A Study on the Diversity of Women’s Trousers Driven by Pluralistic Aesthetics

A Study on the Diversity of Women’s Trousers Driven by Pluralistic Aesthetics

Wei Qiu¹, Yuping Zhang², Hanzhong Ge³, Quanyue Zheng⁴

¹Hangzhou Haoyue Garment Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310000

²Ningbo Kaixin Garment Co., Ltd., Ningbo, 315000

³Hangzhou Xianxiang Garment Co., Ltd., Intermediate Artisan in Process Art, Hangzhou, 310000

⁴Chengdu Tianzhiyi Artistic Talent Education Consulting Co.

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.907000117

Received: 26 June 2025; Accepted: 30 June 2025; Published: 02 August 2025

ABSTRACT

This study explores how pluralistic aesthetics influence the diversity of women’s trouser designs. By analyzing fashion history, conducting market research, and carrying out consumer interviews, it was found that the driving factors of pluralistic aesthetics include cultural differences, fashion trends, and consumer psychology. These factors have caused women’s trousers to evolve from classic to modern diverse styles, such as bell-bottoms, harem pants, and tapered trousers. The study also reveals that consumers’ demand for diverse and personalized trouser styles is continuously increasing. Through case analysis, this study shows that pluralistic aesthetics have promoted innovation and enrichment in women’s trouser designs, offering new ideas for the development of the relevant field.

Keywords: Pluralistic Aesthetics, Women’s Trousers, Style Diversity, Fashion Design, Consumer Psychology

INTRODUCTION

In today’s fashion industry, women’s pants have become an indispensable component of daily attire, and their design is undergoing unprecedented transformation and development. With the acceleration of globalization and the deepening of cultural exchange, diverse aesthetic concepts are increasingly influencing the field of clothing design, leading to a rich and varied landscape in women’s pants design. Consumers no longer settle for single, traditional silhouettes but instead seek pants styles that highlight individuality and align with their personal aesthetic preferences and lifestyle. Therefore, studying the diversity of women’s pants silhouettes driven by diverse aesthetic preferences holds significant theoretical and practical significance.

Research Questions

1. How do pluralistic aesthetics influence the diversity of women’s trouser styles?
2. What is the current status and fashion trend of women’s trouser style diversity?
3. What challenges and opportunities do women’s trouser designs face under the drive of pluralistic aesthetics?

LITERATURE REVIEW

Driving Factors of Pluralistic Aesthetics

Culture is a significant source of aesthetic diversity, with different regional cultures showcasing unique styles in clothing. Western cowboy culture has given rise to classic denim styles like fitted straight – leg jeans, reflecting a free – spirited personality; Eastern culture is embodied in modern – style Chinese – improved trousers, such as high – slit wide – leg pants, which combine traditional and modern beauty (Liao, 2018). Subculture groups also have a deep influence on mainstream fashion. For example, hip – hop culture’s low – rise wide – leg pants and punk culture’s ripped tight – fit jeans display unique aesthetic preferences (Lee, 2023). The low – rise wide – leg pants in hip – hop culture not only represent a fashion statement but also challenge traditional dress norms, reflecting subculture groups’ pursuit of individuality and freedom (Lee, 2023).

International fashion weeks are barometers of fashion trends. Innovative styles showcased by designers can lead trends. For instance, after ultra – wide – leg pants were displayed at fashion weeks, they quickly became a street – fashion icon (Cellabos, Hodges, & Watchravesringkan, 2021). Celebrity effects and social – media dissemination also accelerate the spread of fashion information, promoting style diversity. Fashion bloggers on social media share styling experiences, introducing niche styles to the masses and driving the diversification of fashion trends (Qiu, 2014).

