Women’s Mental Health in Andhra Pradesh Post-COVID: Global Insights and Perspectives

Women’s Mental Health in Andhra Pradesh Post-COVID: Global Insights and Perspectives

Bhavya Bharathi Kotikalapudi, Shahnaz Sheibani

Lincoln University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.908000336

Received: 16 August 2025; Accepted: 23 August 2025; Published: 10 September 2025

ABSTRACT

The pandemic has substantially altered the landscape of mental health, disproportionately affecting women (J et al., 2020). Married women, mothers, and socioeconomically vulnerable groups have faced unique burdens. This review examines, COVID 19 relationship between among pre-existing risk factors, such as personality traits, socioeconomic status, and marital dynamics, and depression in married women, with a focal point on the differential results of Long COVID.

A comprehensive literature review conducted across multiple databases from 2019 to 2025 identified 36 relevant studies that met the inclusion standards. Those included studies on numerous female populations, pregnant women, pre-K teachers, women with infertility, cancer patients, those with prior depression, adolescents, and divorced women. While this diversity enriches the literature, many of these studies focus on populations other than married women. Sample sizes ranged from small qualitative cohorts to large-scale surveys. Most studies employed validated instruments (EPDS, PHQ-9, and EAT-26), though some qualitative work lacked standardized measures.

Findings imply the pandemic has worsened mental health outcomes throughout all organizations, (WHO, 2022), intensifying depression, anxiety, and stress. Susceptible subgroups, particularly pregnant women, faced distinct challenges. In Andhra Pradesh, especially in Vijayawada, suicide rates have risen.   In 2021, Andhra Pradesh recorded 8,067 suicide deaths, marking a 14.5% increase over the 2020 figure of 7,043. The suicide (Senapati RE, 2022)The rate stood at 15.3 per 100,000 population. Of these suicides, a significant number were linked to mental illness (519 cases) and prolonged physical illness (1,779 cases). These figures, while alarming, require contextual interpretation. Suicide rates in Andhra Pradesh exceed the national average of 12 per 100,000, with women, especially those in marital households, bearing a disproportionate share of the burden due to domestic violence, economic stress, and restricted access to care.

In terms of disease burden, Andhra Pradesh ranked among the top states in the middle socio-demographic index (SDI) group in terms of loss. (Vidyasagaran et al., 2023) Of healthy life years due to depressive disorders—793 years per 100,000 population, surpassing most other states in its category. A rural mental health survey from West Godavari district revealed that 14.4% of participants had depression, 10.8% had anxiety,(S et al., 2018) And 3.5% reported suicidal ideation. These issues were especially prevalent among women, individuals aged 30–59, the uneducated, and those who were divorced/separated/or widowed.

A key finding concerns the temporal variation in mental health crises. (Kattimani et al., 2016), with peak incidents occurring between 6-9 pm, followed by 9-3 pm. Despite this pattern, nighttime mental health support remains inadequate, even though symptoms often worsen during these hours. From a feminist perspective, gender oppression plays a significant role in the depression experienced by married women.

This research highlights key gaps in the literature, including the reliance on non-random samples and the absence of validated instruments in a minority of studies.. In Andhra Pradesh. This gap is critical given the documented temporal peaks in crises during vulnerable and nighttime hours. Mental health services must therefore adapt to address the nighttime needs, integrating feminist perspectives and new empirical findings to deliver effective, culturally sensitive support for women.

However, the specific contribution of Long COVID-19 to psychological outcomes remains underexplored. Symptoms such as cognitive fatigue, chronic exhaustion, and neurological impairment have been linked to heightened risks of depression and anxiety, particularly among married women.

