Legal Challenges in the Enforcement of Local Content Requirements in Nigeria’s Oil and Gas Industry
- Dr. S.E.C. Nwosu
- 5058-5065
- Aug 20, 2025
- Law
Legal Challenges in the Enforcement of Local Content Requirements in Nigeria’s Oil and Gas Industry
Dr. S.E.C. Nwosu
Faculty of Law, Abia State University, Umuahia Campus
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.907000408
Received: 16 July 2025; Accepted: 22 July 2025; Published: 20 August 2025
ABSTRACT
Local content requirements in Nigeria’s oil and gas industry have remained a focal point of regulatory and policy debate, especially since the enactment of the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development (NOGICD) Act in 2010. This paper explores the legal challenges affecting the effective enforcement of these local content mandates, which aim to enhance indigenous participation, facilitate technology transfer, and drive national economic development. Although the NOGICD Act outlines ambitious objectives, its implementation is hindered by overlapping regulatory mandates, weak institutional enforcement mechanisms, and constitutional constraints. The emergence of the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA), 2021 has introduced further complexities, particularly concerning jurisdictional conflicts among regulatory bodies. Moreover, Nigeria’s obligations under international trade and investment treaties often conflict with the protectionist nature of local content laws, creating legal uncertainty. Grounded in regulatory theory, developmental state theory, and legal pluralism, this paper analyzes the interplay between domestic regulatory instruments and international legal frameworks. It concludes with targeted recommendations aimed at harmonizing Nigeria’s legal regime and strengthening institutional capacity to realize the intended benefits of local content policies in the oil and gas sector.
Keywords: Local Content Requirements, Oil and Gas Sector, Legal Enforcement, Regulatory Challenges
INTRODUCTION
Nigeria’s oil and gas sector is the backbone of its economy, contributing over 80% of government revenue and accounting for the majority of its foreign exchange earnings.[1] Despite this wealth, the country has historically struggled to translate oil revenues into broad-based economic development, largely due to the dominance of foreign firms and limited indigenous participation in the industry. In response, Nigeria adopted local content policies as a strategic tool to promote national development, encourage technology transfer, enhance job creation, and boost local capacity. The enactment of the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development (NOGICD) Act in 2010 marked a significant legal and policy shift toward institutionalizing local content in the petroleum industry.[2]
The NOGICD Act established mandatory thresholds for Nigerian participation in procurement, ownership, employment, and technology use across the oil and gas value chain. It also created the Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (NCDMB) to oversee compliance and enforcement. However, despite this legislative advancement, implementation has been hampered by various legal challenges, including institutional overlaps, jurisdictional conflicts, weak enforcement mechanisms, and tensions between local laws and international trade and investment obligations.[3] The introduction of the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA), 021 while aiming to reform and modernize the sector has introduced new complexities, particularly concerning regulatory roles and the enforcement of local content provisions.[4]
This study explores the legal challenges that hinder the effective enforcement of local content requirements in Nigeria’s oil and gas sector. By examining statutory frameworks, institutional dynamics, constitutional limitations, and international legal obligations, the study aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of the barriers to enforcement and recommend pathways for legal and regulatory reform. In doing so, it contributes to the broader discourse on resource governance, sustainable development, and economic sovereignty in resource-rich developing countries like Nigeria.
