Lgbtq+ Criminology Students’ Lived Experiences: A Qualitative Study of Identity in a Masculine Discipline

Lgbtq+ Criminology Students’ Lived Experiences: A Qualitative Study of Identity in a Masculine Discipline

Jake S. Lupos

Philippines

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.909000017

Received: 12 August 2025; Accepted: 19 August 2025; Published: 26 September 2025

ABSTRACT

This Qualitative Study Explores The Lived Experiences Of Lgbtq+ Criminology Students Enrolled In Polytechnic College Of La Union, A Field Traditionally Masculine Dominated. Guided By Queer Theory And Intersectionality, The Research Seeks To Identify The What Are The Unique Challenges And Barriers Encountered By Lgbtq+ Criminology Students,How Do Lgbtq+ Students Negotiate Their Identities Within The Masculine-Dominated Environment Of Criminology Education, And What Strategies Do Lgbtq+ Students Employ To Cope With Discrimination, Prejudice, And Microaggressions In The College Department. Using A Phenomenological Approach, Semi-Structured Interviews Were Conducted With Possessively Selected Lgbtq+ Criminology Students. Furthermore, Thematic Analysis Shows Key Themes Including Experiences Of Discrimination And Stereotyping, Identity Negotiation Within Masculine Spaces, And The Importance Of Resilience And Informal Support Systems As The Immersing Issues. In The Other Hand, Some Students Reported Acceptance, Others Described Microaggressions And Institutional Barriers, Particularly Related To Gender Expression And Bathroom Access. However, Despite These Challenges, Many Demonstrated Strength And Agency Through Visibility, Advocacy, And Peer Solidarity To Overcome The Challenges. The Study Highlights The Need For Inclusive Policies, Gender-Sensitive Education, And Institutional Support To Promote Equity In Criminology Education. Findings Contribute To A Broader Understanding Of The Intersection Between Gender, Sexuality, And Criminal Justice Education In The Criminology Department Or Even In The College In General.

INTRODUCTION

The Intersection Of Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, And Academic Discipline Presents A Complex Terrain For Lgbtq+ Students, Particularly Within Fields Traditionally Perceived As Masculine, Such As Criminology (Pryor, 2017). Criminology, With Its Focus On Law Enforcement, Justice, And Societal Control, Often Embodies Norms And Values That Can Marginalize Individuals Who Do Not Conform To Heteronormative And Cisgender Expectations (Steck & Perry, 2017).

This Qualitative Research Endeavors To Explore The Lived Experiences Of Lgbtq+ Students Enrolled In Criminology Programs In The Philippines, A Context Marked By Both Increasing Visibility And Persistent Challenges For Lgbtq+ Individuals. In England And Wales, Hate Crimes Against Gay And Lesbian People Surged To 25,639 In 2021/22, A Stark Increase From 14,161 In 2018/19, While Incidents Targeting The Trans Community Nearly Doubled From 2,253 To 4,262 In The Same Period (Wrigley & Koumentaki, 2024).

This Study Seeks To Understand How These Students Navigate Their Identities, Negotiate The Prevailing Masculine Culture Within Their Academic Environment, And Construct Their Sense Of Self In Relation To Their Chosen Field Of Study. Through In-Depth Interviews And Thematic Analysis, The Research Aims To Uncover The Unique Challenges, Coping Mechanisms, And Resilience Strategies Employed By Lgbtq+ Students As They Navigate Their Educational Journey In Philippine Criminology Schools (Glazzard Et Al., 2020).

Background And Context

The Philippines, While Demonstrating Increasing Acceptance Of Lgbtq+ Individuals Through Anti-Bullying Laws And Child Protection Policies (Origenes, 2022), Still Grapples With Societal Discrimination And Prejudice. This Duality Creates A Unique Backdrop For Lgbtq+ Students In Criminology, Who Must Reconcile Their Identities With The Often Conservative And Heteronormative Values Prevalent In Law Enforcement And The Criminal Justice System. The University Of The Philippines School Of Archaeology, For Instance, Has Seen A Rise In The Enrollment And Graduation Of Women And Lgbtqia+ Individuals Since Its Establishment In The Mid-1990s, Yet These Individuals Often Face Discriminatory Practices And Attitudes (Sioco Et Al., 2024).

Criminology As A Discipline Has Historically Overlooked The Experiences And Perspectives Of Lgbtq+ Individuals, Contributing To Their Marginalization Within The Field (Kahle, 2018). This Research Addresses This Gap By Centering The Voices Of Lgbtq+ Students And Exploring Their Unique Challenges And Triumphs In Navigating A Masculine-Dominated Academic Environment. Furthermore, Lgbtq+ Individuals Often Face Prejudice, Stereotyping, And Discrimination, Making Them Targets Of Hate Crimes Both Online And Offline (Lee Et Al., 2023). The Current Study Outlines The Adaptation Of A Rape Prevention Program That Addresses The Needs Of The Lgbtq+ Community, And Illuminates The Important Differences And Commonalities Faced By The Lgbtq+ Community Related To Both Sexual Violence Vulnerability And Barriers To Seeking And Receiving Help (Johnson Et Al., 2019).

