A Perspective of the Philippine National Police’s Efficacy in Addressing Conventional Crimes Against Individuals

A Perspective of the Philippine National Police’s Efficacy in Addressing Conventional Crimes Against Individuals

Augusting C. Camo, D. Crim, Ph.D.¹, Atty. Stanley Aguilar²

¹Dean, College of Criminal Justice Education, University of Saint Anthony, Iriga City

²Faculty, College of Criminal Justice Education, University of Saint Anthony, Iriga City

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.801068

Received: 13 December 2023; Revised: 29 December 2023; Accepted: 03 Janaury 2024; Published: 03 February 2024

INTRODUCTION

This research endeavors to address the pressing issue of rising conventional crimes against persons in our locality and the broader country, underscoring the vital role of the police in safeguarding lives and properties. The frequency of such crimes necessitates a comprehensive evaluation of the competence of the Philippine National Police (PNP) in responding to these challenges.

In light of this, the study aims to identify the specific needs of PNP personnel, both in terms of capability and capacity, to effectively combat conventional crimes against persons. Moreover, it seeks to explore the potential enhancements to existing programs and the development of new activities that align with the evolving nature of criminal activities in our community.

Central to the success of this endeavor is fostering collaboration among the PNP, the local government, and the community. Recognizing that crime prevention and resolution are communal responsibilities, the study will assess the level of support required from the local government and the community to strengthen the overall response to these criminalities.

In essence, this research is driven by the imperative to enhance the PNP’s ability to respond adeptly to conventional crimes against persons, ultimately contributing to a safer and more secure environment for our community.

Keywords: National Police Efficacy, Conventional Crimes, Crimes against person, effective implementation, competency

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the competence of PNP in the province of Camarines Sur in responding to conventional crimes against person, the statistics of crime incidence and effectiveness of the activities mitigating the said crimes. The result of the study served as basis in designing crime prevention program and enhancing competency of the PNP to be adopted in the Province of Camarines Sur.

METHODOLOGY

The descriptive survey research covered the entire police stations of the province of Camarines Sur, which included thirty-five (35) municipalities and one city. The respondents were PNP personnel, commissioned and non-commissioned officers, local government unit (LGU) officials, mayors, vice mayors, councilors, and the Association of Barangay Captains (ABC), who represented the barangay constituents. It made use of a survey questionnaire as the main research instrument, which was supplied and verified by documentary analysis and interviews to triangulate the data gathered. The collected data were analyzed statistically using frequency, percentage, weighted mean, and Kruskall-Wallis test which was used in determining the significant difference on the responses of the three groups of respondents on the level of competency and level of effectiveness. Both competency and effectiveness was measured using the five point likert scale.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Crime Statistics

Table 1. PNP Records on Crime Incidence Statistics on Conventional Crime Against Person for the calendar year 2018.                          

Table 1 shows the statistics on conventional crimes in the previous year. As can be seen, physical injury has the highest overall occurrence (f=628) and the highest occurrence every quarter. Specifically, it has the highest tallied incidents in the third quarter or July-September, with 185. Hence, it could be said that physical injuries frequently happened during these months.

Ranked second is rape which listed 131 incidents. It has the highest statistics in the second quarter (f=35) or April to June. Crime of murder recorded 89 incidents, which ranked third. It has the highest occurrence and almost close statistics in the second and third quarters of April to June and October to December, respectively. Meanwhile, homicide has the lowest incidence during the year with only a total of 38.

The crime incidence is actually fluctuating and continuously happening, despite the programs implemented by the PNP, which in this situation seems to indicate that some activities may not be working and not stable enough to address the occurrence of crime. This implies the need to revisit their existing programs.

In general, it could be concluded that conventional crimes against a person are frequently occurring in the second quarter (March-May) and least occurring in the first quarter. Crimes against persons and property are usually reported crime in the national news due to the fact that the Philippine economic status is not enough to satisfy the standard of living of an individual. During the Aquino administration, they had cascaded an operations manual on crime-fighting operations, the “OPLAN Lambat Sibat”, a deliberate, programmatic, and sustained approach to dealing with criminality. The anti-crime campaign is divided into two phases: Oplan Lambat is a wide dragnet across the metropolis combined with target actions that cover OPLAN Katok, OPLAN Bakal Sita, and intensified serving of warrants, while the other is an intelligence-driven targeted action with tracker teams to arrest Most Wanted Persons. The operational plan which means spearfishing, is a focused, targeted approach that integrates the most wanted persons listing.