Historical Background of Local Content Development in Nigeria’s Oil and Gas Sector
The foundation of local content development in Nigeria’s oil and gas sector is rooted in the country’s post-independence efforts to reclaim control over its vast petroleum resources. Initially dominated by foreign multinational oil companies (MNCs), Nigeria’s petroleum industry had minimal indigenous participation well into the 1970s. Although the Petroleum Act of 1969 vested ownership of all petroleum resources in the federal government, it did little to ensure Nigerian participation in upstream or downstream activities.[5] Subsequent policies, such as the Indigenization Decrees of the 1970s, sought to promote local ownership in the economy but largely failed to affect the oil sector. For decades, Nigeria remained heavily dependent on foreign expertise, labor, and capital in oil production, reinforcing economic and technological dependence.[6]
The shift towards formal local content policy began in the early 2000s when the federal government recognized the need to create sustainable value from its oil wealth through indigenous capacity development. Early efforts included non-binding guidelines by the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and Joint Venture Operators that encouraged but did not require the use of Nigerian goods, services, and labor.[7] However, compliance remained voluntary and inconsistent. This regulatory gap led to the enactment of the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development (NOGICD) Act in 2010, which marked a turning point by providing a legal framework for the enforcement of local content requirements. The Act created the Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (NCDMB) and mandated minimum thresholds for Nigerian participation in procurement, employment, and ownership across the petroleum value chain.[8]
Despite the legal backing provided by the NOGICD Act, enforcement has encountered substantial challenges over the years. The introduction of the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA), 2021 a comprehensive reform of the oil and gas legal regimehas further complicated the landscape by creating new regulatory bodies with overlapping mandates, contributing to institutional conflicts. Additionally, globalization and Nigeria’s increasing participation in international trade and investment frameworks have exposed local content laws to scrutiny under bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and World Trade Organization (WTO) rules.[9] These dynamics have raised legal concerns about how far Nigeria can go in enforcing local content without breaching its international commitments, making the examination of the legal challenges surrounding enforcement both timely and necessary.
Theoretical Framework
The enforcement of local content requirements (LCRs) in Nigeria’s oil and gas sector can be examined through the lens of regulatory theory, which explores how laws and institutions govern economic activities and compliance behavior. [10]This theory emphasizes that effective regulation is not just about rule-making but also about institutional design, monitoring capacity, and the relationship between regulators and the regulated entities.[11] In Nigeria, the Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (NCDMB) is the principal regulator under the NOGICD Act, 2010, but the proliferation of other regulatory bodiesespecially after the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA), 2021complicates the clarity and consistency of enforcement. Regulatory theory helps explain why overlapping mandates and fragmented institutional authority reduce regulatory effectiveness and increase the likelihood of non-compliance, especially among multinational oil companies (MNCs) with complex legal strategies.[12]
A second applicable theory is the developmental state theory, which views the state as a driver of economic transformation through targeted industrial policies, including local content mandates. This theory is useful in understanding the strategic rationale behind Nigeria’s LCRs, which aim to promote domestic industrialization, technology transfer, and indigenous employment.[13] The NOGICD Act reflects the characteristics of a developmental state by prioritizing Nigerian ownership, labor, and procurement in the oil and gas value chain. However, enforcement challenges undermine the realization of these objectives. The developmental state framework highlights the importance of a coherent policy environment and political will to support regulatory enforcement, both of which are frequently lacking in Nigeria due to bureaucratic inertia, vested interests, and legal uncertainty.[14]
Finally, legal pluralism offers a valuable framework for understanding the coexistence and conflict between domestic laws like the NOGICD Act, international investment agreements, and customary or community level norms. Legal pluralism posits that multiple legal systems can operate simultaneously within the same jurisdiction, often leading to tensions and enforcement gaps.[15] In the Nigerian context, foreign investors may invoke protections under bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and WTO law, which can conflict with local content mandates that favor indigenous entities. This plurality of legal orders complicates the task of regulators and judges, who must navigate between upholding national development policies and honoring international legal obligations.[16] Legal pluralism thus underscores the need for harmonization of domestic and international legal frameworks to support consistent and effective enforcement of LCRs.