Theoretical Framework

The Study Is Framed By Queer Theory And Intersectionality Theory, Which Provides Lenses For Understanding The Complexities Of Identity, Power, And Marginalization. Queer Theory Challenges The Normative Assumptions About Gender And Sexuality, Deconstructing Binary Categories And Emphasizing The Fluidity And Diversity Of Human Experience. In The Realm Of Intersectionality, The Interconnected Nature Of Social Categorizations Such As Race, Class, And Gender Creates Overlapping Systems Of Discrimination Or Disadvantage (Franco, 2021). It Argues That Individuals Possess Unique Experiences Due To The Intersection Of Various Social Identities (Endo, 2021). By Applying These Frameworks, The Research Aims To Analyze How Lgbtq+ Students In Criminology Schools Experience And Negotiate Their Multiple Identities, And How These Identities Intersect With The Power Dynamics Inherent In The Discipline (Goldberg & Allen, 2017). This Approach Allows For A Nuanced Understanding Of The Challenges And Opportunities Faced By Lgbtq+ Students, As Well As The Ways In Which They Resist And Subvert Dominant Norms Within Their Academic Environment (Mehrotra Et Al., 2023).

In Addition To These Overarching Theoretical Frameworks, The Study Also Draws Upon Literature On Identity Development, Resilience, And Social Support To Further Contextualize The Lived Experiences Of Lgbtq+ Students. Specifically, Research On Minority Stress Theory (Savage & Schanding, 2012; Wynn Et Al., 2022) Informs The Analysis Of The Unique Stressors Faced By Lgbtq+ Individuals Due To Stigma, Discrimination, And Prejudice. Relational-Cultural Theory Can Offer Strategies To Counselors When Working With Lgbtq College Students (Flores & Sheely‐Moore, 2020).  Furthermore, Studies On Resilience Highlight The Adaptive Strategies And Coping Mechanisms Employed By Lgbtq+ Individuals To Navigate Adversity And Maintain Their Well-Being. The Importance Of Social Support Networks, Including Family, Friends, And Lgbtq+ Organizations, Is Also Examined As A Critical Factor In Promoting The Academic Success And Overall Well-Being Of Lgbtq+ Students In Criminology (Asakura, 2016). By Integrating These Theoretical Perspectives, The Research Provides A Comprehensive Framework For Understanding The Complex Interplay Of Identity, Power, And Resilience In The Lives Of Lgbtq+ Students In Criminology Schools.

Paradigm of The Study

Significance Of The Study

This Research Has Significant Implications For Criminology Education, Lgbtq+ Advocacy, And Social Justice Initiatives In The Philippines. By Shedding Light On The Experiences Of Lgbtq+ Students, The Study Can Inform The Development Of More Inclusive And Equitable Curricula, Policies, And Support Services Within Criminology Programs. It Also Contributes To The Growing Body Of Knowledge On Lgbtq+ Issues In The Philippines, Providing Valuable Insights For Policymakers, Educators, And Community Organizations Working To Promote Lgbtq+ Rights And Well-Being. Furthermore, The Research Can Empower Lgbtq+ Students In Criminology By Amplifying Their Voices, Validating Their Experiences, And Fostering A Sense Of Community And Belonging.

The Findings Can Also Be Used To Raise Awareness Among Faculty, Staff, And Students About The Unique Challenges Faced By Lgbtq+ Individuals In The Field, Promoting Greater Understanding, Empathy, And Allyship.

Lastly, This Research Aims To Contribute To A More Just And Equitable Criminal Justice System That Recognizes And Values The Contributions Of All Individuals, Regardless Of Their Sexual Orientation Or Gender Identity.

Statement Of The Problem

The Purpose Of This Qualitative Study Is To Explore The Lived Experiences Of Lgbtq+ Criminology Students In Polytechnic College Of La Union. This Study Intends To Answer The Following Research Questions:

1. What Are The Unique Challenges And Barriers Encountered By Lgbtq+ Criminology Students In Polytechnic College Of La Union?
2. How Do Lgbtq+ Students Negotiate Their Identities Within The Masculine-Dominated Environment Of Criminology Education?
3. What Strategies Do Lgbtq+ Students Employ To Cope With Discrimination, Prejudice, And Microaggressions In Criminology Schools?

METHODOLOGY

This Study Employs A Qualitative Research Methodology Specifically Utilizing A Phenomenological Approach To Gain An In-Depth Understanding Of The Lived Experiences Of Lgbtq+ Students In Polytechnic College Of La Union. Qualitative Research, With Its Emphasis On Exploring Complex Social Phenomena From The Perspective Of Those Who Experience Them, Is Particularly Well-Suited To Address The Research Questions. Given That Knowledge Claims Are Socially Constructed And Influenced By Power Relations, As Well As Inherently Political, The Researcher Must Recognize That Realities Are Shaped By Social, Political, Cultural, And Economic Values That Determine Which Realities Will Be Privileged Within A Research Context (Herrick & Duncan, 2020).