Consumers choose different trouser styles to showcase their personality and self – identity. Some consumers, influenced by the desire to conform, follow mainstream aesthetics and trends, promoting the widespread adoption of popular styles (Staton, 2015). For example, harem pants, with their unique silhouette and comfortable wear, quickly became a favorite among young people (Staton, 2015). At the same time, other consumers seek personalized expression, opting for niche or unique styles that further enrich the diversity of women’s trouser designs (Genova, Giunchiglia, & Faggionato, 2023). The combination of natural color schemes and geometric silhouettes enhances appeal, meeting consumers’ demand for professionalization and fashion (Genova et al., 2023).

Evaluation of the Diversity of Women’s Trousers Styles

Style innovation is a key measure of women’s trouser diversity. Innovative designs meet consumers’ demand for professionalization and fashion. Emerging styles like harem and tapered trousers provide more choices (Cellabos et al., 2021). Designers use new technologies and materials to breakthrough traditional style limitations. For example, 3D printing enables the precise matching of complex geometric structures with human engineering, offering new possibilities for style innovation (Zhang, 2021).

Style adaptability evaluates women’s trouser diversity from a functional perspective. Different styles suit various body types, occasions, and activities. Straight – leg trousers, with their simple lines and neutral style, are suitable for multiple scenarios. Bell – bottom pants, with their retro charm, can flatter leg lines. Wide – leg trousers can conceal leg imperfections and project a powerful presence (Liu, 2009). As consumers demand more comfort, elastic and smart fabrics enhance the functionality and comfort of trouser styles (Pan, 2016).

Cultural inclusive reflects the cultural value of the diverse fits of women’s trousers. Designing fits that integrate elements from different cultures, such as wide-legged pants decorated with ethnic embroidery, not only enriches the connotation of design but also promotes cultural exchange and dissemination (Wang, Z. Y., 2022). For example, the Miao embroidery, with its unique stitching and bright colors, is applied in the design of women’s trousers. It combines traditional ethnic craftsmanship with modern fashion, showing unique cultural charm (Liao, 2018). The traditional patterns of the Mongolian nationality are also skillfully incorporated into the design of trousers. Through simple lines and geometric patterns, they convey the bold and rugged national spirit (Wang, Z. Y., 2022). This cross – cultural integration makes clothing not only a carrier of cultural inheritance but also stimulates consumers’ interest and sense of identity with diverse cultures, promoting the spread and innovation of culture. Meanwhile, the use of ethnic elements also satisfies consumers’ pursuit of professionalization and cultural depth. It allows them to express their respect and appreciation for different cultures through clothing (Liu, W. W., 2009; Wang, Z. Y., 2022).

RESEARCH METHODS

This study primarily employs literature analysis and case analysis methods. Through literature analysis, relevant literature is reviewed to summarize the theoretical foundations and current state of research on the driving factors of diverse aesthetics, exploring the influence of cultural differences, fashion trends, and consumer psychology on silhouette design. This establishes a solid theoretical foundation for the research and clarifies the intrinsic connection between diverse aesthetics and the diversity of women’s pants silhouettes. Concurrently, the case study method is employed to conduct an in-depth analysis of the practical application of women’s pants pattern design under the influence of diverse aesthetic drivers. This includes examining design concepts, pattern characteristics, and market feedback, thereby visually demonstrating the application of diverse aesthetics in actual design. This provides empirical evidence to support theoretical analysis, enhancing the persuasiveness and practicality of the conclusions.

RESEARCH PROCESS

Manifestations of Style Diversity

Table 1: Analysis of common styles of women’s pants

Source: Drawn by the researcher.

In the field of women’s pants design, pattern diversity is one of the key factors in meeting the needs of different consumers and showcasing fashion styles (see Table 1). The following is a detailed description of several common patterns:

The design of tapered pants takes into account the body characteristics of Asian women. Asian women typically have a smaller frame, with slender leg lines, but may have issues such as legs that are not sufficiently straight or a waist that is not sufficiently slim. Therefore, tapered pants use a tight-fisted design to elevate the waistline, creating a more elongated leg visual effect, thereby achieving a slimming effect. This style of tapered pants features clean, sharp lines and a fitted cut, which not only minimizes gender-specific traits but also highlights the body shape, perfectly embodying a neutral fashion aesthetic. The pant silhouette narrows gradually from the waist to the legs, effectively flattering various leg shapes. Whether you have O-shaped legs, X-shaped legs, or thicker legs, tapered pants can help you exude a poised and elegant demeanor, effortlessly adapting to both professional and casual settings.