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework for this discussion revolves around three central concepts: local content, legal enforcement, and regulatory coherence. Local content refers to the deliberate inclusion of indigenous participation in the oil and gas value chain through employment, procurement of goods and services, technology transfer, and capacity building.[17] The Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development (NOGICD) Act of 2010 gives legal backing to this objective, establishing clear benchmarks and mandates for operators to follow.[18] The concept underscores economic sovereignty and national development by reducing overreliance on foreign input and fostering local capacity. Understanding local content as both an economic and legal construct is key to appreciating the challenges surrounding its enforcement.[19]
Legal enforcement, the second key concept, focuses on the ability of the Nigerian statethrough its agencies and judicial mechanismsto ensure compliance with statutory local content obligations. This involves monitoring activities, interpreting statutory provisions, imposing sanctions, and resolving disputes. However, enforcement in Nigeria’s oil and gas sector is frequently hampered by institutional fragmentation, inconsistent application of legal rules, and overlapping jurisdictions.[20] These issues create regulatory uncertainty for both local and international actors. Therefore, enforcement is not just a question of legal will, but also of administrative capacity, political support, and the presence of functional legal infrastructure to uphold the provisions of the NOGICD Act and other related laws.[21]
The third major construct is regulatory coherence, which refers to the alignment and coordination of laws, policies, and institutional mandates. In the context of Nigeria’s oil and gas sector, achieving regulatory coherence is critical, given the interplay between the NOGICD Act, the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA) 2021, and international agreements such as bilateral investment treaties (BITs). Conflicting interpretations or overlapping mandates between the Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (NCDMB), the Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC), and other agencies often dilute the impact of local content policies. A coherent regulatory environment is essential for predictable legal outcomes and investor confidence, both of which are necessary for sustained compliance with local content requirements.
These contents establish a clear understanding of the core conceptslocal content, legal enforcement, and regulatory coherencethat underpin the challenges discussed in the article. They help explain why enforcement of local content laws in Nigeria’s oil and gas sector is complex, involving more than just legislative intent. By framing the issues conceptually, the article can better diagnose institutional and legal shortcomings that hinder compliance. This framework also supports practical recommendations aimed at improving legal and regulatory structures to ensure the success of local content objectives.
Legal Framework for Local Content in Nigeria
The NOGICD Act, 2010
The Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development (NOGICD) Act, 2010 is the principal legislation that governs local content in Nigeria’s oil and gas sector. Its primary objective, as outlined in Section 1, is to promote the use of Nigerian human and material resources in oil and gas operations. The Act establishes the Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (NCDMB) under Section 4, which is tasked with overseeing implementation and compliance.[22] The Act mandates Nigerian ownership thresholds for companies[23] and prioritizes local sourcing of goods, services, and labor.[24] Despite these robust provisions, enforcement challenges persist due to limited institutional capacity, vague definitions of “Nigerian content,” and resistance from international oil companies (IOCs). The NCDMB often faces obstacles in imposing penalties or mandating compliance due to protracted legal battles or loopholes exploited by foreign operators.
The Petroleum Industry Act (PIA), 2021
The Petroleum Industry Act (PIA), 2021 aims to modernize and unify Nigeria’s petroleum laws but introduces regulatory complexities that affect local content enforcement. Section 195(1) of the PIA reaffirms the continued application of the NOGICD Act in matters of local content.[25] However, the creation of new institutions like the Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC) and the Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority (NMDPRA) has generated jurisdictional overlaps with the NCDMB. This institutional fragmentation leads to conflicts in interpreting and enforcing local content obligations. Moreover, Section 96 of the PIA introduces a new fiscal framework that emphasizes investor incentives, sometimes at odds with protectionist content mandates. The result is a legal ambiguity that impairs the efficient enforcement of local content rules, particularly when operators argue conflicting interpretations of obligations between the PIA and the NOGICD Act.[26]
Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA), 2020
The Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA), 2020, though not primarily a local content law, intersects significantly with enforcement by regulating the ownership and corporate structure of businesses. Under Section 20(4) of CAMA, companies operating in Nigeria must have a minimum of one director resident in the country,[27] while Section 80 requires public companies to maintain registers disclosing beneficial ownership.[28] These provisions are critical to the enforcement of Section 3 of the NOGICD Act, which mandates a minimum 51% Nigerian ownership in companies seeking to participate in oil and gas operations. However, in practice, many companies use nominee arrangements and offshore holdings to circumvent these requirements, making regulatory verification difficult.[29] Without tighter alignment between CAMA and the NOGICD Act, enforcing local ownership thresholds remains problematic.