The Researcher Adopts A Phenomenological Approach, Seeking To Understand The Essence Of The Lived Experiences Of Lgbtq+ Students By Exploring Their Perceptions, Feelings, And Interpretations Of Their Academic Environment. Data Will Be Collected Through Semi-Structured Interviews With A Diverse Sample Of Lgbtq+ Students Enrolled In Criminology Program In Polytechnic College Of La Union. The Interviews Will Be Conducted In A Safe And Confidential Setting, Allowing Participants To Share Their Experiences Openly And Honestly. The Interview Questions Will Focus On Exploring The Students’ Perceptions Of The Masculine Culture Within Their Criminology Programs, The Strategies They Use To Navigate Their Identities, And Their Aspirations For Their Future Careers In The Field. The Researcher Further Seeks An Approval From The School President Prior The Conduct Of Research.

The Data Collected From The Interviews Will Be Analyzed Using Thematic Analysis, A Method For Identifying, Organizing, And Interpreting Patterns Of Meaning Within A Qualitative Data Set. Thematic Analysis Will Involve A Systematic Process Of Coding The Interview Transcripts, Identifying Recurring Themes And Sub-Themes, And Interpreting The Significance Of These Themes In Relation To The Research Questions. The Data Would Be Analyzed Using Descriptive Statistics And Then Deductively Conceptualized Drawing On Critical Social Theories (Landi Et Al., 2020).

The Study Will Also Adhere To Ethical Principles Of Research, Including Obtaining Informed Consent From Participants, Ensuring Confidentiality And Anonymity, And Minimizing Any Potential Harm Or Distress. The Findings Of This Study Will Be Presented In A Narrative Format, Using Direct Quotes From The Participants To Illustrate The Key Themes And Provide Rich Descriptions Of Their Experiences. The Experiences Of Transgender Individuals Navigating The Criminal Justice System Often Involve Mistreatment And Disrespect, Highlighting The Importance Of Providing A Platform For Their Stories And Understanding The Impact Of These Experiences (Galan, 2022). This Research Will Contribute To A Deeper Understanding Of The Challenges And Opportunities Faced By Lgbtq+ Students In Criminology, Informing Efforts To Create More Inclusive And Equitable Learning Environments Within The Field.

The Goal Is To Utilize Queer Feminist Criminology To Better Account For Diversity In Gender Identities And Experiences With The Criminal Justice System (Rogers & Rogers, 2020).

Research Method

A Qualitative Research Method Will Be Used In This Study To Explore And Understand The Lived Experiences Of Lgbtq+ Criminology Students In Polytechnic College Of La Union. Qualitative Research Methods Are Used When The Purpose Is To Describe, Interpret, Or Understand Experiences, Ideas, Or Beliefs (Tinoco-Giraldo & Voorhies, 2020). Qualitative Data Is Descriptive Data And Is, Therefore, Well-Suited For Exploring The Experiences, Attitudes, And Beliefs Of Lgbtq+ Students In Criminology Programs. This Approach Allows For A Deeper Exploration Of The Complex Issues And Challenges Faced By Lgbtq+ Students, Providing Rich And Nuanced Insights Into Their Experiences.

Research Design

This Study Utilized A Descriptive Design To Examine The Extent Of Observation Of Students On Gender-Fair Education, Programs, Policies, And Activities Of Students And Teachers (C, 2021). The Researchers Employed Descriptive Research Approach In Order To Have Comprehensive And Precise Data Gathering (Villegas Et Al., 2022). The Researchers Believe That This Method Is The Most Fitted For This Kind Of Study, As This Study Focused On Describing The Lived Experiences Of Lgbtq+ Students. The Study Will Provide Recommendations And Conclusions Based On The Data That Will Be Gathered.

Population Of The Study

The Respondents Of This Study Are The Lgbtqia+ Students Who Are Currently Enrolled In Polytechnic College Of La Union, Agoo, La Union, Philippines. The Researchers Will Utilize A Purposive Sampling Method To Select Participants Who Can Provide Rich And Diverse Insights Into The Research Questions. Purposive Sampling Is A Non-Probability Sampling Technique Where Researchers Rely On Their Judgment To Choose Members Of The Population To Participate In The Study. Purposive Sampling Is Mainly Used When There Are A Limited Number Of People That Possess The Qualities And Characteristics That A Researcher Is Interested In.

Data Gathering Tools

A Semi-Structured Interviews Will Be The Primary Data Gathering Tool In This Study. The Interviews Will Be Conducted With Individual Lgbtq+ Students In Criminology Program To Explore Their Experiences, Perceptions, And Challenges In Detail.

Data Gathering Procedure

Before The Researchers Will Start To Gather The Needed Data, The Researchers  Seek Permission To Conduct The Study. The Letter To Conduct The Study Was Then Sent To The School President And Was Approved By The Later. After The Approval, The Researchers Had Started To Look For The Respondents Of The Study. The Researchers Explains The Purpose Of The Study To The Respondents And Will Ask Their Consent To Participate In The Study. After The Respondents Agreed To Participate, The Researchers  Conducted An Interview To Gather The Needed Data. The Interview Was Conducted In A Safe And Confidential Setting, Allowing Participants To Share Their Experiences Openly And Honestly. The Interview Questions Focuses In Exploring The Lived Experiences Of Lgbtq+ Criminology Students In Polytechnic College Of La Union.