Bell-bottom pants are a fusion of retro elements and modern design concepts. In recent years, the retro fashion trend has swept the globe, and bell-bottom pants, as a classic retro piece, have once again gained favor in the fashion industry. In design, bell-bottom pants flare out below the knees, creating a unique silhouette. This design retains the retro charm while incorporating modern fashion-forward cuts and fabric choices, offering consumers a fresh wearing experience. Bell-bottom pants highlight a woman’s confidence and individuality. The swaying motion they create when walking makes the wearer’s posture more graceful, making them a standout element on the fashion stage.

Wide-leg pants draw inspiration from African tribal patterns. African tribal clothing culture is renowned for its distinctive patterns and loose silhouettes, and wide-leg pants cleverly incorporate these elements. Their structured design, paired with ethnic-inspired embroidery, gives wide-leg pants a strong ethnic flair while also exuding a neutral, sophisticated style. The loose-fitting leg design is a key feature of wide-leg pants. It not only conceals leg imperfections, such as thick or uneven legs, but also creates a powerful visual presence, allowing the wearer to exude a bold and unconventional personality. Wide-leg pants are highly versatile in styling, whether paired with simple tops or elaborate accessories, they showcase a unique fashion appeal.

The brand’s straight-leg pants adhere to a minimalist yet sophisticated design philosophy. Featuring a relaxed yet tailored cut, they ensure comfort while maintaining a clean and elegant aesthetic. In terms of color selection, the straight-leg pants are paired with neutral tones, making them highly versatile. This style of pants can highlight a man’s sharp and efficient demeanor or a woman’s independent and self-reliant personality. They effortlessly adapt to various occasions, whether it’s daily outings, commuting to work, or casual gatherings, fulfilling consumers’ pursuit of unrestricted, free-spirited attire, making them an indispensable staple in any wardrobe.

Integration of Multicultural Elements

Table 2: Analysis of the Use of Women’s Pants in a Multicultural Context

Source: Drawn by the researcher.

African tribal patterns, with their raw vitality and mystique, are adorned on wide-leg pants through exquisite embroidery techniques, blending fashion-forward style with cultural depth. This design reflects respect for and the preservation of African culture, infusing modern fashion with fresh vitality. Chinese ethnic elements, such as traditional cloud-shoulder designs and flowing lines, are incorporated into bell-bottom pant designs, creating silhouettes with ethnic flair that enhance the visual appeal of the garments. This offers consumers a unique wearing experience, allowing them to feel the charm of traditional culture in modern life. The intricate stitching and vibrant colors of Miao ethnic patterns also serve as important decorative elements in ethnic-style clothing, with their symbolic meanings making the garments carriers of cultural heritage (See Table 2).

Gothic-style patterns are characterized by their unique dark aesthetic and mysterious atmosphere, typically using dark color tones combined with sharp lines and geometric shapes. These patterns are distributed as accents on the cuffs or sides of straight-leg pants, adding layers and interest to the garment, imparting a unique personality and attitude, and fulfilling consumers’ needs to express themselves and showcase their individuality. In clothing design, designers focus on the distribution and arrangement of patterns to harmonize with the overall style. For example, African tribal patterns are placed on prominent positions of wide-leg pants, cloud-shoulder-shaped patterns are arranged on the upper part of bell-bottom pants, Miao ethnic patterns are adorned on the hems or sides of bell-bottom pants, and Gothic patterns showcase individual charm through variations in size and position.

