Bibliometric Analysis of Published Literature on Women’s Rights from Islamic Perspective

Bibliometric Analysis of Published Literature on Women’s Rights from Islamic Perspective

Mohammed R. M. Elshobake

Assistant Professor, Civil Law Department, Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah of Laws, International Islamic University Malaysia,

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.8120039

Received: 20 November 2024; Accepted: 30 November 2024; Published: 30 December 2024

ABSTRACT

Research on women’s rights from an Islamic perspective in the Scopus database was initiated in 1979, which discussed the role of women of the Muslim Hausa tribe in Nigeria. Since then, the research in that field has been increasingly used by researchers to examine further issues related to women’s rights from an Islamic perspective. The study aims to explore the published literature related to the topic of “women’s rights from an Islamic perspective”. The Scopus database was used to collect all relevant articles. Publish or perish was used to incorporate the obtained data, VOSviewer to visualize the data, and Microsoft Excel to examine the collected data. Standard bibliometric analysis was used to offer full information on the increase of publications, research output, and citation analysis. According to research findings, a total of 484 documents were retrieved. It was discovered that there was no gap in publications since 2000 and the annual growth rate of published material on women’s rights from an Islamic perspective has grown since 2006. Most of the articles were published in journals, mainly in English, with most of the research on women’s rights from an Islamic perspective being in the Social Sciences field. “Women’s Rights”, “Islam” and “Human Rights” were the most popular keywords and represent the primary study areas comprised in the topic of women’s rights from an Islamic perspective. Many the research related to the study field was conducted in the United States and the United Kingdom. This study shows the development of published literature on women’s rights from an Islamic perspective, the subjects related to women’s rights from an Islamic perspective in which researchers are currently interested, as well as possible directions for future research on the study field.

Keywords: Bibliometric analysis, Bibliometric method, women’s rights, Islamic perspective, VOS viewer, Scopus database.

INTRODUCTION

Islam views women as a precious blessing, and Islamic teachings emphasise their significant status. At a time when female infants were buried alive in pre-Islamic era societies, and women were often reduced to mere objects of sexual desire, Islam elevated their dignity and granted them unparalleled rights. In fact, Allah dedicated an entire chapter of the Quran to women Surah al-Nisa (Sabih, 2023).

Islam raised the status of women, ensuring their equality with men in many aspects of life. Women, like men, are obligated to believe in Allah and worship Him. They are promised equal rewards in the Hereafter. Women have the right to express their opinions, offer sincere advice, encourage good and forbid evil, and call others to Allah. They also have the right to own property, engage in trade, inherit, give charity, and offer gifts. No one is permitted to take a woman’s wealth without her consent (al-Munajjid, 2019).

Notably, the issue of women’s rights from an Islamic perspective has long been a subject of academic inquiry and social debate. While Islamic teachings on gender equality and women’s rights are deeply embedded in religious texts such as the Quran and Hadith, the interpretation and application of these teachings vary across different cultural, legal, and historical contexts.

Research on women’s rights from an Islamic perspective in the Scopus database was initiated in 1979, which discussed the role of women of the Muslim Hausa tribe in Nigeria. Since then, the research in that field has been increasingly used by researchers to explore further issues related to women’s rights from an Islamic perspective. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the published literature related to the topic of “Women’s Rights from an Islamic Perspective”. Bibliometric analysis is a quantitative approach to studying the structure of knowledge and the development of a research field based on the analysis of relevant publications (Ahmi et al., 2019). The most commonly used indicators in bibliometric analysis are authorship, publication classification, citations, impact, publication volume, and country of origin (Aidi Ahmi, 2019). As a rule, bibliometric analysis of published literature usually uses quantitative analyses of publications.  Most scientific observations and empirical findings end up in scientific journals, where they can be read and cited by other researchers (Rehn et al., 2007).