Treatment Of Data

The Data Collected From The Interviews Will Be Analyzed Using Thematic Analysis, A Method For Identifying, Organizing, And Interpreting Patterns Of Meaning Within A Qualitative Data Set. Thematic Analysis Will Involve A Systematic Process Of Coding The Interview Transcripts, Identifying Recurring Themes And Sub-Themes, And Interpreting The Significance Of These Themes In Relation To The Research Questions. The Process Necessitates Several Coding And Analysis Cycles, In Addition To Ongoing Discussions With Other Researchers, To Fully Comprehend The Complexity Of The Phenomenon Under Study And Confidently Present All Aspects Of The Phenomenon In The Data (Rahimi & Khatooni, 2024).

The Researchers Will Engage In Reflexivity, Acknowledging Their Own Biases And Assumptions, And Considering How These May Influence The Research Process And Interpretation Of Findings. To Enhance Rigor, The Researchers Will Use Triangulation, Comparing And Contrasting Data From Different Sources To Validate And Corroborate Findings. In Addition, Iterative Inter-Coder Verification Was Conducted Between The Researchers To Ensure The Reliability Of Data Interpretation (Xu, 2022).

Ethical Considerations

Ethical Considerations Are Paramount In This Study To Ensure The Well-Being And Protection Of The Participants. Before The Study Was Conducted, The Researchers Seeks For The Approval Of The School President About The Intention Of The Study. Participants Will Be Assured That Their Identities Will Be Kept Confidential, And All Data Will Be Anonymize  To Prevent Any Potential Harm Or Discrimination. All Participants Were Assured Of Confidentiality, And Informed Consent Was Obtained Prior To The Interviews (Salvo Et Al., 2025). Participants Were Also Informed That Participation In The Study Was Voluntary And That They Could Withdraw At Any Time If They Did Not Want To Answer Questions Or Discontinue Interviews (Firouzkouhi Et Al., 2022; Loganathan Et Al., 2022). Thematic Analysis Involves Becoming Familiar With The Data, Coding It, Generating Initial Themes, Developing And Reviewing These Themes, Refining And Naming Them, And Finally, Writing Up The Findings (Wakelin Et Al., 2024). This Study Will Adhere To These Ethical Principles Throughout The Research Process, Ensuring That The Rights And Well-Being Of The Participants Are Protected At All Times.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Lgbtq+ Students In Philippine Criminology Schools Navigate A Complex Intersection Of Personal Identity And Academic Discipline, Often Experiencing Marginalization Due To Prevailing Heteronormative Cultures (Capurihan Et Al., 2023; Steck & Perry, 2017). Educational Institutions Sometimes Implement Anti-Bullying Laws And Child Protection Policies, But These Measures Do Not Always Prevent Discrimination Against Lgbtq+ Students (Origenes, 2022).  Experiences Of Exclusion, Discrimination, Harassment, And Assault Are Reported At Alarming Rates, Influencing Increased Risk Of Experiencing Several Forms Of Violence Compared To Their Cisgender And/Or Heterosexual Counterparts (Tillewein Et Al., 2023). Such Marginalization Can Stem From A Lack Of Comprehensive Understanding And Acceptance Of Diverse Sexual Orientations And Gender Identities Within The Traditionally Masculine Environment Of Criminology (Franco, 2021).

The Psychological Impact Of These Experiences Can Manifest As Heightened Anxiety, Depression, And Decreased Academic Satisfaction, Which Impede The Overall Well-Being And Academic Success Of Lgbtq+ Students (Chan Et Al., 2022; Lee Et Al., 2023). These Students May Also Experience Verbal Abuse, Physical Aggression, And Sexual Assault, Further Exacerbating Their Distress (Chan Et Al., 2022). These Negative Experiences Contribute To A Hostile Learning Environment, Where Lgbtq+ Students May Feel Unsafe And Unsupported, Impacting Their Ability To Fully Engage In Their Studies And Pursue Their Career Aspirations In Law Enforcement And Related Fields.

What Are The Unique Challenges And Barriers Encountered By Lgbtq+ Students In Criminology Schools In The Philippines?

This Explores The Challenges And Barriers Encountered By Lgbtq+ Criminology Students In Polytechnic College Of La Union, Highlighting The Need For Further Research And Advocacy To Promote Inclusivity And Equality. It Further Emphasizes The Importance Of Creating Safe And Supportive Learning Environments Where All Students Can Thrive, Regardless Of Their Sexual Orientation Or Gender Identity. In Criminology, The Importance Of Cultivating A More Inclusive Educational Environment Is Critical, As The Field Has Historically Focused On Narratives Of Victimization, Trauma, And Injustice Experienced By Lgbtq+ Individuals, Often Overlooking The Complexities Of Their Experiences (Wrigley & Koumentaki, 2024). Experiences Of Discrimination And Marginalization

Experiences Of Discrimination And Marginalization

Despite Measures Intended To Protect Sexual Minorities, Many Regions Offer Inadequate Protection To Lgbtqia+ Youth, Rendering Them Vulnerable To Human Rights Violations (Franco, 2021). Lgbtq+ Criminology Students In Polytechnic College Of La Union Are Not Immune To These Issues, And Lgbtq+ Students May Encounter Prejudice From Peers, Faculty, And Staff, Contributing To A Hostile Academic Atmosphere.

