A Balanced Nutrition According to the Al-Quran and Al-Sunnah: An Islamic Approach for Enhancing the Urban Poor Asnaf Community’s Quality of Life

A Balanced Nutrition According to the Al-Quran and Al-Sunnah: An Islamic Approach for Enhancing the Urban Poor Asnaf Community’s Quality of Life

Sharifah Hamzah¹, Dr. Sarip Adul², Dr. Ahmad Munawar Ismail³

^1,2Faculty of Islamic Studies, University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.

³Faculty of Islamic Studies, National University of Malaysia, Malaysia.

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.906000206

Received: 04 June 2025; Accepted: 05 June 2025; Published: 08 July 2025

ABSTRACT

Balanced nutrition is a crucial aspect of human life that significantly impacts health and well-being. Islamic principles and values, as stipulated in the al-Qur’an and al-Sunnah, emphasize the importance of balance in dietary practices by advocating healthy eating habits while avoiding wastefulness and harmful foods. However, the urban poor asnaf community often faces nutritional deficiencies due to limited access to high quality and nutritious food. According to the literature review, the halalan tayyiban concept highlights the importance of moderate food consumption as well as the selection of wholesome (tayyib) and healthy food. This study aimed to explore the Islamic-based balanced nutrition concept and its application for improving the urban poor asnaf community’s quality of life. It also aimed to identify the principles of nutrition in Islam, analyse the nutritional challenges faced by the urban poor asnaf and propose Quranic and Sunnah-based solutions for addressing this issue. This study adopted a conceptual approach that examined Islamic literature and previous studies related to nutrition and social well-being. Findings suggest that a balanced intake of nutrition can be achieved through nutrition awareness education, strengthening food aid programs initiated by Islamic institutions, and the role of zakat institutions in ensuring easy access to nutritious food for the asnaf community. This study is expected to contribute to the formulation of more holistic and effective nutrition aid policies or programs to address healthy eating habit issues faced by this vulnerable group.

Keywords: Balanced nutrition, al-Quran, al-Sunnah, asnaf (urban poor), well-being, urban areas

INTRODUCTION

A balanced diet is a fundamental aspect of human life that ensures the body remains healthy and functioning at an optimum level. The concept of nutrition, from an Islamic perspective, emphasizes on nutritional balance as well as the halal status and a show of gratitude for His blessings. Islam, as a comprehensive way of life (syumul), provides clear guidelines on dietary practices through the al-Qur’an and al-Sunnah, which serve as references for proper human conduct.

Urban poor communities, particularly those classified as asnaf (those eligible for receiving zakat), often face challenges when trying to secure sufficient and nutritious food, which in turn affects their quality of life. The high cost of living in cities, unstable employment and limited knowledge about proper nutrition puts this group at a higher risk of chronic health issues and malnutrition. The asnaf are also subjected to long working hours, which leads them to opt for quick or easy meals that are often low in nutritional value, such as fast foods that are high in saturated fat, salt and sugar (Tieman & Hassan, 2015)(Pooneh et al., 2020).

In the contemporary lifestyle context, preparing healthy daily meals is crucial for preventing overeating and maintaining overall health. The Malaysian Food Pyramid serves as a guide for individuals who wish to diversify their food intake based on the portion size recommended by the Ministry of Health Malaysia. In addition, the “Quarter-Quarter-Half” concept of the Malaysian Healthy Plate, which emphasizes fruits and vegetables, helps supply the body with essential vitamins, minerals and antioxidants to fight off diseases(Ain et al., 2018)(Moh, 2013).

The nutrition education aspect grounded in Islamic values remains grossly underemphasized in the case of the asnaf community, although various financial aid initiatives and food supplies have been provided to them. There is a noticeable gap in the research concerning the application of Islamic dietary principles to ensure the urban asnaf community’s well-being(Jailani et al., 2021). Most existing studies tend to focus on physical welfare and socioeconomic aspects, without paying sufficient attention to Islamic nutrition’s role in the asnaf’s daily live. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address this gap by exploring Islamic dietary principles (as stipulated in the al-Qur’an and al-Sunnah) as a foundation for enhancing the well-being of this target group. Hence, this study aimed to analyse the Islamic principles of a balanced diet (based on the al-Qur’an and al-Sunnah), and conceptually examine the potential of an Islamic-based approach for improving the urban poor asnaf community’s quality of life.