Through a comprehensive review of 484 publications, the analysis explores the evolution of research in this field, highlighting major contributors, influential works, and citation patterns. The study also investigates the geographical and disciplinary distribution of research on women’s rights in Islam, as well as the prominent methodologies and theoretical frameworks used by scholars. This current section describes the purpose of conducting a bibliographic analysis, and the next section describes the methods used in conducting this research. The third section presents results for key bibliographic indicators. The final section provides conclusions, findings, and an overview of future research areas.

METHODS

Methods of bibliographic analysis were used to achieve the objectives of this study. This method allows quantitative analysis for literature review (Ding et al., 2001). Bibliographic analysis can be used to assess the performance of a particular research area and chart research trends to highlight recent advances in that area and the direction of future research gaps. Bibliographic analysis is beneficial to researchers as it can guide them to the most important work in their study field (Zupic & Čater, 2014).

Selection of literature is important in bibliographic analysis to ensure the validity and consistency of research themes (Elshobake & Alashqar, 2024). The researcher first determined the scope of the study, then provided the database, topic, and period. After determining study progress, the researcher extracted bibliographic data in preparation for data screening. The next part of this study describes in more detail the procedures and tools used to collect the data for this research.

As a bibliographic study, this study essentially deals with computer-review methods that search for core studies or authors and their connections by examining all publications on a particular topic or subject (De Bellis, 2009). Data for this study was taken from his Scopus database and submitted on November 05, 2024. The Keywords (Women’s Rights) AND (Muslim OR Islam OR Islamic OR Shariah) AND (Law OR Perspective) were found to have been used as a search term in document titles from 1979 to 2024. The Scopus database was selected for a comprehensive search due to its high visibility and reliability among researchers (Sharma, 2021; Elshobake, 2024). Therefore, the researcher included all 484 documents identified and downloaded during the study period for further analysis.

The growth in the number of sources has made research on a particular topic or area of study a difficult task. As a result, the bibliographic analysis phase has become an important analysis (Denney & Tewksbury, 2013). bibliophagy functionality of the R platform was used for bibliographic analysis of the edited papers. First, the researcher created a general performance survey of the literature using the software program Bibliophagy. Within the framework of this study, an analysis of the most important authors, citation structures, topic progression patterns, and topic trends was determined. And then, the researcher applied descriptive analysis and network analysis to the data.

RESULTS

General Information

Table 1 shows specific information collected using the bibliographic analysis tool Bibliophagy. There are a total of 484 documents from 333 sources. This indicates that publications about women’s rights from Islamic Perspective’ are scattered across many sources and there is no central source where all documents can be archived. Additionally, 627 authors contributed to these works, but 307 were written by a single author. By virtue of the interdisciplinarity of this study area, the multiple authorship pattern is prominent. This is because it is onerous for a single author to fully comprehend the concept of women’s rights from Islamic Perspective in numerous regulatory settings all around the world. It is therefore justifiable for several authors to cooperate to prepare a single study about women’s rights from Islamic perspective.

Table 1: General Information

Document and Source Type

This research analyzed documents retrieved from the Scopus database by classifying them based on document type, source type, and source title. Journal articles, books, book chapters, and conference papers are among the types of documents that are used for “women’s rights from Islamic Perspective” publications. The document type analyses of this study are presented in Table 2. More than three quarters (75.20%) of the contributions relating to women’s rights from Islamic Perspective are published in journal articles, followed by books (22.31%) only. The conference papers have the fewest with only one publication.

Table 2. Document Type

Languages of Documents

It is evident from Table 3 that English language is widely utilised in the works in this area (460; 95.04%). However, 8 documents on women’s rights from Islamic Perspective was published in Frensh. As for the publications in Arabic, German and Indonesian, there are 3 publications in each language.