Discriminatory Treatment In Daily School Interactions.

According To R1, “Some Senior Officers Become Biased… Doubling The Number Of Exercises For Us. According To Them, It Will Help Us Become Real Men.” This Implies That There Exists A Need For Educational Initiatives Addressing The Possibility Of Being Homophobia And Trans-Phobia Within Criminology Programs, Fostering A More Inclusive And Respectful Learning Environment. This Has Been Supported By R2 When He Stated That “One Instructor Specifically Uses Us (Gay) As An Example, Making The Class Laugh At Us.” This Highlights The Need For Stricter Enforcement Of Anti-Discrimination Policies And The Implementation Of Comprehensive Training Programs For Faculty And Staff On Lgbtq+ Issues. Further More, Instructors Should Also Be Mindful With The Language They Use Because Some Terms Are Discriminatory And Offensive To The Lgbtq Community And Other Genders As Well.

Lgbtq+ Students Are Subjected To Unequal Physical Expectations And Are Mocked By Authority Figures, Indicating Both Institutional And Peer-Level Discrimination. This Findings Support The Study (Mooij, 2015; Savage & Schanding, 2012), Where Emerging Lgbtq+ Identities Are Vulnerable To The Heterosexist And Transphobic Attitudes In School, Which Result In Potential Violence In The School Setting.

Discrimination In Gendered Spaces (Cr Issue)

Participants Also Highlight Their Experiences Of Exclusion In Gendered Spaces. According To R1, “Being Awkward When Inside The Cr Because Of The Way Other Students Look At You.” In Addition R7 States That “Marami Silang Sabi Na Bawal Silang Mag-Cr Sa Cr Ng Mga Lalaki (Many Of Them Say That They Are Not Allowed To Use The Men’s Restroom).” Both Statements Emphasize The Discomfort And Exclusion Felt In Gendered Restrooms. Some News Has Already Emerged In The Media About The Issue Related To The Use Of Comfort Rooms Where Transgender Individuals Are Being Barred From Using Women’s Restrooms. There Has Been A Debate About The Use Of Bathrooms Because Many Have Also Pointed Out Some Safety Concerns About Cis Men Using Female Bathrooms. However, The Above Findings Imply That Lgbtq+ People Also Feel Excluded And Discriminated Against When Using Bathrooms, Even If They Align With Their Biological Gender.

The Discomfort Experienced By Lgbtq+ Individuals In Gendered Spaces Like Bathrooms And Locker Rooms Highlights The Urgent Need For Inclusive Facilities, Reflecting Concerns Related To Body Image, Sexuality, And Gender Identity (Herrick & Duncan, 2020).

There Is Really A Recurring Challenge To The Access Of Restrooms, Especially For Transgender Or Feminine Presenting Gay Individuals Who Don’t Always “Pass” Or Are Perceived As Women In Men’s Restrooms, Leading To Discomfort And May Be Considered As Institutional Exclusion.

Stereotyping And Role Assignments

Gender Role Assignments.

In The Classroom Setting, Some Gay Students Felt That They Were Always Being Assigned A Role That Is Considered Feminine. The Study Of Diversity And Inclusion: Impacts On Psychological Well Being Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Shows That Lgbtq+ Students Feel That They Are Not Being Empowered In School (Chan Et Al., 2022). Moreover, Some Are Being Looked Down On Because They Are Thought Of As Weak. R1 Stated That “We Are Given Roles For Women Because Classmates Think We Are Physically Weak” Which Implies That Stereotyping Within Criminology Schools Has Gendered Dimensions, With Gay Students Often Assigned Roles Considered Feminine. Furthermore, The Study Of Gender-Inclusive Bathrooms Signal Fairness Across Identity Dimensions Supports This Claim Because The Perception Of Individuals Towards Lgbtq+ Affects Their Role In The Organization (Chaney & Sanchez, 2017). Moreover, Preconceived Notions About Physical Ability Can Lead To Stereotyping And Marginalization Among Lgbtq Members. This Further Implies That The Role Assignment Is Shaped By Assumptions About Physical Weakness.

Diversity Of Experiences Among Lgbtq+ Students.

Lack Of Negative Experience For Some Lgbtq.

Despite The Challenges Faced By Many Lgbtq+ Students, Some Participants Reported Predominantly Positive Experiences. Not All Lgbtq+ Students Face Overt Discrimination, Indicating A Spectrum Of Experiences Likely Influenced By Personal Identity, Environment, Or Assertiveness. Lgbtq+ Students May Exhibit Different Experiences, Depending On Their Sexual Preference And How Well The Environment Around Them Accepts Them. Some May Face Problems While Others May Not. It Is Important To Note That Lgbtq+ Individuals Are Not A Monolithic Group, And Intersectional Factors Such As Race, Socioeconomic Status, And Religion Can Further Shape Their Experiences Within Criminology Programs. Counter To The Narratives Of Discrimination, Some Participants Conveyed Experiences Devoid Of Overt Negativity During Their Criminology Studies, Thus Highlighting The Heterogeneity Of The Lgbtq+ Student Experience. R5, R6, R7: “I Don’t Have Any Experience Like This.”