Nigerian Labour Laws
Nigeria’s labour laws, particularly the Labour Act Cap L1, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004, support local content mandates by protecting the rights of Nigerian workers and promoting employment. Section 34 of the Labour Act prohibits the employment of foreign workers without prior approval,[30] aligning with Section 31 of the NOGICD Act, which requires operators to submit succession plans for positions occupied by expatriates. Despite these provisions, enforcement is weak due to limited inspection capacity, corruption, and the technical loopholes used by companies to retain expatriates in roles meant for Nigerians.[31] Furthermore, fragmented coordination between the Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment and the NCDMB weakens the synergy necessary for enforcing labor-related local content obligations, particularly in terms of workforce transition and skills development.
Legal Challenges in Enforcement of Local Content Requirements in Nigerian Oil and Gas Sector
The enforcement of local content requirements in Nigeria’s oil and gas sector is central to the country’s economic strategy, yet it is significantly hampered by a range of legal and institutional challenges. Chief among these is the issue of institutional overlaps and jurisdictional conflicts, particularly between the Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (NCDMB), created under the NOGICD Act, 2010, and new agencies established by the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA), 2021. The unclear division of responsibilities among these regulators leads to duplication of efforts and conflicting directives, which weakens the overall enforcement framework. Additionally, constitutional constraints stemming from the centralized control of natural resources prevent states from tailoring local content initiatives to suit regional needs, thereby stifling grassroots participation. These foundational challenges are compounded by weak enforcement mechanisms, international legal conflicts, and judicial uncertainty, all of which have created a fragmented legal landscape that undermines the intended impact of Nigeria’s local content policy.
Institutional Overlaps and Jurisdictional Conflicts
One of the primary legal challenges in enforcing local content requirements in Nigeria’s oil and gas sector is the conflict arising from overlapping regulatory mandates. The Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (NCDMB), established by the NOGICD Act 2010 (Section 4), has statutory authority to enforce local content provisions. However, the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA), 2021 introduced new regulatory bodies, including the Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC) and the Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority (NMDPRA), without clearly delineating their roles relative to the NCDMB in terms of local content regulation.[32] This institutional multiplicity often results in conflicting directives and regulatory duplication. For instance, where the NUPRC issues guidelines affecting contract awards or procurement processes, it can encroach upon the exclusive local content oversight of the NCDMB, thereby weakening enforcement efficiency. The absence of a legal hierarchy among these regulators hampers clear accountability and creates legal uncertainty for operators.[33]
Constitutional Constraints
The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (as amended) vests exclusive control over natural resources in the Federal Government through the Exclusive Legislative List.[34] This centralization legally precludes states and regions from making or enforcing laws regarding extractive industries, including local content initiatives. As a result, subnational governments cannot legislate or implement tailored local content policies that address regional concerns or optimize community participation. This constraint limits the responsiveness and adaptability of local content enforcement across different oil-producing states. Additionally, it has fostered resistance from state governments and host communities, who often perceive federal policies as disconnected from local realities. The lack of constitutional accommodation for decentralized content governance creates friction that undermines the effectiveness of the national local content framework.[35]
Weak Enforcement Mechanisms and Sanctions
Despite the NCDMB’s legal authority under Section 68 of the NOGICD Act to impose sanctions on operators that violate local content requirements, enforcement remains weak in practice. The Board faces systemic limitations, including inadequate technical and legal capacity, political interference, and protracted litigation processes. International oil companies (IOCs) frequently exploit regulatory ambiguities or initiate legal challenges to delay or avoid sanctions. For example, cases involving non-compliance with Nigerian ownership thresholds or technology transfer obligations are often dragged through lengthy legal proceedings with little consequence. This undermines the deterrent effect of the Act and emboldens non-compliance. Without stronger institutional backing and streamlined adjudication processes, the existing enforcement regime remains largely ineffective.[36]
Conflicts with International Trade and Investment Law
Nigeria’s obligations under World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, particularly the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs), and multiple Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) often clash with local content provisions that prioritize domestic suppliers and workforce. Many BITs include clauses such as “fair and equitable treatment,” “national treatment,” and “protection from expropriation,” which can be interpreted as opposing local content mandates.[37] Foreign investors may challenge Nigeria’s enforcement of LCRs through Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) mechanisms, arguing that such policies constitute discriminatory practices. For instance, the now-infamous P&ID v Ministry of Petroleum of Nigeria,[38] although not directly about local content, highlighted how contractual and investment protections can override domestic economic policies. These legal tensions deter aggressive enforcement of local content laws and force regulators to tread cautiously to avoid international liability.