Table 3. Document language

Subject area

The research also includes a list of published literature corresponding to its subject area. Social Sciences accounted for 82.23 percent of the total documents on to women’s rights from Islamic Perspective, followed by Arts and Humanities (32.23%). Medicine accounted for the total of the 52 publications (10.74%). While each of the three subject areas: “Environmental Science, Business, Management and Accounting & Earth and Planetary Sciences” accounted for 0.92%. Table 4 lists the subject areas of study of women’s rights from Islamic perspective.

Table 4. Subject area

Descriptive Bibliometric Analysis

There are seven areas of descriptive bibliographic research, including annual publication trends, most prolific authors, most cited articles, publication activity by country, publication activity by affiliation, most productive journals, and most used keywords. Each of these will be explained in the following subsections:

Number of Annual Publications

Figure 2 illustrates the trend in the annual publication of articles on “Women’s Rights from Islamic Perspective” over the period from 1979 to 2024. It is clear that the number of articles per year from 1979 to 2000 is relatively low, with some slight fluctuations but generally staying under 10 articles annually. This period shows slow growth in research on the topic. In the period between 2001 and 2010, there’s a noticeable but moderate increase in publication frequency, with fluctuations continuing but with a higher base level than the previous two decades. This period marks a gradual interest in the subject. Furthermore, this period between 2011 to 2020 shows a steady increase, with publications rising sharply in the mid-2010s, reaching over 20 articles per year around 2015. The growth suggests an increasing scholarly focus on the topic.

Moreover, there is a significant spike in publications in 2023, where the number of articles reaches 40, the peak value in the dataset. However, there’s a decline immediately after, with the count dropping notably by 2024. Overall, the data reveals an upward trend in interest and research output on the topic, with occasional peaks and declines. The sudden drop in 2024 may suggest a recent change in research priorities, resource allocation, or other influencing factors.

Figure 2: Number of Publications Per Year

Authorship Analysis

This study specified the most prolific authors who contributed to the publications on International Humanitarian Law from Islamic Perspective. A total of 627 different authors contributed to an overall of 484 contributions. Table 5 below contains a list of the 10 most productive authors on the topic of International Humanitarian Law from Islamic Perspective. With four publications, Tønnessen, L. is the most prolific author, and he has garnered (142) citations. Osanloo, A., Elver, H., Hidayah, N., Balow, R., Abbasi, M.Z., Booley, A., and “Jones, J.”  with three publications each, are the next two most productive contributors. It is worth noting that YILMAZ, I. from Australia obtained the largest number of citations, with 921 citations.

Table 5: Details of 10 Most Productive Authors

Notes: TP=total number of publications; TC=total citations; and h=h-index.

h-index for an individual authors for all topics published by that author.

Most Cited Papers

Table 6 shows the 10 most cited papers based on the number of citations from the Scopus database. The most cited documents are two publications: one written by SUNDER in 2001 entitled “Cultural Dissent” with 121 citations and average of 5.04 citations per year, and the other one written by HAJJAR in 2004 entitles: “Religion, State Power, and Domestic Violence in Muslim Societies: A Framework for Comparative Analysis” with 121 citations and average of 5.76 citations per year. This is followed by “The Relationship Between Gender Equality and Democracy: A Comparison of Arab Versus Non-Arab Muslim Societies” (RIZZO et.al, 2007) with 120 total citations or an average of 6.67 citations annually. Subsequently, “Violence against women in South Asian countries” (NIAZ, 2003) is the third most cited with 110 citations and average of 5.00 citations per year.

Table 6: 10 Most Cited Documents

Most Cited Countries

Table 7 shows the countries which contributed the most to women’s rights from Islamic Perspective research. There are 87 publications and 1226 citations in this domain from the United States, which may indicate that women’s rights from Islamic Perspective studies in the United States are among the most prominent in the world. The United Kingdom comes in second with 47 documents and 474 citations. Women’s Rights from Islamic Perspective research is also vital in the Muslim stated, since Indonesia, Malaysia and Pakistan contributed to 80 documents.