Keywords: Women’s Mental Health, Married Women, Personality Traits and Prevention, Depression and Anxiety, Nocturnal Mental Health, Caregiving Stress, South Asia, Andhra Pradesh

INTRODUCTION

While significant progress has been made in understanding mental health challenges during pregnancy and post-partum periods during the COVID-19 pandemic, depression in non-pregnant married women remains comparatively underexplored (Jeong et al., 2024) Comparatively underexplored. This gap is notable, given that the pandemic exacerbated many pre-existing social, economic, and psychological vulnerabilities among this demographic. Over the past few years, global crises, most notably Covid 19, have tested the resilience of women’s mental health, introduced new stressors while intensifying existing ones. In Particular, lockdowns, economic instability, and disruptions in healthcare services created conditions that heightened the risk of depression, anxiety, and stress for many married women.

In India, some married women still perceive COVID-19 as a personal health threat in 2025, reflecting a lingering high-risk perception despite the formal end of the acute pandemic phase. This perception can lead to (Wang et al., 2022) Misattribution, where current symptoms are attributed to the pandemic. Such misattribution may also obscure the role of personality-linked vulnerabilities. (Hartveit Kvarstein et al., 2022)Personality traits are known to influence pandemic-related impacts, concerns, and behaviours in culturally variable ways. In the context of Andhra Pradesh, these complexities are compounded by high suicide rates, underreporting of mental illness, and gendered social structures that may limit timely access to care.

By addressing these overlooked intersections between pandemic-era stressors, persistent risk perception, and personality-driven (Conrod, 2016), this narrative review examines the post-pandemic mental health landscape for married women in Andhra Pradesh. Through an analysis of studies published between 2019 and 2025, this study aims to identify persistent risk factors, document temporal patterns of psychological crises, and propose culturally informed strategies, particularly for evening and nighttime support, tailored to this vulnerable population.

METHODOLOGY

Search Strategy

A literature review was conducted in Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Medline, and PubMed to identify studies published between January 2019 and 2025 that were considered with emphasis on studies exploring women’s mental health during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly about married women, personality-linked vulnerabilities, and service availability in India and globally. Search terms combined variations of “COVID-19,” “mental health,” “India,” “personality prevention,” “risk perception,” and “mental health services in India” using Boolean operators. Priority was given to studies that addressed (i)Pandemic-related stressors, (ii)Depression and Anxiety among Women, and (iii)contextual issues relevant to Andhra Pradesh.

Table 1: Databases and keywords used for search strategy

-Selection Approach:

Studies were screened for relevance, credibility, and contribution to thematic understanding.

Both quantitative and qualitative research were included to capture diverse experiences.

Particular attention was given to validated instruments (e.g., EPDS, PHQ-9, EAT-26), while also acknowledging qualitative accounts that enriched contextual insights.

Data Presentation

To support transparency and comparison, Table 1 summarizes the databases and keywords used during the search process (2019–2025), while additional tables in the results section highlight study settings, populations, methods, and findings.

Table 2: Selected studies and their primary outcomes

DISCUSSION

Recent studies summarized in Table 1 demonstrate significant progress in understanding women’s mental health during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, but also reveal critical service and knowledge gaps, particularly for non-pregnant married women in South Asia. Globally, many interventions and studies have been (Nagashima-Hayashi et al., 2022)youth-focused or designed for(Perkins et al., 2023) Mixed -gender populations. Similarly, interventions tend to be content-specific, for example, substance misuse, anxiety, or PTSD, rather than context-sensitive, overlooking how situational.(Deshmukh et al., 2025) Factors such as time of day, family environment, decision-making preferences, or caregiving pressures shape women’s mental health experiences.

A notable gap is the limited integration of personality screening into preventive interventions. While Trait Activation (Robert P. Tett, 2021)Theory suggests that personality traits become more predictive in specific contexts, for example, in help-seeking or high neuroticism, manifesting more strongly at night. Current progress rarely operationalizes (Prof Nusrat Husain, MD, 2024)This is real-time prevention. Tools that exist for personality-targeted prevention have been tested mostly in adolescents or substance (Bhattacharya et al., 2019)misuse populations, but no existing intervention framework applies this model to adult married women in high-risk contexts, such as nighttime or domestic caregiving environments.