Welsh (2018) also emphasized the role that theory plays in modern-day crime prevention, with a special focus on the three main crime prevention strategies: developmental, community, and situational. Hence, there are a number of key challenges and opportunities for making theory more central to crime prevention. It suggests that the classification system employed in situational crime prevention has allowed for a more explicit connection between sound theory and prevention techniques and may provide important lessons for developmental and community crime prevention.

Level of Competence of the Philippine National Police Personnel in Responding to Conventional Crime Against Person

Level of competence of PNP in responding to conventional crimes in terms of organization. Table 2 reveals the perception of the barangay officials, local government officials, and the PNP members themselves on the level of competence of the Philippine National Police personnel in responding to conventional crime against persons in terms of organization.

Table 2. Level of Competence of the Philippine National Police Personnel in Responding to Conventional Crime Against Person in Terms of Organization

Legend: 4.21-5.00             Very Competent                1.81-2.60             Less Competent

               3.41-4.20             Competent                           1.00-1.80            Not Competent

               2.61-3.40             Moderately Competent

As revealed in the table, they have similar perceptions regarding the organization as they have all rated the PNP very competent in this area having an overall mean of 4.30. All three sets of respondents, ABC, LGU officials, and PNP personnel gave ratings equivalent to very competent. Specifically, the LGU officials and the PNP members believed that the PNP has organized and ready personnel to respond to conventional crime against persons, with a weighted mean of 4.38 and 4.40, respectively. Likewise, the ABC respondents and PNP members both perceived that the PNP maintains leadership and management of the local police agency in responding to crime and disorder in the community, with a weighted mean of 4.26 and 4.39, respectively.

This implies that the PNP as an organization has a clear structure and chain of command that enables them to perform their functions such as addressing the problems of criminality. There is the delineation of responsibility and authority that makes the processes easier to manage and implement.

Likewise, the ABC respondents and LGU officials both perceived that the PNP is very competent as the municipal and city police stations have their own personnel groups to respond to conventional crime-against-person incidents, with a weighted mean of 4.26 and 4.37, respectively. This again indicates that staffing in the PNP is well-organized and managed.

In general, both the LGU officials and PNP members rated the PNP very competent in all the areas of organization. However, the ABC respondents gave a different opinion as they find the PNP only competent in the following aspects: making enforcement operations reduce fear and enhancing personal security, quality service, and customer satisfaction; the provincial office having its own personnel group to respond to conventional crime against person that will support the municipal police personnel; and developing competence and dependability to ensure civility in public spaces. They were given the lowest weighted mean of 4.17, which means they are only competent in these aspects.

Also, the PNP was rated competent with a weighted mean of 4.20, only in terms of having highly-trained and competent investigative personnel, strengthening the provincial, municipal, and city alliance of anti-criminality advocates, and setting priorities to attend to details relevant to issues to address high-quality outcomes. Thus, there is a need to enhance the competence and dependability of PNPs to ensure civility in public spaces.

Republic Act No. 6975, An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police under a Reorganized Department of Interior and Local Government, and For Other Purposes Section 2. Declaration of Policy stipulates that it is the policy of the State to promote peace and order, ensure public safety, and further strengthen local government capability aimed toward the effective delivery of basic services to the citizenry through the establishment of a highly efficient and competent police force that is national in scope and civilian in character.

Towards this end, the government shall bolster a system of coordination and cooperation among the citizenry, local executives, and the integrated law enforcement and public safety agencies created in this Act. The police force shall be organized, trained, and equipped with the needed skills in the performance of their functions.

Level of Competence of PNP Personnel in responding conventional crimes against person in terms of Training. Table 3 discloses the level of competence of the PNP in responding to conventional crimes against persons in terms of training. As shown in the table, the combined responses show that the PNP is very competent having an average weighted mean of 4.27.