Table 7: 10 Most Cited Countries

Most Productive Affiliations

Table 8 indicates the ten most productive affiliations in the area of women’s rights from Islamic perspective, as well as the number of publications associated with each of the organizations. The prominent university/institution that have produced articles on women’s rights from Islamic Perspective is University of London with twelve publications. Subsequently, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, and Universiti Malayaare both in second place with six publications. Jawaharlal Nehru University, Concordia University, and University of the Punjab are ranked third place with 5 publications for each.

Table 8: The 10 Most Productive Affiliations

 Most Productive Journals

It is noteworthy that the 484 publications retrieved for this research were found in 333 distinct sources. The ten most active journals for publications on women’s rights from Islamic Perspective are listed in Table 9. Journal of International Women’s Studies appears to be the journal that emphasises most on the topic of women’s rights from Islamic Perspective, with 13 contributions accounting for 2.68 percent of the total contributions. Following that, there are 12 publications devoted to Muslim World Journal of Human Rights. With 7 contributions respectively, the Third World Quarterly, Religions, and Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law and Practice come in the third most productive journals.

Table 9: The 10 Most Productive Journals

Most Frequent Keywords

Table 10 shows the top fifteen author keywords. The most often used keyword by authors is “Women’s Rights” which appears 153 times. ” Islam” comes in second with 111 occurrences. In addition, “Human Rights” comes in the third level with 85 occurrences for each. As demonstrated in Table 10, the constantly used keywords in women’s rights from Islamic Perspective research with more than 30 occurrences include “Religion”, “Women’s Status”, “Economics”, “Socioeconomics”, “Developing Country”, “Women”, “Socioeconomic Factors”, “Developing Countries”, “Female”, “Economic Factors”, “Islamic Law”, and “Islamism”.

Table 10: The 15 Top Keywords

Next, the researcher examined author keywords using VOS viewer, a software tool used for constructing and visualizing bibliometric networks. (Van Eck & Waltman, 2017). Related keywords, shown in the same colour in Figure 3, are often listed together. For example, “Women’s Rights”, “Islam”, “Human Rights”, “Religion”, “Women”, “Female”, and “Islamic Law”, are closely related and usually come together in published works. Moreover, keywords “Women’s Status”, “Economics”, “Economic Factors”, “Socioeconomics”, “Socioeconomic Factors”, and “Developing Countries mostly come together in the published research.

Figure 3. Word cloud of the author keywords.

DISCUSSION

Using bibliographic analysis, the main purpose of this study is to examine the current state of women’s rights research from an Islamic perspective. This bibliometric analysis can assess the level of research and publications on a particular topic (Van Leeuwen, 2006). Bibliometric data can be used to assess the effectiveness of a particular area of ​​research, thereby helping research organisations to develop scientific input and output strategies. In addition, bibliometric analysis is used to validate research contributions to scientific disciplines and help researchers to generate relevant research for the discipline (Diem & Wolter, 2013).

This research has initiated a review of various kinds of scholarly works published from the year 1979 to 2024 on the topic of women’s rights from Islamic Perspective. In total, the bibliometric information associated with 484 different documents were retrieved from the Scopus database. According to the results, since 2001 there has been an increase in research on “women’s rights from an Islamic perspective”. English turned out to be the predominant language in the published works on the subject. The data also show a growing trend among researchers, practitioners, and regulators to pay more attention to issues of women’s rights from Islamic perspective.

As shown in Table 4, issues regarding women’s rights from Islamic perspective are mainly discussed in subjects of Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, and Medicine. However, the topic was also observed in other subject areas such as Environmental Science, Business, Management and Accounting & Earth and Planetary Sciences.

Table 5 lists the ten most productive contributors regarding the number of papers published.  “Tønnessen, L.” is the most prolific author, with four publications. In addition, Yilmaz, I. obtained the largest number of citations, with 921 citations.

