (1984) Practical Orthography in Nigeria, Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books Limited,

Okhiria Idemudia I., Samuel E.A Osime & Felix E.A. Ogiso, “Using the Esan Language in Enhancing the Delivery of Quality Education in Edo State, Nigeria” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.825-834 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/825-834.pdf

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Cross-Border Disarmament and Intercommunal Security: A Case of Turkwel River Belt

Jackson Bethuel Kaino, Dr. Ichani Francis Xavier, Siocha Justin Nyaberi- November 2021- Page No.: 835-844

Disarmament of illegal firearms has been identified as a key to global security especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the trade on Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) is a booming business. The influx of SALW is also considered as a major contributor of intercommunal conflict along the Turkwel River Belt, among the Turkana and; Pokot of Kenya and Uganda common border. This study sought to assess why after many governments attempts at eradicating insecurity in the region through various levels of disarmament programs, there remains persistent insecurity and armed violence. The study used the cooperative security theory and the conflict theory to weave the facts presented in the study. Moreover, the study adopted an exploratory and historical research designs. The selection of the Turkwel River Belt was purposive due to the high occurrences of conflict and high presence of SALWs in the region. the insecurity and as a special characteristic directly touches four countries; Kenya and Uganda. Simple random sampling was used during the pretesting to test the validity and reliability of the instruments. Respondents were clustered into three groups of men, women and youth. The study relied on both qualitative and quantitative data. Questionnaires and interviews schedules were used to collect data which was analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and qualitatively. The study indicated that there were significant intervention measures through diplomacy and address of the challenges at hand by government and non-government organization. However, much needs to be considered for the effective achievement of sustainable peace among the communities. The study recommended the strategies marshalled by both state and non-state actors in addressing alternative sources of livelihoods and in conducting advanced disarmament programs. This study is necessary since the United Nations is envisaged on a peaceful coexistence among countries. The information in this will therefore provide and recommend strategic measures that should be undertaken to achieve sustainable peace among the Pokot of Uganda and the Turkana of Kenya.

Page(s): 835-844                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 18 December 2021

 Jackson Bethuel Kaino
Department of International Relations, Conflict and Strategic Studies of Kenyatta University, Kenya

 Dr. Ichani Francis Xavier
Department of International Relations, Conflict and Strategic Studies of Kenyatta University, Kenya

 Siocha Justin Nyaberi
Department of International Relations, Conflict and Strategic Studies of Kenyatta University, Kenya

[1] Abraham, F. (1993). Modern sociological theory: an introduction, oxford university press. Delhi.
[2] Adwok, N and Otim, P. (2001). Conflicts in Pastoral Area along borders: The Kenya, Uganda and Sudan. CEWARN Consultancy Report London: FEWER.
[3] Almagor, U. (1979.) “Raiders and elders: A confrontation of generations among the Dassanetch” in K. Fukui and D. Turton (Eds.) Warfare among East African Herders. Osaka:
[4] Chambers, R., and Conway. G. (1991). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century. Institute of Development Studies. DP 296.
[5] Cohen, L., & Manion, L. (2000). Research methods in education. Routledge. 254.(5th edition).
[6] De Coning, C., & Peter, M. (2019). United Nations peace operations in a changing global order (p. 334). Springer Nature.
[7] Eaton, D. (2010). The rise of the ‘traider’: the commercialization of raiding in Turkwel Belt. Nomadic Peoples 14 (2): 106–122.
[8] GoK. (2007). National policy for the sustainable development of arid and semi-arid lands. Government of Kenya, Nairobi.
[9] GoK. (2008). Arid lands resource management project Turkana: annual progress report. Government Press, Nairobi
[10] GoK. (2010). National climate change response strategy. Government Press, Nairobi
[11] Grahn, R. (2005). Lessons learnt from conflict management work in the Karamojong Cluster. Issue paper no.137, AU/IBAR
[12] Hendrickson, D, Armon, J. and Mearns, R. (1998). The changing nature of conflict and famine vulnerability: the case of livestock raiding in Turkana District, Kenya. Disasters 22 (3)
[13] Jaeger, M. (1997). Complementary Research Methods for Research in Education, (2nd ed). American Educational Research Association: Washington, DC.
[14] Kaimba, B. Njehia, G and Guliye. A. (2011). Effects of cattle rustling and household characteristics on migration decisions and herd size amongst pastoralists in Baringo District, Kenya. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 1 (1): 1–18.
[15] Kamenju J., Mwachofi K. and Wairagu, F. (2003) Terrorized Citizens, SRIC, and Nairobi: 2003, p 10. Karlsrud, J. (2017). The UN at War: Peace Operations in a New Era. Springer.
[16] Keller, J. (1973). A Twentieth Century Model:
[17] Straus, A. and Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research (2nd edition). London: Sage Publications.
[18] Trochim, K William M. (2006). Research Methods Knowledge Base. Atomic Dog; New York.
[19] TUPADO. S. (2011). Turkana Pastoralist Organization incident register 2000–2010. TUPADO. Unpublished, Lodwar.
[20] UN. (2021). United Nations Peace Keeping. Retrieved May 19, 2021, from https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/what-is-peacekeeping.
[21] UNDP. (2002). Human development report: Deepening democracy in a fragmented world. New York, Oxford University Press.
[22] UNDP. (2011). Drought and potential conflict scenarios in northern Kenya and other arid lands: a situational report. UNDP, Nairobi.
[23] USAID and FEWS NET, (2005). Conflict Early Warning and Mitigation of Resource Based Conflicts in the Greater Horn of Africa: Conflict Baseline Study Report Conducted in the Karamojong Cluster of Kenya and Uganda.
[24] White R. (1920). “Notes on the Turkana” Sudan notes and records, Vol. iii, p.217-222; Major