Judicial Interpretation and Case Law
Judicial interpretation of local content laws in Nigeria has gradually developed, particularly following the enactment of the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development (NOGICD) Act, 2010. However, the courts have not yet provided consistent or comprehensive legal clarity on the more intricate aspects of the Act, especially concerning enforcement mechanisms and their interaction with international investment laws.[39] While a number of cases have addressed specific disputes related to contract awards, procurement processes, and compliance with local participation thresholds, the judiciary has often taken a cautious approach, avoiding in-depth rulings on how local content requirements align or conflict with Nigeria’s bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and obligations under international trade frameworks such as the World Trade Organization (WTO).[40] This reluctance may stem from a lack of judicial expertise in complex transnational legal matters or a desire to avoid setting controversial precedents that could discourage foreign investment. As a result, the judiciary’s limited engagement with these broader legal questions has contributed to ongoing uncertainty in the enforcement of local content provisions, leaving key stakeholders regulators, investors, and local contractors—without definitive legal guidance on how to navigate the tensions between national economic policy goals and international legal commitments.[41]
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The enforcement of local content requirements in Nigeria’s oil and gas sector represents a critical component of the country’s broader economic diversification and development strategy. While the NOGICD Act, 2010 provides a robust legal foundation for enhancing indigenous participation, numerous legal challenges continue to undermine its effectiveness. These include institutional overlaps between the NCDMB and newly established regulatory bodies under the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA), 2021, constitutional limitations that prevent localized implementation, and weak enforcement mechanisms that allow multinational oil companies to exploit legal loopholes. Compounding these challenges are Nigeria’s international trade and investment commitments, which often conflict with domestic protectionist policies, leading to regulatory uncertainty and investor pushback. Without a coherent and unified legal framework, the aspirations of increased local capacity, employment, and technology transfer will remain largely unfulfilled.
To address these issues, a multi-pronged legal and policy reform approach is essential. First, there should be a clear delineation of roles among regulatory bodies, with legal amendments where necessary to ensure the supremacy of local content enforcement mechanisms. Second, the Constitution could be reviewed to permit states greater input in local content implementation, especially in resource-producing regions. Third, enforcement powers of the NCDMB should be strengthened through clearer sanctioning procedures and expedited judicial processes. Finally, Nigeria must pursue a strategic harmonization of its local content laws with international trade and investment obligations to reduce legal friction and enhance policy credibility. These recommendations, if implemented, can significantly strengthen the enforcement of local content requirements and contribute to the sustainable development of Nigeria’s oil and gas sector.
REFERENCES
- Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2010). *Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act (NOGICD)*. Official Gazette.
- Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2021). *Petroleum Industry Act (PIA)*. Official Gazette.
- Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2020). *Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA)*. Official Gazette.
- Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2004). *Labour Act Cap L1, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria*.
- World Trade Organization (WTO). (1995). *Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs)*.
- UNCTAD. (2020). *World Investment Report*. Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
- P&ID v Ministry of Petroleum of Nigeria, [2020] UK Commercial Court. Case No. CL-2019-000752.
FOOTNOTES
[1] OPEC (2022). Annual Statistical Bulletin
[2] Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (NCDMB). (2015). 3 years Annual Report.
[3] Iledare, W. (2007). Oil and the future of Nigeria: Perspectives and challenges and strategic actions for sustainable economic growth and development. Paper presented at the International Association for Energy Economics Round Table. Abuja, Nigeria. April 2007.KPMG Advisory services June, 2014.
[4] Ibid
[5] Ihua, U., ‘Local Content Policy and SMEs Sector Promotion: The Nigerians oil industry experience’. International Journal of Business and Management, (2010) 5(5) 3-13.
[6] Ibid.
[7] Gaius-Obaseki, I., ‘Technology Transfer: A Model for Nigeria’s Oil Industry. NOG Bulletin’, October. 29-30.Global Journal of Politics and Law Research, (2002) 8(1), 90-110.