“Tønnessen, L.” contribution concentrated on abortion in Islamist Sudan, Gendered citizenship and women’s civil rights within family laws in Sudan, and Discrimination and the rights of women after the comprehensive peace agreement in Sudan (Tønnessen & Al-Nagar, 2019), (Tønnessen, 2008), (Tønnessen, 2007), (Tønnessen & Roald, 2007).

“Osanloo, A.”, “Elver, H.”, “Hidayah, N.”, “Balow, R.”, “Abbasi, M.Z.”, “Booley, A.”, and “Jones, J.” with three publications each, are the next two most productive contributors. “Osanloo, A.” concentrated on the politics of women’s rights in Iran. (Osanloo, 2008; Osanloo, 2009). Whereas “Elver, H.” focused on the Secular Constitutionalism and Muslim Women’s Rights, particularly the Turkish Headscarf Controversy (Elver, 2016), (Elver, 2012a), (Elver, 2012b). In addition, “Hidayah, N.” focused on Islamic Law and Women’s Rights in Indonesia and Women’s Economic Rights in Indonesian and Islamic Legal Perspectives (Hidayah, 2023), (Hidayah, 2019), (Hidayah, 2014). Furthermore, “Balow, R.” concentrated on the      Registered NGOs and advocacy for women in Iran and the Women’s Rights in the Muslim World (Barlow et al, 2021), (Barlow & Barzadeh, 2017), (Barlow & Akbarzadeh, 2006). Moreover, “Abbasi, M.Z.” focused on the Women’s Right to Divorce under Islamic Law in Pakistan, Women’s Right to No-fault Judicial Divorce (Khul ‘) in Pakistan, and Protecting Women’s Rights to Matrimonial Property in Pakistan (Abbasi, 2021), (Abbasi, 2022), (Abbasi, 2017). As well as “Booley, A.” discussed the Islamic Perspectives on Women’s Rights in the Family, Progressive realization of Muslim family law: the case of Tunisia, and the rights and freedoms of Moroccan women (Booley, 2024), (Booley, 2019), (Booley, 2016). Whereas “Jones, J.” concentrated on the Women’s activism in India between the Quran and the Constitution, Muslim women’s movement sand there modelling of Islamic practice in India, and Muslim women’s rights and the codification of personal laws in India (Jones, 2024), (Jones, 2021), (Jones, 2019).

It is noteworthy that the most cited documents are two publications: one written by Sunder entitled “Cultural Dissent” (Sunder, 2001) with 121 citations or an average of 5.04 citations per year, and the other one written by Hajjar entitles: “Religion, State Power, and Domestic Violence in Muslim Societies: A Framework for Comparative Analysis” (Hajjar, 2004) with 121 citations and average of 5.76 citations per year. This is followed by “The Relationship Between Gender Equality and Democracy: A Comparison of Arab Versus Non-Arab Muslim Societies” (Rizzo et.al, 2007) with 120 total citations or an average of 6.67 citations annually. Subsequently, “Violence against women in South Asian countries” (Niaz, 2003) is the third most cited with 110 citations and average of 5.00 citations per year.

Additionally, the most productive authors came from the United Stated, followed by the United Kingdom. In furtherance, Women’s Rights from Islamic Perspective research is also vital in the Muslim stated, since Indonesia, Malaysia and Pakistan contributed to 80 documents. These results are not surprising, as Western countries seek to explore women’s rights within Islam to understand and potentially benefit from them, while also examining whether Islam upholds the principle of equality between men and women. On the other hand, the focus of Islamic countries on women’s rights under Islamic law is unsurprising, as Islam is the official religion in these nations, and Islamic law serves as the primary foundation for their legislation.

Table 8 illustrates that University of London is the most productive affiliations, with 12 contributions. Subsequently, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, and University Malayaare both in second place with six publications. Jawaharlal Nehru University, Concordia University, and University of the Punjab are ranked third place with 5 publications for each. However, Universität Zürich, University of California, University of the Western Cape, and Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta are ranked fourth place with 4 papers for each.