This study is vital for its efforts to contribute to the development of knowledge and practices surrounding Islamic nutrition that are relevant to contemporary challenges faced by urban communities. Furthermore, the findings are expected to serve as a reference for formulating more integrated intervention programs rooted in Islamic values and principles, primarily aimed at holistically empowering the asnaf’s well-being.

LITERATURE REVIEW

According to Islam, the nutrition concept is clearly outlined in the al-Qur’an and al-Sunnah. Allah SWT exhorted in Surah al-Baqarah, verse 172, as follows:

“O you who have believed, eat from the good [i.e., lawful] things which We have provided for you and be grateful to Allāh if it is [indeed] Him that you worship”

(Surah al-Baqarah:172)

This verse highlights the importance of choosing food that is halal and tayyib (pure and wholesome), which represents the fundamental aspect of a Muslim’s life. This clearly indicates that food selection is not merely about satisfying human needs but also nurturing spiritual values, which in turn encourages a show of gratitude to Allah SWT for His blessings. Consuming non-halal or nutrition deficient food can have detrimental effects, not only on one’s physical health but also on spiritual focus and devotion in worship.

Islam also teaches the principle of moderation when consuming food and beverages. Allah SWT exhorted in Surah al-A’raf, verse 31, as follows:

“O children of Adam, take your adornment [i.e., wear your clothing] at every masjid, and eat and drink, but be not excessive. Indeed, He likes not those who commit excess”(Surah al-A’raf: 31)

This prohibition against wastefulness and overeating is intended to preserve physical health, prevent disease as well as cultivate a disciplined and grateful character. The Prophet Muhammad SAW’s hadith also emphasizes the principle of moderation when consuming food, as follows:

“The son of Adam does not fill any vessel worse than his stomach. It is enough for the son of Adam to eat a few mouthfuls to straighten his back, but if he must (fill his stomach), then one third for his food, one third for his drink, and one third for his breath”(Narrated by al-Tirmidhi)

According to Islam, a balanced nutrition is considered a part of daily worship that reflects obedience and responsible self-management. These messages clearly indicate that Islam does not emphasise consuming food as merely fulfilling one’s physical needs, but includes the observance of reverent values such as ethics, moderation and a show of gratitude for His blessings(Wiwik Widiyati, 2023). Therefore, in-depth research on balanced nutrition and its impact on health and life deserves serious attention from all parties for the community’s present and future well-being. Such efforts can also help the country reduce the prevalence of chronic illnesses in the long term.

Balanced Nutrition and Its Impact on Health

Studies in modern health sciences have shown that maintaining a balanced diet, which includes a combination of complex carbohydrates, proteins, healthy fats, vitamins and minerals, plays a vital role in sustaining optimum bodily functions and preventing illnesses. According to (“Pelan Tindakan Keselamatan Makanan Kebangsaan 2010 – 2020,” 2020), the practice of eating based on the Malaysian Healthy Plate concept (half the plate filled with fruits and vegetables, one-quarter with protein and one-quarter with whole grains) has proven effective in reducing the incidence of obesity and chronic illnesses among the general population. Choosing food according to this model helps regulate balanced nutrient intake and lowers the risk of non-communicable diseases or metabolic disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension and heart disease.

Islamic principles and values on balanced nutrition align closely with these principles. (Hamzah, 2012) found that proper nutrition not only benefits physical health but also contributes to mental and emotional well-being. According to Islam, mental and physical healthcare is a religious obligation, as the human body is a type of trust (amanah) from Allah SWT that must be protected and honoured. Thus, healthy eating is an essential factor when developing a strong, resilient and productive community. Islam states that a healthy diet is not just about physical wellness, but also a form of gratitude to Allah SWT for His blessings. This reinforces the Islamic perspective that the human body is a form of trust (amanah) that must be preserved and honoured with utmost the responsibility(Ghaffari, 2014).