Table 3. Level of Competence of the Philippine National Police Personnel in Responding to Conventional Crime Against Person in Terms of Training

Generally, the LGU officials and PNP personnel ratings are very competent with a mean of 4.32 and 4.31 respectively, compared to the ABC rating which is competent having an average mean of 4.17. It means that both the LGU and PNP respondents perceived the PNP as very competent in terms of training while the ABC respondents only considered them as competent.

Based on the data, the PNP is perceived as very competent as they possess basic and fundamental skills in investigation processes and procedures and have the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills in their respective job (AWM=4.28).

Taking their perceptions individually, the PNP personnel themselves agreed that they strongly use force and authority fairly, effectively, and efficiently in responding to incidents of conventional crime (WM=4.36), while the ABC respondents believed that the PNP personnel are well-trained in responding to criminal incidents (WM=4.26).

On the other hand, they gave the lowest rating on the PNP personnel being well-trained in conducting criminal investigations (AWM=4.23). Although it is still equivalent to very competent, individual ratings show that they all ranked it lowest among the statements. This implies the need for the PNP to improve in terms of conducting investigations relative to conventional crimes against persons.

According to the work motivation theory, all concerned in the institution from top to the lower employees should be considered and influenced to do their role for comprehensive, effective, and efficient response to the main goal as well as for the upliftment and development of the agency/institution. Constituents of the institution are expected to contribute their dedication and commitment in order to meet the quality system of the institution and appropriate programs for quality and excellence.

Meanwhile, job and organization contexts refer to job characteristics that determine the extent to which an employee’s experience of work is meaningful, the level of personal responsibility that employees feel, and the knowledge that employees gain about how well they are performing. Another issue is the organizational context, particularly the human resources management, policies, and managerial practices that have a bearing on how motivation should be manifested.

Along this line, there is a need to revisit the training being given to identify the areas for improvement.

Level of Competence of PNP in Responding Crimes Against person in terms of logistics. 

Table 4 shows the level of competence of the PNP personnel in Camarines Sur in responding to conventional crimes against persons in terms of logistics. As shown, the PNP is rated very competent in this aspect with an overall mean of 4.21. Also, the ABC presidents gave the PNP the highest rating in seeing to it that the logistical resources are effectively and efficiently utilized (WM=4.24).

Table 4. Level of Competence of the Philippine National Police Personnel in Responding to Conventional Crime Against Person in Terms of Logistics

Furthermore, much still needs to be improved in terms of search and rescue equipment facilities which can be utilized in times of calamity, with an overall mean of 4.17, interpreted as competent.

The PNP themselves also gave the lowest rating on the logistical capability of the PNP in terms of adequacy, availability, and functionality (WM=4.08).

Likewise, the LGU officials perceived them as competent only in the crime prevention and crime solution activities generally provided with actual logistical resources and fitted to their intended purpose and responsive to the needs of the activities (WM=4.25).

Bond and Gabriele (2016) revealed that there has been increasing demand for police personnel to account for their activities and use resources in recent decades, even more so during volatile economic conditions. There are pressures from citizens, researchers, policing peers, and policymakers to adopt innovative and creative strategies to solve today’s public safety problems.

As demands increase, “the standards by which the police succeed in meeting their expectations have become more exact and challenging, and police agencies today must find ways to respond in an effective, affordable, and legitimate way” (Skogan & Frydl, 2004, p. 1). No longer are police allowed to address crime by primarily relying on the “trial and error” approach (Weisburd, Mastrofski, McNally, Greenspan, & Willis, 2003). Instead, they are expected to consult the growing body of evidence that contemporary police practices (Weisburd & Braga, 2006), much of which may result in positive crime control outcomes (Bond & Braga, 2015; Weisburd, Telep, Hinkle, & Eck, 2010).

Level of Competence of PNP personnel in responding conventional crimes against person in terms of financial status.