While These Students Did Not Report Overt Discrimination, This Does Not Mean That Microaggressions Or Subtle Forms Of Bias Were Absent.

How Do Lgbtq+ Students Negotiate Their Identities Within The Masculine-Dominated Environment Of Criminology Education?

This Highlights The Strategies And Mechanisms Employed By Lgbtq+ Students To Navigate And Assert Identities Of Lgbtq+ Criminology Students In Polytechnic College Of La Union.

Pride And Open Expression Of Identity

Non-Concealment Of Identity

Many Participants Expressed A Strong Sense Of Pride In Their Lgbtq+ Identity And Chose Not To Conceal It Within The Criminology School Environment. This Could Mean That The Environment Where They Are Has Already Adapted And Is Accepting Of Lgbtq+ Identities. R1 Stated That “I Don’t Conceal [My Identity], I Just Show Who I Am” And R2  “We Don’t Need To Conceal Our Identity” Imply That There Are Several Lgbtqi Students Who Exhibit Pride And Confidence In Their Identities, Refusing To Hide Who They Are Despite The Potential Challenges, Especially In Their Academic Environment.

Self-Adjustment For Safety And Respect

Behavioral And Appearance Modifications

To Navigate The Masculine Environment Of Criminology Schools, Some Participants Engage In Self-Adjustment Strategies, Including Modifying Their Behavior And Appearance. The Study Of Supporting Lgbq+ Students With Disabilities: Exploring The Experiences Of Students Living On Campus Shows The Need To Be Sensitive And Aware Of Gender Expression As An Act Of Self-Preservation In An Environment That May Not Be Fully Accepting. R1 Said That “We Need To Control Ourselves, Especially When We Talk To Others. Appearance Is An Important Factor.” It Then Implies That Lgbtq+ Students Feel The Need To Actively Manage How They Present Themselves In Order To Fit In Or Avoid Negative Attention. In Addition, R7 Stated That  “We Need To Adjust Our Behavior Para Wala Silang Masabi Na Bastos Kami (We Need To Adjust Our Behavior So They Won’t Say That We’re Rude Or Inappropriate).” This Implies That Lgbtq+ Students Are Aware Of The Potential For Judgment And Discrimination And Feel The Need To Regulate Their Behavior To Counter Negative Stereotypes.

Ambivalence Toward Support And Pressure

Simultaneous Experiences Of Support And Pressure

The Experiences Of Lgbtq+ Students In Criminology Schools Are Characterized By Ambivalence, As They Simultaneously Encounter Support And Pressure Related To Their Identities. R1 Stated That “We Feel Being Supported During Criminology Day (Pageants), But Also Feel Pressured When Compared To Others That Are Physically Stronger Than Us In Terms Of Strength.” This Dual Dynamic Highlights The Complexities Of Navigating Identity In An Environment That May Offer Both Acceptance And Subtle Forms Of Bias.

The Study Of Relational-Cultural Theory–Based Interventions With Lgbtq College Students Shows That Lgbtq+ Members Can Experience Daily Challenges. Moreover, R4 Stated That  “I Have Experienced Both Support And Pressure.” This Implies That Support May Be Contingent On Certain Contexts Or Performances, While Pressure Can Arise From Societal Expectations Or Stereotypes Associated With Gender And Sexuality (Flores & Sheely‐Moore, 2020). While There Are Inclusivity Efforts From The Institution, It Still Co-Exists With The Fact That There Are Still Ongoing Traditionalist Norms.

What Strategies Do Lgbtq+ Students Employ To Cope With Discrimination, Prejudice, And Microaggressions In Criminology Schools?

It Is Important To Explore Ways That Lgbtq+ Students Cope With Discrimination, Prejudice, And Microaggressions In Criminology Schools To Create Safer And More Inclusive Learning Environments. In Addition, Findings Concerning Rape Culture Within The Lgbtq+ Community Indicate That Students Often Lack Adequate Resources And Support, Highlighting The Critical Need To Investigate The Specific Coping Strategies Employed By This Demographic Within The Unique Context Of Criminology Programs (Johnson Et Al., 2019).

Passive Coping Mechanisms

Pasive Coping Mechanism Involve Strategies Where Individuals Do Not Directly Address The Source Of Stress But Instead Manage Their Emotional Reactions To It, Often Through Avoidance Or Acceptance (Hutcheson & Tieso, 2014).