The combination of ethnic and Gothic-style clothing has become a fashion highlight. Wide-leg pants can be paired with simple tops and ethnic-inspired accessories, bell-bottom pants can be paired with traditional Chinese or modern minimalist tops, and Gothic-style straight-leg pants can be paired with dark-style tops. In terms of color coordination, African tribal patterns use vibrant contrasting colors, Chinese ethnic and Miao patterns employ soft, harmonious hues, while Gothic patterns primarily feature dark tones with accents of bright colors. The application of these patterns adds unique aesthetic value to clothing, fostering cultural exchange and heritage, breaking down geographical and cultural barriers, and creating fashion pieces with global appeal. This promotes the inheritance and development of ethnic cultures, injecting new cultural momentum and creative inspiration into the global fashion industry.

Gender-neutral style

Table 3: Analysis of gender-neutral style patterns

Source: Drawn by the researcher.

The neutral style design aesthetic is characterized by simplicity and elegance. In terms of color selection, it favors neutral tones and colors such as black, white, and gray, which are easy to coordinate and not restricted by gender, perfectly embodying the inclusive of the neutral style. Neutral-style clothing aims to break traditional gender boundaries, creating fashion pieces suitable for everyone, allowing clothing to serve as a medium for expressing individuality and style rather than a gender label. This design philosophy not only meets modern consumers’ needs for free expression and individuality but also brings new vitality and possibilities to the fashion industry. Gender-neutral clothing design emphasizes the unity of inner quality and outer style, showcasing a unique fashion attitude through simple lines and practical functionality, encouraging people to transcend gender stereotypes and freely express themselves (See Table 2).

The silhouette design of gender-neutral clothing emphasizes comfort and relaxation, avoiding the emphasis on body curves and instead prioritizing the freedom of movement and convenience of wearing. Silhouettes like straight-leg pants and wide-leg pants, which are versatile and easy to pair, have become iconic examples of gender-neutral style. These silhouettes are suitable for both men and women, truly achieving gender-neutrality. For example, straight-leg pants offer wearers ample space for movement with their straight lines and moderate looseness, while also showcasing a clean and sharp style. Wide-leg pants create a relaxed yet elegant atmosphere with their loose legs and flowing lines. Whether paired with a casual T-shirt or a simple shirt, they effortlessly create a distinctive look. Additionally, gender-neutral styles emphasize detailed design elements, such as high waistlines to optimize body proportions and side slits for added fashion appeal and ease of movement. These thoughtful design elements make gender-neutral clothing not only practical but also stylish, meeting the needs of various occasions.

The rise of gender-neutral fashion reflects contemporary society’s re-examination and rethinking of gender roles. In traditional notions, clothing has always been regarded as an important medium for gender expression, with men and women assigned different dress codes and expectations. However, with societal progress and the opening of minds, people have begun to question and break through these established gender boundaries, seeking more free and diverse forms of expression. The emergence of gender-neutral fashion is a manifestation of this cultural transformation. It advocates gender equality and inclusive, emphasizes individual differences and uniqueness, and encourages people to choose clothing based on their preferences and personality rather than being constrained by gender. Gender-neutral fashion is not merely a fashion style but also an expression of cultural attitude and value orientation. It conveys a positive and uplifting lifestyle philosophy, asserting that everyone has the right to freely express themselves without being constrained by gender stereotypes. By wearing gender-neutral fashion, people can reflect on traditional gender norms and embrace multiculturalism, presenting a more open and inclusive self-image. The depth and breadth of gender-neutral culture’s cultural significance have made it one of the most influential trends in the contemporary fashion industry, shaping people’s clothing choices and lifestyles.

DISCUSSION

In exploring the diversity of women’s pants silhouettes driven by diverse aesthetic preferences, we have discovered that this phenomenon encompasses rich connotations and complex influencing factors.

From a cultural perspective, the collision and integration of different regional and ethnic cultures have continuously inspired women’s pants design. Designers skillfully draw elements from traditional cultures and folk customs of various countries, combining them with modern design concepts to create silhouettes that not only possess cultural depth but also align with contemporary fashion aesthetics. This cultural fusion not only enriches the styles of women’s pants but also transforms clothing into an important medium for cultural transmission and exchange, enhancing people’s understanding and appreciation of diverse cultures.