Table 5 presents the level of competence of the PNP in responding to conventional crimes against a person in terms of financial status. As can be gleaned from the data, the PNP was rated competent only in this aspect with an overall mean of 4.17.

Based on the combined responses, using financial resources fairly, effectively, and efficiently among the PNP was the only statement given a rating equivalent to very competent (AWM=4.21). The respondents from LGU  also rated it highest with a weighted mean of 4.30.

In addition, the respondents from ABC and LGU personnel have the same opinion that the PNP ensures proper programs and provisions for the training of personnel to make it more responsive to the approved operation, plans, and budget. They ranked it highest with a weighted mean of 4.23 and 4.30, respectively.

Likewise, the PNP respondents have the strongest belief that allocations are prioritized based on the initiatives of the Quad group that support crime prevention and crime solutions related to the core functions of the PNP, with a weighted mean of 4.13.

On the other hand, both the ABC and LGU respondents gave the lowest rating on the sufficiency of PNP budget allocation from the national office to support their operational activity in the province, which garnered a weighted mean of 4.14 and 4.23, respectively.

Table 5. Level of Competence of the Philippine National Police Personnel in Responding to Conventional Crime Against Person in Terms of Financial Status

Also, the PNP expressed the need to improve financial support from the provincial government in responding to their police program in support of the national budget to focus on local activity against crime (WM=3.88).

Glaring data reveal that financial resources were perceived least by the three groups of respondents compared with organization, training, and logistics.

This is similar to the study of Shepherdson et al. (2014) who conducted research to explore the experience of the whole of government partnerships established to support community safety and crime prevention in New South Wales. The findings suggested that central-local partnerships are inhibited by different agendas, responsibilities, and power dynamics across different levels of government. Some of the key contextual challenges for this work include concerns about costs shifting from State to local government and about shifting State government priorities; barriers to funding and accessing crime (and other) data; and various administrative burdens.

Level of Effectiveness of the PNP Practices that Mitigate the  Occurrence of the Conventional Crime against Person

Level of effectiveness of the PNP practices that mitigate the occurrence of conventional crimes against person in terms of implementation. 

The succeeding reveals the level of effectiveness of the PNP activities that mitigate the occurrence of conventional crimes against persons in terms of implementation. The overall mean of 4.26 reveals that the PNP in Camarines Sur is very effective in implementing the programs.

Table 6. Level of Effectiveness of the PNP Practices that Mitigate the Occurrence of the Conventional Crime against Person in Terms of Implementation

Legend: 4.21-5.00             Very Much Effective                                        1.81-2.60             Less Effective

               3.41-4.20             Much Effective                                                 1.00-180 Not Effective

               2.61-3.40             Effective

The result stresses that the community tends to recognize the role of the PNP in maintaining the safety and security of the community. The PNP is also expected to address the problems that would affect the peace and order situation. These problems include the existence of conventional crimes against persons which are fairly common in the community.

Relative to this, policing strategies are crucial in crime prevention. The main objective of policing in crime prevention is to ensure that police officers help citizens and curb crime before it occurs. Policing should therefore be proactive. When police actually improve how they combat crime, it helps reduce crime.

In the Philippines, crime prevention is everyone’s shared responsibility. It remains the top priority to ensure public security and safety, but it needs the active support and cooperation of the community.

Level of effectiveness of the PNP Practices that mitigate conventional crimes against person in terms of monitoring. Table 7 illustrates the level of effectiveness of the PNP programs in mitigating the occurrence of conventional crimes against persons in terms of monitoring. The overall mean of 4.25 suggests that the PNP is very effective in terms of monitoring the programs.

Table 7. Level of Effectiveness of the PNP Practices that Mitigate the Occurrence of the Conventional Crime against Person in Terms of Monitoring

According to the World Health Organization, monitoring a national action plan for violence prevention would be effective. In order to do so, the issues of funding must be addressed. The national and local governments should invest in testing the method of policing in order to raise awareness and reduce crime. To keep time rates low, there is a need to enhance the capacity of data collection on violence. In this way, the issues that need to be addressed become apparent. However, when looking at issues and crimes within a community, it is important to examine the causes, consequences, and costs for prevention as well as reduction.