Jackson Bethuel Kaino, Dr. Ichani Francis Xavier, Siocha Justin Nyaberi, “Cross-Border Disarmament and Intercommunal Security: A Case of Turkwel River Belt” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.835-844 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/835-844.pdf

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Effects of Charcoal Production on Biophysical Environment

Ekpo, C. G.- November 2021- Page No.: 845-849

This study assessed the effect of charcoal production on the biophysical of environment of Abaji Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Survey research design was adopted for the study. Two hundred respondents were selected by the use of the simple random sampling technique. Data of the study were collected through Environmental Impact of Charcoal Production Assessment Scale. Data of the study were analyzed using the descriptive statistics of frequency count, mean (x) and simple percentage. Findings of the study revealed the effect of charcoal production on biodiversity resources, physical environment, and the health of residents of Abaji Area Council. It was recommended that jobs should be created by the Area Council Authorities to residents to combat the menace of poverty which is one of the major factors encouraging charcoal production as means of livelihood.

Page(s): 845-849                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 18 December 2021

 Ekpo, C. G.
Department of Science and Environmental Education, Faculty of Education, University of Abuja, Abuja-Nigeria

[1] Aboh, P. Z, & Zhangqi, W. (2016). Charcoal and fuelwood consumption and its impacts on Environment in Cote d’Ivoire: Case study of Yopougon Area. Environment and Natural Resources Research, 6(4), 26 – 35. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v6n4 p26\
[2] Absolom, K. T. (2011). Environmental implications of the charcoal business in Narok-south sub-county, Narok County. Unpublished MSc Dissertation of Kenyatta University, Kenya.
[3] Anang, B. T., Akuriba, M. A. & Alerigesane, A. A. (2011). Charcoal production in Gushegu District, Northern Region, Ghana:Lessons for sustainable forest management. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(7), 1944 – 1953.
[4] Chidumayo, E. N. & Gumbo, D. J. (2012). The environmental impacts of charcoal production in tropical ecosystems of the world: A synthesis. Energy for Sustainable Development,17, 86–94.
[5] Emeodilichi, H. M. (2018). Assessment of charcoal production processes and theenvironment impact in Kaduna, Nigeria. Resources and Environment, 8(5), 223 – 231. DOI: 10.5923/j.re.20180805.02
[6] Eniola, P. O. & Odebode, S. O. (2018). Perceived health effects of charcoal production among rural dwellers of derived savannah zone of Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 7(1), 127 – 133. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.15640/jaes.v 7n1a13
[7] Eniola, P. O., Odebode, S. O. & Ayandele, B. (2018). Contributions of charcoal production to socio-economic activities of rural dwellers in the rain forest agro-ecological zone of Nigeria. Recent Adv Petrochem Sci, 6(3), 1 – 7.
[8] Gazull, L. & Gautier, D. (2015). Woodfuel in a global changes context. Retrieved from https://ww w.cifor.org/knowledge/publication/4467
[9] Harindintwari, J. & Ngendahayo, G. (2019). Socio-economic and environmental impact of charcoal production in Rangiro, Cyato and Bushekeri sectors, Nyamasheke district. GSJ, 7(3), 1206 – 1223. Retrieved from www.globalsci entificjournal.com
[10] Kadafa, A. A., Medugu N. I., Dennis, K. S., & Medan J. D. (2017). The health impact of fuel wood utilization on users in Yelwa village, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) 24(6), 174 – 191.
[11] Kokou, K., Nuto, Y. & Atsri, H. (2009). Impact of charcoal production on woody plant species in West Africa: A case study in Togo. Scientific Research and Essay, 4(9), 881 – 893. Retrieved from http://www.academicjournals.org/SR E
[12] Lurimuah, S. (2011). The economic and environmental effects of commercial charcoal production in the upper west region of Ghana. Unpublished MSc. Dissertation of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi.
[13] Olarinde, O. & Olusola, J. A. (2018). Socio-economic impacts of charcoal production in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Tropical Plant Research, 5(1), 46 – 52. Retrieved from www.tropicalplantresearch.com
[14] Onekon, W. A., & Kipchirchir, K. O. (2016). Assessing the effect of charcoal production and use on the transition to a green economy in Kenya. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 19(3), 327 – 335.