Personalized demands are increasingly prominent in today’s fashion market. Consumers no longer settle for generic styles; they seek to express their unique selves through clothing. This has prompted brands and designers to delve into niche markets, creating tailored pant designs for diverse groups based on age, gender, profession, and interests. From the sleek trousers of career women to the ripped jeans of the young fashion-forward crowd, from the functional leggings of sports enthusiasts to the tight-fisted flared pants of retro style enthusiasts, personalized designs meet consumers’ needs for self-expression, allowing everyone to find their own fashion symbol among the myriad of styles.

Technological advancements have provided strong support for innovation in women’s pants styles. The development of new fabrics, such as highly elastic knitted fabrics and lightweight synthetic fibers with a crisp texture, has made pants more diverse in terms of design. The application of advanced manufacturing technologies, such as 3D printing technology, which enables precise reproduction of complex structures and intricate patterns, and laser cutting technology, which enhances the precision of cutting and the quality of detail processing, has provided designers with more possibilities for creativity. Additionally, the widespread adoption of digital design software has made the design process more efficient and convenient, enabling rapid conversion of creative ideas into actual products and accelerating the pace of pattern updates.

At the market and industry levels, the diversity of women’s pants patterns driven by diverse aesthetic preferences has had a profound impact on the apparel industry. On one hand, the refinement of market demand has prompted the industry to continuously adjust its production strategies, shifting from large-scale standardized production to small-batch, customized production to better meet the personalized needs of different consumers. On the other hand, intense market competition has driven brands to continuously innovate, enhancing their competitiveness through unique design, high-quality fabric selection, and exquisite craftsmanship to compete for market share. This competitive landscape not only benefits consumers by providing access to more high-quality products but also drives technological upgrades and innovative development across the entire apparel industry.

However, the development of diverse women’s pants styles driven by diverse aesthetics also faces some challenges. The contradiction between standardized and personalized styles persists, requiring companies to balance consumer personalized needs while improving production efficiency and reducing costs. This necessitates innovation and optimization in production processes, supply chain management, and other areas. Additionally, how to ensure the functionality and comfort of pants while pursuing fashionable and aesthetically pleasing designs remains an ongoing challenge for designers. The challenge of balancing functionality and aesthetics requires designers to fully consider factors such as ergonomics and fabric properties during the design process to achieve a perfect integration of the two. Finally, the coordination of cultural inclusivity and commercial interests must not be overlooked. When incorporating diverse cultural elements into women’s pants design, it is important to avoid over-exploitation and misinterpretation of cultural elements, respect cultural backgrounds and connotations, and achieve a win-win situation between cultural heritage and commercial interests.

CONCLUSION

The diversity of women’s pants silhouettes driven by diverse aesthetic preferences is an inevitable outcome of fashion evolution and sociolect-cultural transformation. Cultural factors, fashion trends, and consumer psychology collectively drive the continuous innovation and enrichment of women’s pants silhouettes. However, while pursuing silhouette diversity, designers and brands should also prioritize product quality, sustainability, and consumers’ actual wearing experiences. In the future, with the ongoing advancement of technology and the continued exchange and integration of cultures, women’s pants silhouettes are poised to embrace new development opportunities in areas such as digital design and the application of smart fabrics, offering consumers more personalized and high-quality fashion choices.