Globally, women’s safety and well-being in nighttime contexts, for example, in commuting to public events, have been studied through behavioural or (Katarzyna Nowakowska-Domagała, 2025)Environmental perspectives. However, personality-based prevention models for women’s nocturnal mental health are very limited. This created a mismatch, while the risk. (Melis, 2025)Contexts are well-defined on women’s experiences in urban public spaces, such as commuting, nighttime movement, and safety in public areas. Interventions remain generic, focusing largely on environmental or infrastructural improvements like lighting, surveillance, and transport safety. However, these strategies do not personalize prevention to women’s lived psychological risk profiles, leaving a critical gap in designing adaptive, personality strategies to women’s lived risk profiles, a gap that the Integrated Nocturnal Mental Health model directly seeks to address in India.

Another limitation across most studies in the table is methodological. The majority rely on quantitative cross-sectional surveys, which provide prevalence data but offer little insight into women’s lived experiences, especially in regions like India, where somatic distress. (Mo Daming, 2021)Presentations are common. Few studies employ longitudinal designs to examine how personality traits, resilience.(Igor Londero, 2024) , and social support interact over time to influence long-term trajectories of depression and anxiety.

Approximately 22.5% of married women in India spent over 70 hours per week on chores, unmatched by men or (Panchal et al., 2023)Unmarried women. In severe cases, prolonged stress led to critical mental health conditions, including suicidal thoughts. Furthermore, the neurological impact of COVID-19 might have aggravated mental health issues for those who were already at risk. (Shetty et al., 2023), demonstrating how social and biological pressures combined to worsen women’s mental health struggles.

In the Indian context, research remains fragmented and heavily maternal-focused, with postpartum depression. (Richa et al., 2025)Dominating the literature. Non-pregnant married women, who face the double burden of paid work and unpaid caregiving, remain largely invisible. Unlike global studies that have begun exploring (Richa et al., 2025), risk perception, or digital access, Indian studies rarely test these dimensions. Moreover, there is no established community-based intervention model that explicitly addresses women’s mental health high high-risk nocturnal contexts. This highlights an urgent need for innovative frameworks such as an Integrated Nocturnal Mental Health Service Model that combines personality screening for risk identification, context-sensitive tools, and culturally adapted interventions responsive to stigma and gender norms in South Asia.

The service gap is equally striking. While India has initiated programs such as (Kirpekar et al., 2024)SMART Mental Health Project, these efforts emphasize scaling basic mental health access in rural areas and do not yet incorporate adaptive, personality-driven, or situationally responsive strategies. In contrast, some global interventions, for example, personality-targeted CBT in South Asia Women (Lau et al., 2022)in the UK, studies show that culturally adapted, personality-aware models can yield strong outcomes, yet such evidence is limited in India. This reinforces the need to anchor research more firmly in the context of married women, who face the dual burden of caregiving and economic insecurity. Unlike adolescents or postpartum mothers, married women in Andhra Pradesh navigate persistent marital dynamics, household responsibilities, and Long Covid risk that compound their vulnerability.

CONCLUSION

This review highlights that while global research has advanced in identifying pandemic-related mental health stressors among women, significant conceptual and service gaps persist for married women in South Asia. Available studies emphasize youth, mixed -gender, or maternal populations, overlooking the unique vulnerabilities of married women navigating professional responsibilities, unpaid caregiving, and marital dynamics in high-risk contexts such as nighttime. Three gaps are most evident: the Contextual gap, like current interventions rarely integrate situational variables like time of day, caregiving environment, or social support. Personality screening gap, few interventions use personality screening for real-time, adaptive preventive strategies, despite(Christina M. Juchem, 2024). Effectiveness of personality-based preventive approaches. In terms of Service, India lacks community-based, culturally responsive programs designed for married women’s mental health needs.  By situating diverse findings back within the framework of married women’s mental health, this review highlights the urgency of developing interventions that address their distinctive intersection of caregiving, marital, and health-related stressors.

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