According to Table 9, Journal of International Women’s Studies, which has published 13 articles has the most research publications on Women’s Rights from Islamic Perspective. This was followed by the Muslim World Journal of Human Rights which had 12 publications. In the third place, the Third World Quarterly, Religions, and Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law and Practice, with 7 contributions each.

Women’s Rights, Islam, Human Rights, Religion, and Women’s Status are among the top keywords that have been used in the publications on Women’s Rights from Islamic Perspective.

CONCLUSION

In this study, researcher review the relevant research literature about Women’s Rights from Islamic perspective. Bibliographic analysis was used to achieve this goal. To conduct this study, a total of 484 publications were collated or found across two different phases. First, a descriptive bibliographic analysis was performed, followed by a co-word analysis to identify the major themes of this current research dataset. It was discovered that there has been no gap in publications since 2000. Descriptive research results show that this area of ​​research has seen increased academic interest since 2006, which indicates that researchers, practitioners, and regulators are paying more attention to issues of Women’s Rights from Islamic perspective.

Noticeably, this study showed that the publications on Women’s Rights from Islamic perspective discuss this field from varying contexts. For example, the subject area of some publications was Medicine, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Environmental Science, Business, Management and Accounting, Earth and Planetary Sciences, and Agricultural and Biological Sciences. In this current study, to gain a deeper understanding of the content of Women’s Rights from Islamic perspective, the researcher used a factor map of the text containing the most significant contributions to identify the most frequently used phrases by the authors.

Several studies have been published on the topic: Religious, Social and Civil Rights of Muslim Women. On the other hand, there was only a limited amount of research conducted on the topic: Economic and Financial Rights of Muslim Women. No research has been published on the Political Rights of Muslim Women.

It is noteworthy that studies often focus on the implementation of women’s rights in specific countries. Some emphasize the situation in Sudan, while others examine Iran or countries in the Maghreb region, such as Tunisia and Morocco. Additionally, some studies discuss the case of India, while others focus on Turkey, Pakistan, and Indonesia. Therefore, the studies did not cover all the situations related to Women’s Rights in all Muslim countries.

Future research should address this gap in the published literature to better grasp the rules of Women’s from Islamic perspective which will contribute significantly to the body of knowledge by presenting important theoretical insights on Women’s Rights from an Islamic perspective. Therefore, future research should focus on the economic and financial rights of Muslim women, such as financial independence, and entrepreneurship, to highlight their empowerment in Islam. Additionally, the lack of studies on Muslim women’s political rights, including leadership and public representation, needs urgent attention to provide a holistic view of their roles within Islamic frameworks.

This study provides database and review which would serve as a starting point for authors, especially young and new researchers, who wish to conduct research on Islamic perspectives in Women’s Rights. Therefore, this study provides a list of the most cited papers and focuses on basic papers that can be referenced for further research on this subject. Utilizing a cluster analysis tool, it becomes clear which issues have been identified, how they have been evaluated, and consequently which research areas still need to be explored. Furthermore, by analyzing correlations between keywords, journals, and cited journals, we can determine which journals should be considered for publication, what approaches have been applied to the research topic, and what different perspectives have been taken.

It is critical to emphasize that the database used in this analysis has some limitations. Most crucially, this research is limited to materials related to Women’s Rights from an Islamic perspective. Thus, other publications on the conventional Women’s Rights which discuss modern international law without reference to Islamic roots or Islamic perspective were excluded. It is also worth noting that no single search query can be totally relied on to produce 100 percent accurate results. Despite these limitations, this study is the first analysis to thoroughly evaluate the bibliometric indicators of the published literature on the topic of Women’s Rights from an Islamic perspective.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author has no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

FUNDING

This work was supported by The International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) under Project: IIIT STRATEGIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME (IIIT-SRP), Grant numbers: IIIT-SRP23-032-0032

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