Avoidance And Endurance

Some Participants In The Study Reported Using Avoidance And Endurance As Coping Mechanisms To Deal With Discrimination, Prejudice, And Microaggressions In Criminology Schools. R2 Stated That “Hinahayaan Nalang Namin Sila (Bullies) (We Just Ignore Them)” This Implies That Lgbtq+ Students Choose Not To Confront Or Challenge Discriminatory Behavior Directly, Instead Opting To Ignore Or Tolerate It. Moreover, R4 States That “Pinapabayaan Nalang (We Just Let It Be)” Further Shows That Lgbtq+ Students May Feel Powerless To Change The Attitudes Or Behaviors Of Others And Resort To Enduring The Situation In Silence. This  Further Indicates That Some Lgbtqi Students Prefer Enduring The Discrimination As A Cope Up Mechanism As They Navigate The Challenges That Come With Their Academic Environment. Furthermore, This Is Sometimes Because The Institution Has No Strong Support Programs, Activities, Or Policies For Them.

Informal Support Systems

An Informal Support System Is Important To One’s Life, Especially When Facing Challenges That Affect One’s Identity. This May Include Peers, Friends, And Community Members That Allow People To Seek Advice, Comfort, And Practical Assistance (Russell Et Al., 2021).

Reliance On Personal Networks

Many Participants Rely On Personal Networks, Including Friends And Fellow Lgbtq+ Individuals, As Sources Of Support And Solidarity In Coping With Discrimination And Prejudice. Peer Support Networks Provide Safe Spaces For Sharing Experiences And Developing Collective Strategies For Resistance And Resilience (Toomey Et Al., 2017). R1 Stated That “Family And Friends Provide Emotional And Psychological Support.” It Then Presents The Importance Of Having Family And Friends In Coping With Daily Challenges. Some Strategies Used By Gay And Bisexual Young Men To Cope With Heterosexism, Support Can Be Found Through Family, Communities, And Social Circles (Mcdavitt Et Al., 2008). Moreover, “Micro-Level Protective Factors” Explains That Lgbtq+ Individuals Draw Strength And Resilience From These Micro-Level Factors, Fostering A Sense Of Belonging And Validation In The Face Of Adversity. These Micro-Level Factors Include Positive Self-Regard, Coping Skills, And Social Support, Which Are Considered Integral Resources For Their Well-Being And Development.

Resilience And Future Orientation.

This Theme Explores How Lgbtq+ Students Show Resilience And Maintain A Positive Outlook As They Prepare For Their Future Careers In Criminology, Despite Facing Challenges And Adversity. Resiliency Among Lgbtq+ Members Means That An Individual Lives Through A Difficult Situation Or Experience, Has Access To Protective Factors, Either Individual Assets Or External Resources, And Subsequently, Succeeds Or Thrives In The Face Of These Obstacles (Johns Et Al., 2019; Myers & Evans, 2020).

Experience

Experience Serves As Motivation To Some Members Of The Lgbtqi In Criminology, Helping Them Be Resilient And Future-Oriented. As R1 Stated That “My Experience Today Will Make Me Stronger When I Join The Law Enforcement Agency” It Shows How The Participants See The Struggles They Face Today As Something That Can Motivate Them In The Future. As It Was Explained By The Respondent, The Discrimination That He Encountered Today Will Make Him Stronger In The Future When Faced With The Same Situation. He Further Explained That This Experience Will Help Him Navigate With Positive And Better Decisions In The Future. According To Hall ( 2007), When Adolescent Males Of Color Have A Strong Sense Of Cultural Pride And Awareness, They Are Able To Construct A Healthy Self-Concept That Assists Them In Acts Of Agency And Resistance Against Negative Psychological Forces In Their Environment.

Resilience Can Be Fostered Through The Recognition Of One’s Intersectional Identities And The Development Of Coping Mechanisms To Navigate Discriminatory Environments, And Positive Psychology Is Used To Help People Thrive, Flourish, And Experience Positive Emotions, Positive Relationships, And Meaning, All Of Which Contribute To Their Overall Well-Being And Resilience. The Psychological Adjustment Profiles Of Lgbtq+ Young Adults Residing With Their Parents During The Covid-19 Pandemic Showed That Specific Groups Within The Lgbtq+ Community That Seem To Be In A Particularly Vulnerable Situation May Need Additional Tailored Support (Vázquez Et Al., 2023). Furthermore, It Is Important To Recognize That Experiencing Bias And Discrimination Stemming From Homophobic And Transphobic Attitudes Within The Educational Environment Can Significantly Undermine The Well-Being And Mental Health Of Lgbtq+ Youth (Fernandes Et Al., 2023). It Is Also Said That Experiencing Discrimination Persistently Leads To Negative Health Effects For Lgbtq People, And It Limits Their Opportunities And Access To Critical Resources In Areas Such As Health Care, Employment, And Public Safety (Casey Et Al., 2019).

Furthermore, The Statement Of R2, “We Need To Protect Ourselves To Reach Our Dreams,” Presents A Proactive Attitude Toward Overcoming Obstacles And Pursuing Their Goals. This Is A Strategy Made By  Others (Not Only Lgbtqi) In Turning Negative Experiences Into A Positive Outlook In Life. This Attitude Can Be Seen In The Life Story Of Some Successful  Lgbtq+ Individuals In Various Professional Spheres, Including Law Enforcement And The Broader Legal System, Who Serve As Exemplars Of Resilience, Demonstrating The Capacity To Transcend Discriminatory Barriers And Achieve Professional Success (Manning & Bouchard, 2019). Sylvester (Who Became One Of The Icons In The Music Industry Around The 70s To 80s) Is One Of The Prominent Examples, Where He Was Able To Find Ways To Overcome Challenges Despite Being A Homosexual.