REFERENCES

1. Chen, J. W., & Wang, R. M. (2001). On the Adaptability of Clothing from the Perspective of Human Body Characteristics. Shandong Textile Science and Technology, (01), 38 – 39. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=C4JADW50D8sHxiAoDd9m4PIC_a2AcfljSbyYBl0Girf2YkOtMRmMpxG2n26bk7L9Cm5ZMDu5Nv0ImMDvyfGZu_TfeZvd2-eqq1bsmkdJNbAHxHXdVSelAdONYkejJHdB00qRJ_z1WQyZIaV1mr2e687fYvZiWqAOo9cyLU_K-Bpbv-KI9IQg6w==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
2. Chen, Y. G. (2014). The Application of Deconstruction Art in Clothing Structure Design. Progress in Textile Science and Technology, (03), 60 – 62. https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.19507/j.cnki.1673-0356.2014.03.018
3. Choi, J. H. (2025). Research on the Factors of Design, Material and Sewing Methods for Production Pattern Development in Women’s Clothing Industry. Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 49(2).
4. Chu, Y. H. (2005). Three-dimensional Clothing Design and Expression. Beijing: China Textile & Apparel Press.
5. Cellabos, L. M., Hodges, N., & Watchravesringkan, K. (2021). Consumer preference and apparel products: Investigating the role of the Centrality of Visual Product Aesthetics concept. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 40(3), 112 – 123.
6. D’Angelo, J. K., & Ross, G. R. (2024). The Model-sizing Dilemma: The Use of Varied Female Model Sizes Helps the Impressions of Brand Values but Hurts Shopping Ease. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 34(3).
7. Feng, Y. (2001). On the Functional Design of Clothing from the Perspective of Its Origin. Journal of Guizhou University (Art Edition), (02), 6 – 12. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=C4JAD W50D8u66Z0jSlMG-VlPUwahVVfY6BvtXe-MGfGKGYzKrFElxX3r1WvQNMkp51A3bW77 IYsiX6GrJkq2icAnuBzt3hgXtd2pMLYSZuRzDWdXY-h1c5-jiT_2e0vemrkSWxdz-etm9my-Lp9ey-aVg6SjFEXWYTSoDJsC2mRKOeRQnFeAXg==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
8. Genova, G., Giunchiglia, F., & Faggionato, S. (2023). The role of aesthetics in fashion design: A study on the perception of fashion products. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 27(1), 123 – 135.
9. Hebei University of Science and Technology. (2023). Research on the Structural Design of Ancient Chinese Trousers and Its Modern Inheritance. Journal of Clothing Science, 12(4).
10. Johnson, L. (2018). Consumer Psychology in Fashion Industry. London: Academic Press. (APA in-text citation: Johnson, 2018)
11. Lee, H. J. (2023). The values of gender equality in the image of ‘bifurcated garments’ for women. Fashion Theory, 27(2), 45 – 69.
12. Liao, C. (2018). A Study on the Application of “Zero Waste” in Fashion Design (Master’s thesis). https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=C4JADW50D8tZJaNfFUWzdArNZQBTIHEacIXNRr62UithkLTIePAmt9pJr635l52gHaUNQZzFJrTa4wPuO3aXIq2VFLD83uYVzI2NShzQjla9YI8zon-t_m7CTosa2B3hZ3bFJ5oh5bKqcFKD6Dqrkif5-5FPpAiwVp3ZQAJ13QxXoESaT7UZdA==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
13. Li, G. S. (1998). Human Body Type and Clothing Design. Journal of Changde Teachers College, (02), 37 – 41. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=C4JADW50D8vcPlRFCEcJ51OF ojYwnVFTYQwNMNAoKm0vWTzYvYaHdX1XJUk0GkmG2u6eaiQWMjARB1lUXYhNsA4Q299Q47lHW4JJ3Bh03B2T48G4u3IfDTJ97rArM1ogrzl4XyJhcksr7QY89VpYT6xp7GAJwOD5wFpQ2X3Y-QftCNFVttvcTA==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
