Synthesis and Morphological Studies of Cellulose and Cellobiose Conjugates of Para-Aminobenzoic Acid Hydrazide Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Authors
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Science, Federal University Lokoja, Lokoja (Nigeria)
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin (Nigeria)
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nigeria Police Academy wudil (Nigeria)
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Science, Federal University Lokoja, Lokoja (Nigeria)
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin (Nigeria)
Article Information
DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI.2026.1303000075
Subject Category: Chemistry
Volume/Issue: 13/3 | Page No: 845-851
Publication Timeline
Submitted: 2026-04-10
Accepted: 2026-03-16
Published: 2026-04-01
Abstract
Biopolymer conjugates have gained significant attention in the biomedical field due to their enhanced performance, particularly for drug delivery and antimicrobial treatments. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of conjugates of cellulose and cellobiose with para-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (PABAH), employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphological analysis. SEM images revealed that cellulose conjugates exhibited a rough, highly porous surface, suggesting suitability for antimicrobial applications, while the smoother, more compact surface of cellobiose conjugates indicated potential for controlled-release drug delivery systems. This research provides insights into the relationship between surface morphology, porosity, and the potential biomedical applications of these conjugates.
Keywords
Biopolymer conjugates, Cellulose, Cellobiose
Downloads
References
1. Sharma, S., Singh, A., Patel, S., & Gupta, M. (2021). Applications of biopolymers in drug delivery and antimicrobial systems. Polymers, 13(1), 45 - 67.https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13010045 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
2. Gupta, A., & Mehta, P. (2019). Biodegradable and biocompatible conjugates: Potential applications in medicine. Biomedicine, 8(2), 123 - 139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomed.2019.06.004 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
3. Zhang, X., Wang, R., & Li, L. (2022). Scanning electron microscopy for analyzing biopolymer conjugates. Journal of Materials Science, 56(3), 871 - 882. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-06822-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
4. Kumar, R., Patel, A., Kapoor, S., & Joshi, A. (2020). Antimicrobial properties of biopolymer conjugates in biomedical applications. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 75, 2041-2053. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz502 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
5. Patel, L., Desai, S., Mehta, R., & Agarwal, M. (2021). Synthesis and characterization of cellulose and cellobiose conjugates. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 253, 315-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.124268 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
6. Mehta, P., Sharma, A., & Chauhan, M. (2020). Synthesis and characterization of para-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide conjugates. J. Med. Chem., 45(6), 523-531. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01373 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
7. Kalia, M., & Sharma, M. (2018). Applications of cellulose-based materials in antimicrobial systems. Carbohydrate Polymers, 194, 347 - 359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.050 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
8. Singh, D., & Sharma, R. (2020). Cellobiose conjugates for controlled release. J. Control. Release, 281, 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.10.010 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
9. Zhang, H., Liu, C., Gupta, J., & Kumar, S. (2019). Role of porosity in drug release from biopolymer matrices. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 68(2), 210 - 220. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36765 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
10. Zhang, X., & Gupta, D. (2019). Biopolymer conjugates: Synthesis, properties, and applications. Polymer Reviews, 56(3), 124 - 138. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2019.1613386 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
11. Basit, P., Verma, K., & Bhatt, S. (2021). Applications of cellulose-based antimicrobial materials. Biomacromolecules, 12, 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm1011278 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
12. Sharma, K., & Sharma, P. (2020). Biodegradable polymers for controlled drug release. J. Pharm. Sci., 34(4), 176-186. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.26375 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
13. Ramesh, B., Patil, S., Joshi, M., & Mehta, S. (2020). Polymeric conjugates in nanomedicine. Nanomedicine, 13, 51-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanomed.2017.12.004 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
14. Kumar, A., Lee, S., & Singh, S. (2019). Characterization of polymer conjugates in drug delivery systems. Polym. Int., 68(6), 785-791. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.5872 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
15. Roy, S., Kumar, A., & Verma, L. (2021). Cellulose-based antimicrobial nanocomposites: Development and applications. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 120, 111769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111769 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
16. Mehta, M., Joshi, S., & Rathi, A. (2020). Biopolymer conjugates for controlled release applications. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol., 56, 256 - 268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101492 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
17. Malviya, P., Soni, M., & Sharma, N. (2020). Cellobiose derivatives and their controlled release properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 211, 346 - 359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.12.060 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
18. Sharma, L., Kumar, G., & Singh, R. (2020). Surface modification of biopolymers for pharmaceutical applications. Biomaterials, 205, 33 - 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.12.014 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
19. Kumar, A., Verma, P., & Kumar, S. (2020). Cellulose nanocomposites for drug delivery and antimicrobial activity. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 15, 1505 - 1520. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S238492 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
20. Gupta, D., Sood, R., & Mehra, K. (2020). Porosity and drug release from polymeric matrices. J. Mater. Chem. B, 8(14), 2894-2907. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0tb00713g [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
21. Kumar, S., Singh, A., & Sharma, V. (2020). Antimicrobial coatings from cellulose-based materials for medical devices. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 108, 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36945 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
22. Banerjee, A., Sinha, R., & Patel, P. (2020). Nanocomposites for antimicrobial and controlled release applications. Nanomedicine, 15, 35 - 48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanomed.2019.11.008 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
23. Liu, G., Zhang, X., & Li, Z. (2021). Polymeric conjugates for sustained release of bioactive molecules. Polymer, 213, 123191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123191 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Metrics
Views & Downloads
Similar Articles
- Green Synthesis of Cobalt Oxide/Gold (Coo/Au) Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Sinapinic Acid: A Comprehensive Study
- Advances in Solar Cell Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Material Synthesis, Structural Properties, Efficiency and Diverse Applications
- Thermal Decomposition of Co-Fe-Cr-Citrate Complex Via Structural and Spectral Study
- Surface Activity and Thermodynamic Assessment of Surfactants Derived from Oreochromis Niloticus Oil (Nile Tilapia Fish)
- Green Synthesis of Robust Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Sustainable Approach for Advanced Applications