Emerging Forms Of Resistance

In The Face Of Persistent Prejudice And Discrimination, Lgbtq+ Students Of Criminology Are Developing Creative And Strategic Forms Of Resistance To Challenge Heteronormative Assumptions And Advocate For Inclusivity.

Advocacy And Initiative

Many Participants Are Actively Involved In Advocacy And Activism, Both Within And Outside Their Academic Institutions, To Promote Lgbtq+ Rights And Challenge Discriminatory Practices. Many Of These Students Are Actively Participating In Events And Organizing Campaigns, And Raising Awareness Among Their Fellow Students. The Model Of Multiple Dimensions Of Identity Compares The Experiences Of Students In The Intersections Of Sexual And Ability Identities To Guide Housing And Residence Life Practitioners In Supporting Students With Complex Identities (Brckalorenz Et Al., 2020).

As R1 Said, “I Support The Advocacy Of Gad In Our School… I Sent A Letter To The School President About Programs Related To Lgbtqi+”, This Shows How The Participant Is Pushing To Create An Inclusive Environment Within The School Premises. This Action May Lead To The Empowerment Of Lgbtqi Students In The Department. Furthermore, The Model Of Multiple Dimensions Of Identity Could Provide A Framework For Improving Practices By Guiding The Creation Of Policies And Procedures, Developing Inclusive Training And Educational Initiatives, And Offering Targeted Support Services And Programs That Meet The Needs Of All Students, Including Those With Complex Identities. This Also Helps Recognize Lgbtq+ Youth Who Are More Prone To Mental Health Challenges (Wynn Et Al., 2022).

CONCLUSIONS

Based On The Above Results, The Study Revealed The Nuanced And Multifaceted Experiences Of Lgbtq+ Students Within Philippine Criminology Programs. The Participants’ Narratives Illuminated Both The Challenges They Face And The Resilience They Demonstrate In Navigating A Discipline Traditionally Associated With Masculinity And Heteronormativity. The Findings Underscore The Importance Of Intersectionality In Understanding The Unique Struggles And Strengths Of Lgbtq+ Individuals In This Specific Academic Context.

The Study Contributes To The Growing Body Of Literature On Lgbtq+ Experiences In Higher Education, Particularly Within Professional Fields. It Highlights The Need For Criminology Programs To Critically Examine Their Curricula, Pedagogical Approaches, And Institutional Cultures To Create More Inclusive And Equitable Learning Environments For All Students (Pryor, 2017; Wynn Et Al., 2022).

The Lived Experiences Of Lgbtq+ Students In Criminology Is Not Merely A Matter Of Individual Stories But A Reflection Of Broader Societal Issues Related To Gender, Sexuality, And Power Within The Department And School In General.

In Addition, This Research Serves As A Call To Action For Educators, Policymakers, And Community Stakeholders To Work Collaboratively In Creating A More Just And Equitable Criminal Justice System That Recognizes And Values The Contributions Of All Individuals, Regardless Of Their Sexual Orientation Or Gender Identity.

The Study Underscores The Urgent Need For Criminology Programs To Embrace Diversity And Inclusion, Fostering Environments Where Lgbtq+ Students Can Thrive Academically, Professionally, And Personally.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Integrate Lgbtq+-Inclusive Content: Develop And Incorporate Lgbtq+-Specific Content, Case Studies, And Perspectives Into The Criminology Curriculum. This Should Cover Topics Such As Lgbtq+ Rights, Issues Within The Criminal Justice System Affecting Lgbtq+ Individuals, And Gender-Affirming Practices.
2. Implement Mandatory Diversity And Sensitivity Training: Provide Regular, Comprehensive Training For Faculty, Staff, And Administrators On Lgbtq+ Issues, Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, Implicit Bias, And Creating An Inclusive Classroom And Institutional Environment.
3. Establish Dedicated Support Services: Create And Promote Accessible Support Services Tailored To The Unique Needs Of Lgbtq+ Students, Including Mental Health Counseling, Academic Advising, And Peer Mentorship Programs.
4. Develop And Enforce Inclusive Policies: Implement Clear, Non-Discriminatory Policies That Protect Lgbtq+ Students From Harassment And Discrimination, And Ensure Their Rights Are Upheld Within The Academic Institution. Actively Support Student-Led Advocacy And Initiatives.
5. Promote A Culture Of Acceptance: Encourage And Foster A Campus Culture That Celebrates Diversity And Actively Promotes Acceptance And Understanding Of Lgbtq+ Identities. This Includes Visible Support From Leadership, Student Organizations, And Campus-Wide Events.
6. Integrate Resilience-Building Strategies: Incorporate Modules Or Workshops On Resilience, Coping Mechanisms, And Positive Psychology To Help Students Navigate Discriminatory Environments And Foster A Positive Outlook.
7. Conduct Ongoing Research: Continue To Research The Experiences Of Lgbtq+ Students In Criminology To Identify Emerging Challenges And Best Practices.

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