14. Li, G. S. (2002). Human Body Type and Clothing Design. Shandong Textile Science and Technology, (03), 45 – 47. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=C4JADW50D8u15Zq4jAnFEqp7qWloq GhcycHWzJwCVaINqQ7HD1DwFnR-ki4Q-Tx5ImV3mVlLfssNPUnXeQmppXJAqxk7nen2jLbE 6QX1IXvwICyYldjpK3c6P7gh6BXzKF7w6i0RGiaIbkb0s9NhK0CJzNQt1Vlh0hdn_MR4uFqbicspOSUxBA==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
15. Liu, T. (2008). An Analysis of the Application of “Line” in Fashion Design. Modern Trade and Industry, (07), 332 – 333. https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.19311/j.cnki.1672-3198.2008.07.193
16. Liu, W. W. (2009). The Influence of Philosophical Thoughts on Costume. Journal of Aesthetics, 8(1), 22 – 30.
17. Miller, T. (2019). Street Style and Subculture Fashion. Paris: Fashion Trend Research Center. (APA in-text citation: Miller, 2019)
18. Ni, Y. Z. (2006). On the Comfort and Functionality of Clothing from an Ergonomic Perspective. Sichuan Silk, (01), 46 – 47. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=C4JADW50D8s3 EgWxT8J24-EkgNui5GN3PuuJPwnGZdKmS5QKASW30KNrRRHhi4NXPE-epiR7hizfFODF gFzD2cX_7aOIqfcuA_asNcq9_RuCHnaTwvGkcEf9O6_iL6TTXdNE7puVWWoCYTyuf-ro6ci2 azmoosjC1akznKKpr1HilEakwJkXyg==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
19. Qiu, T. Y. (2014). A Study on the Narratives of Contemporary Western Landscapes under Aesthetic Experience (Doctoral dissertation).
20. Staton, J. (2015). Plus-size women’s clothing: A study of consumer preferences and behaviors. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 19(4), 567 – 580.
21. Smith, J. (2020). Fashion History and Cultural Influence. New York: Fashion Publishing House. (APA in-text citation: Smith, 2020)
22. Wang, D. S., & Zou, P. (1997). On Human Body Type and Clothing Design. Journal of Dandong Textile Institute, (03), 11. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=C4JADW50D8sj BmoKoVrvLbHMeK4Ggw3e1WXqWj1x2afq8YL2775iGXCYqvWu0mQv9dI8YQaiecvdCYv-aDsrGiuwfs–k4BEU05pKplww8KqKGqPslaq_jhAOOFcUJWHnc9LKmnDkHXFShy24cr_5 FzJlApDulfqS6rz_XfDA-NI3py_fq6CBA==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
23. Wang, Z. Y. (2022). A Study on the Artistic Conception of Contemporary Gongbi Flower-and-bird Painting (Master’s thesis).
24. Xiao, Y., & Wang, S. (2008). Color Analysis of the Indoor Visual Environment of Rail Transit Hubs. Sichuan Building Science Research, (05), 206 – 209+224. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article /abstract?v=C4JADW50D8tK-vNTFfy-_HLIxnnSSVKHVDYXW4DgUe54d8dJs18WQyw QxSAJoWcAHE7dn4P_3ZNKxd_dO_gs9emGLZ1ifBAKLOH2zzk7p0RTC5GYUyPNy_BqGGVwqp_gSDh6A-kBgN6ArsR5EchHuAiF-Nh_-lLeLFNNVy7RXipq9hD3Lqj3qg==&uniplatform =NZKPT&language=CHS
25. Yang, M. (2000). The Differences in Clothing Structure Between the East and the West. Journal of Nanjing University of the Arts (Fine Arts and Design Edition), (02), 57 – 62. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=C4JADW50D8sAzwOT2UwJdIEIMR6ihcMTe5AggKnust3Lz5RMGURl08KIKufMQWJ_4N4Ut0ktCFcdInwhtIVkLuUHZq2Xg22HxONAqkla2CXsk6z-t4ODamNYzE1qYUGKa4gEZumLHNhmVY4SQPgjTQimMUJm0cuAhIrfwAa-2nZR2vY6aLeqw==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
26. Zhang, K. C. (2021). Application of 3D Technology in Garment Design Template. Textile Research Journal, 91(15), 1783 – 1798.
27. Zheng, F. (2021). Aesthetic Expression in Fashion Design. Journal of Clothing Science, 32(2), 45 – 52. (APA in-text citation: Zheng, 2021)