Noticeably, the policing industry has and continues to change (Bayley, 1994; Skogan & Frydl, 2004). Some scholars believe that the adoption of new and innovative strategies would be more alluring to police if the structural, procedural, or cultural factors that facilitate innovation, change, and effective outcomes are identified (Skogan & Frydl, 2004; Willis & Mastrofski, 2011). Hence, private sector organizations looking to create and manage effective innovation and change tend to invest in research and development (Argyris, 1989; Matheson & Matheson, 1998). In fact, as early as 1951, O. W. Wilson suggested that changing police agencies used new technologies and early statistics for police planning.

In light of increasing pressures to perform, police must adapt and change in pursuit of improved public safety. For instance, they need to identify and evaluate new technologies, processes, or partnerships (Haberman & King, 2011). Furthermore, police must understand how their organizations create and use innovation to support and respect a more advanced type of active learning designed to advance their ability to achieve organizational effectiveness. Revolutionizing the management and operations of police agencies could lead to a more progressive organizational model that readily supports thinking, learning, and doing in an effort to best respond to public safety challenges.

Level of effectiveness of the PNP personnel practices that mitigate the occurrence of conventional crimes against person in terms of evaluation. Table 8 discloses the level of effectiveness of the PNP programs in mitigating the occurrence of conventional crimes against persons in terms of evaluation. In general, the PNP is also very effective in this aspect as shown by the overall mean of 4.25.

In particular, the PNP requires submission of accomplishment and performance reports for proper accounting and recording for future reference (AWM=4.27) and conducts accounting of individual and organizational scorecards to determine the individual contribution and the department performance (AWM=4.26).

The LGU officials also noted that the PNP considers the input activities and compares them to the outputs in order to determine their performance and accomplishment (WM=4.34).

Table 8. Level of Effectiveness of the PNP Practices that Mitigate the Occurrence of the Conventional Crime against Person in Terms of Evaluation

Lab (2017) stated that evaluation refers to investigating the usefulness of some exercise or phenomenon. Evaluation of crime prevention refers to investigating the impact of prevention techniques or intervention on the level of subsequent crime, fear, or other intended outcomes. Furthermore, Caroll et al. (2010) suggested the need to evaluate and compare the efficiency of crime control and crime prevention programs. The focus on efficiency adds knowledge about the quality of performance in criminal justice programs.

McCue (2011) also said that evaluation and comparison of the efficiency of crime control and crime prevention programs contribute to criminal justice practice by drawing policy implications regarding the efficiency of such programs.

Significant Difference in the Responses of the Respondents on the Level of Competence of the Philippine National Police Personnel in Responding to Conventional Crime Against Person

The succeeding table is a presentation of the test of significant difference in the responses of the three groups of respondents on the level of competence of the PNP personnel in responding to conventional crimes against person along, organization, training, logistics, ad financial status.

Table 9. Significant Difference of the responses of the three groups of respondents on the level of competence of the PNP in responding to conventional crimes.

Table 9 presents noteworthy insights into the statistical analysis of respondents’ perceptions regarding the competence of the Philippine National Police (PNP) in addressing conventional crimes against persons. The calculated p-value of .976 exceeds the conventional significance level of 0.05, suggesting insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis that the group means are equivalent. Consequently, there is no significant disparity in the responses among the three groups of participants, indicating a consensus in their perceptions of the PNP’s organizational competence.

Specifically, the unanimous perception emerges that the PNP is highly competent in terms of organizational aspects. Conversely, when evaluating responses related to training, a contrasting pattern unfolds. The p-value of .000 falls below the 0.05 threshold, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. This implies a substantial difference in perceptions among the groups, supported by the statistically significant p-value. The varied rankings in Table 3 further underscore these divergent views, emphasizing the distinct perspectives of ABC and LGU officials compared to the PNP concerning the competence of the PNP in responding to conventional crimes against persons with regard to training.