[8] Adedeji, A., Sidique, F.S., Abdrahman, A., & Hook Law, STheRole of Local Content Policy in Local Value Creation in Nigeria Oil Industry: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach’. Resource Policy Journal, (2016) 49, 61-73.
[9] UNCTAD (2020). World Investment Report: International Production Beyond the Pandemic
[10] Goodwin, M. (2012). Regulation theory. In International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home (pp. 22–27). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-047163-1.00666-4
[11] Black, J. (2002). Critical Reflections on Regulation. Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation, London School of Economics.
[12] Black, J. (2002). Critical Reflections on Regulation. Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation, London School of Economics.
[13] Evans, P. (1995). Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton University Press.
[14] Singh, J. N., &Ovadia, J. S. The Theory and Practice of Building Developmental States in the Global South. Third World Quarterly, (2018) 39(6), 1033–1055. Available at https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2018.1455143
[15] Tamanaha, B. Z. (2000). A Non-Essentialist Version of Legal Pluralism. Journal of Law and Society, 27(3), 296–321.
[16] WTO TRIMs Agreement and Nigeria’s Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs). Somo, Armsterdam 2003
[17] Ihua, U. (2010). Local Content Policy and SMEs Sector Promotion: The Nigerians Oil Industry Experience. International Journal of Business and Management, (2010) 5(5) 3-13
[18] Nigeria Oil and Gas Industry Development Act, 2 (2010).Nigeria Oil and Gas Journal, Abuja, Nigeria. August 2010. 24-27.
[19] Udok, U., Udofia, M., &Okunbolade, O., Local Content Development in the Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria: Problems and prospects. European Journal of Training and Development Studies, (2020) 7(1), 64–83. ECRTD-UK.
[20] Ibid.
[21] Balouga, J. Nigeria Local Content: Challenges and Prospects. International Association of Energy Economics Newsletter, 3rd Quarter Edn, 2012, 23.
[22] NOGICD Act 2010, s.4
[23] Ibid, s.3
[24] Ibid,s.28–33.
[25] PIA 2021,s.195(1)
[26] Ibid,s.96
[27] CAMA, 2020, s. 20(4)
[28] Ibid. s.80,
[29] NOGICD Act 2010,s.3
[30] Labour Act, 2004, s.34
[31] NOGICD Act, s,31
[32] Iledare, W. (2007). Oil and the future of Nigeria: Perspectives and challenges and strategic actions for sustainable economic growth and development. Paper presented at the International Association for Energy Economics Round Table. Abuja, Nigeria. April 2007.KPMG Advisory services June, 2014
[33] Omenikolo, J.A. &Amadi, R.O., Challenges facing Nigeria Local Content in the Oil and Gas Industry.International Journal of Renewable Energy, (2010) 15-20.
[34] Second Schedule, Part I, Item 39 of Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999.
[35] Balouga, J. Nigeria Local Content: Challenges and Prospects. International Association of Energy Economics Newsletter, 3rd Quarter Edn, (2012), 23.
[36] Balouga, J. Nigeria Local Content: Challenges and Prospects. International Association of Energy Economics Newsletter, 3rd Quarter Edn, (2012), 23.
[37] Adedeji, A., Sidique, F.S., Abdrahman, A., & Hook Law, S., The Role of Local Content Policy in Local Value Creation in Nigeria Oil Industry: A structural equation modelling approach. Resource Policy Journal,(2016) 49, 61-73.
[38] P&ID v Ministry of Petroleum of Nigeria (2024] EWCA 790, 12 July 2024.
[39] Frynas, J. G. (2004). The Oil Boom in Equatorial Guinea. African Affairs, 103(413), 527–546.
[40] Frynas, J. G. (2004). The Oil Boom in Equatorial Guinea. African Affairs, 103(413), 527–546.
[41] Omenikolo, J.A. &Amadi, R.O. (2010). ‘Challenges facing Nigeria Local Content in the Oil and Gas Industry’.International Journal of Renewable Energy, (2010), 15-20.