Ekpo, C. G., “Effects of Charcoal Production on Biophysical Environment” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.845-849 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/845-849.pdf

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New Competency to be the Professional Announcer by The Office of The National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC),Thailand under the Digital Communication Technology Disruption

Kamolrat Intaratat- November 2021- Page No.: 850-857

The demanding for the new competencies among all reporters, announcers, communicators keep increasing in most parts of the world, especially about the digital technology disruption in the media world to serve the disruptive news industry transformation: digital technology, social platforms and the spread of misinformation and disinformation or fake news in short. most of the functions in the media world keep changing into the online basis. The Office of NBTC as the policy and regulation of communication system in Thailand has initiated the program to promote the announcer’s competencies since 2013 till currently then got its evaluation by using the quantitative research to achieve three objectives : 1) the general demographic of Thai announcers; 2) to evaluate the program to promote the announcer’s competency; and 3) the demanding announcer’s competency under the current digital communication technologies disruption.
The population is 17,000 announcers who had previously attended the Announcer’s Competency Program, then gained 1,008 samples by using the multistage random sampling techniques. the e-questionnaire was used then analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Results are summarized as follow;
1) The general demographic of Thai announcers registered under the NBTC, Thailand found quite equal in gender, having a bachelor’s degree, and average aged between 31 – 45 years is highest; 2) The evaluation of the NBTC’s Announcer’s Competency Program to promote the announcer’s competency assessed by LOGIC Assessment Model found the overall effectiveness of the Program is more than the required standard and the highest effective is the “outcome” of the Program followed by Program’s resources and impact; 3) The demanding announcer’s competency under the current digital communication technologies disruption. Four main competencies were studied : 1)be professional, 2) be ethic, 3) be E.Q., and 4) be digital literacy. The results found “be professional” is highest especially in being neutral follow by “be E.Q.” especially in working under pressure, “be ethic” especially in personal privacy respect and “be digital literacy” especially in knowledge and skills in all digital tools.
All findings tangibly getting along well with the current demands such as Colm Murphy, 2019 mentioned in “Changing by the Click: The Professional/Standard Announcers &Journalists”; Galina Melnik, Konstantin Pantserev,2020 mentioned in “Digitalization of the Communication Environment”; Oxford Economics Skills in High Demands in the Next 5-10 Years, 2021, and Paul Bradshaw, 2012 mentioned in the “Model for a 21st Century Newsroom : How digitization has changed news organizations in a multiplatform world”.
So, it could be final confirmed that all kinds of new knowledge and skills in the “Digitalization Communication” must be empowered to all announcers such as online chat; callback widget; analytics, search engine marketing, SEO (Search Engine Optimization), Social media marketing (SMM), email newsletters, content marketing, SERM (Search Engine Reputation Management), Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Internet blogs, and information platforms.

Page(s): 850-857                                                                                                                   Date of Publication: 18 December 2021

 Kamolrat Intaratat
Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, Thailand

[1] Colm Murphy. (2019). Changing by the Click: The Professional Development of UK
Journalists. School of Communications and Media, Ulster University,
Cromore Rd, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK; c.murphy@ulster.ac.uk, 2019
DigComp 2.0. “digital competence” https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/digcomp/digital-competence-framework
[2] Galina Melnik,Konstantin Pantserev. (2020). Digitalization of the Communication Environment as an Incentive for Innovation in Media Education. St. Petersburg State University, Russian Federatio Published in the Slovak Republic Media Education (Mediaobrazovanie) DOI: 10.13187/me.2020.2.290 www.ejournal53.com
[3] Morton, J. (2011). Attention Deficit Disorder and Sound Therapy. Diperoleh pada Januari 28, 2011. http://www.Soundtherapyperth.com/benefit/add.php.
[4] Paul Bradshaw. (2012). Model for a 21st Century Newsroom : How digitization has changed news organizations in a multiplatform world.
[5] The Ethical Journalism Network. (2018). “Five Core Principles of Journalism”
http:// ethicaljournalismnetwork.org/who-we-are/5-principles-of-journalism

Kamolrat Intaratat, “New Competency to be the Professional Announcer by The Office of The National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC),Thailand under the Digital Communication Technology Disruption” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-11, pp.850-857 November 2021 URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-5-issue-11/850-857.pdf

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