Similar trends, are observed in the assessment of logistics and financial status. The p-values of .000 in both cases indicate significant differences in responses among the three groups, rejecting the null hypothesis. This underscores the substantial variations in perceptions regarding the PNP’s competence in logistics and financial management. The weighted mean assigned by each group further confirms these discrepancies, signifying differing opinions and perspectives on these specific aspects of the PNP’s performance.

In conclusion, the findings emphasize consensus on organizational competence but reveal significant disparities in perceptions related to training, logistics, and financial status. The nuanced insights gained from this analysis shed light on the multifaceted nature of respondents’ views, providing valuable considerations for addressing potential areas of improvement within the PNP’s operations.

Significant Difference in the Responses of the Respondents’ on the Level of Effectiveness of the PNP Practices that Mitigate the Occurrence of the Conventional Crime against Person

The succeeding presentation is a discussion of the test of significant difference in the responses of the three groups of respondents on the level of effectiveness of the PNP personnel in responding to conventional crimes against person along implementation, monitoring, and evaluation.

Table 10. Test of Significant difference on the level of effectiveness of PNP Personnel and the responses of the three groups of respondents

In the implementation of PNP programs aimed at mitigating conventional crimes against persons, the analysis in Table 10 highlights a statistically significant distinction among the responses of ABC, LGU, and PNP participants. The p-value of .008, falling below the 0.05 significance level, leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis, indicating a noteworthy difference in group means. This statistical significance underscores the varied perceptions among the three groups regarding the effectiveness of the PNP programs in implementation.

While the responses uniformly indicate a perception of “very effective,” the disparity in the weighted means suggests nuanced distinctions in how each group assesses this effectiveness. Specifically, their perspectives diverge, contributing to the observed variability in the overall ratings despite the surface-level agreement on the programs’ efficacy.

Moving to the dimension of monitoring, the data further accentuates distinct responses among the respondents. The p-value of .019, less than the 0.05 threshold, signifies a rejection of the null hypothesis and, consequently, a substantial difference in group means. This statistical significance indicates a discernible discrepancy in the perceived effectiveness of PNP programs concerning monitoring among the ABC, LGU, and PNP respondents.

Similarly, in terms of evaluation, the p-value of .009, again falling below 0.05, supports the rejection of the null hypothesis. This suggests a significant difference in group means, emphasizing the varied perceptions of the three respondent groups regarding the effectiveness of PNP monitoring programs. The data, as presented in the table, reinforces the conclusion that respondents assign diverse ratings to the monitoring effectiveness of PNP programs aimed at mitigating conventional crimes against persons.

In Summary, the analysis underscores substantial differences in the perceptions of ABC, LGU, and PNP participants regarding the implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of PNP programs addressing conventional crimes against persons. While the respondents share a broad consensus on the overall effectiveness, the nuanced variations in their assessments, as indicated by the weighted means, offer valuable insights into the intricacies of their perspectives on these crucial aspects of program execution.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Since physical injury has the highest occurrence among conventional crimes against persons, particularly in the third quarter of the year, it must be given more emphasis by the law enforcement agency and the LGU so that appropriate policy can be formulated for the protection and safety of the people. Since rape ranked second, the PNP, LGU, and other government agencies like the DSWD must collaborate in addressing it to mitigate and/or eradicate its occurrence.

As the PNP was rated quite low in terms of the enforcement operation, they should revisit their responses to be felt and understood by the community. Further training and seminars on the conduct of criminal investigation, handling and dealing with people, maximum tolerance, courtesy and discipline, and human and spiritual cleansing for holistic change and development of the PNP personnel. They should also have training on proper care, use, and handling of equipment, tools, and facilities, disaster response, rescue, and operation.

The PNP should also undergo training and seminars on financial management, budget allocation, fund sourcing, budget and operation programs, and transparency to respond properly to the financial matters of the police organization.

The PNP should have transparency to the public to inform them about their efforts in crime response by conducting information dissemination by barangay, TV and radio programs, distribution of pamphlets, and other means reaching the knowledge people about their performance.

The PNP should also have visibility and concern for their men so that the public sees that officers are supervising and manning their police personnel.

The PNP should revisit their policy on evaluation to consider the issues that need to be improved for the satisfaction of the people whom they serve.

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