Literature also shows that excessive and uninhibited eating habits are closely linked to the rise of non-communicable diseases or metabolic disorders, that could negatively affect a country through declining productivity and increased economic burdens. This underscores the relevance of Islamic guidance that emphasizes moderation (wasatiyyah) in all aspects of life, including the consumption of food and beverage. This emphasis is intended to mould and shape individuals and societies into sustainable, balanced and productive entities in every aspect of life.

Nutrition and the Urban Poor Asnaf’s Well-Being

The urban poor asnaf community faces significant challenges in terms of a balanced nutritional intake and a healthy lifestyle. According to (Ain et al., 2018), limited financial resources force them to opt for cheaper food options that are often low in nutritional value, such as fast foods and cheap sugar-laden products. A hectic urban life, coupled with the pressure of living costs, leads to food choices driven by availability and low prices rather than health quality meals. Factors, such as economic hardship, restricted access and low nutritional awareness, all contribute to the consumption of cheap and nutrient-deficient foods, which in turn exacerbates the risk and build-up of various chronic illnesses.

(Papoush et al., 2020) found that existing food aid programs primarily focus on quantity and merely satiating the hunger of the underprivileged rather than providing nutritional food essential for health development. This creates a cycle of health-related poverty, where the urban poor remain trapped in nutrition-linked illnesses. In this context, the Islamic approach that is anchored in the halal, tayyib and moderation principles, can offer practical guidance for improving the asnaf community’s quality of life and going beyond the mere fulfilment of basic needs(Mohammadifard et al., 2021).

Islam offers a holistic approach for laying a foundation for reform. The halalan tayyiban concept should be integrated into food aid and community education programs to ensure that the food is halal and nutritional, and the recipients are grateful for His blessings. (Nahar & Hidayatulloh, 2021) stated that Islamic-based nutritional awareness can promote healthy lifestyle practices among the impoverished asnaf community, especially when integrated with mosque or surau-based programs and zakat institutions. The asnaf’s well-being can be enhanced physically, spiritually, socially and economically through well-balanced nutrition guided by Islamic principles and values.

Overall, the literature review revealed that the principles of balanced nutrition stipulated in the al-Qur’an and al-Sunnah offer comprehensive guidance by emphasizing the permissibility of food that is halal, nutritionally balanced, consumed in moderation, and the consumer showing gratitude for His blessing. Meanwhile, contemporary research and health reports affirm that the intake of balanced nutrition acts as the pillar for improving physical and mental well-being. However, there remains a gap in efforts to integrate these Islamic nutritional principles and values into strategies aimed at improving the urban poor asnaf’s quality of life(Niri & Ahmad, 2021). Therefore, this study intended to fill that gap by developing a conceptual approach grounded in Islamic principles and values, with the aim of empowering the asnaf community’s holistic well-being in a more effective and pronounced manner.

Conceptual Framework

Based on the literature review discussed earlier, this study proposed a conceptual framework to illustrate the relationship between Islamic principles and values pertaining to balanced nutrition and the urban poor asnaf community’s well-being. This framework is grounded on primary data sources (al-Qur’an and al-Sunnah) and further corroborated by findings from contemporary research on nutrition and a healthy lifestyle practiced by low-income communities.

The framework connects key concepts, such as halalan tayyiban, nutritional balance and moderate food consumption, with the urban asnaf community’s quality of life. It also emphasizes that interventions based on Islamic principles and values can contribute towards improving the asnaf’s physical, mental and spiritual well-being.

The diagram below presents the conceptual framework developed by this study:

Source: Author, 2025.

The conceptual framework is based on the primary data sources (al-Qur’an and al-Sunnah) that serve as a comprehensive guideline for all aspects of human life, including dietary practices. Based on this framework, the understanding of Islamic-based balanced nutrition is translated into several core principles and values that form the foundation of Islamic dietary practices, which should be adopted and practiced by the urban poor asnaf community.

The al-Qur’an and al-Sunnah are the primary references for determining Islamic dietary protocols and etiquette, with an emphasis on balance, permissibility (halal), gratitude towards His blessings (barakah) and moderate consumption of food. These reference sources ensure that food consumption choices are not made merely to satisfy physical needs, but align with the requirements of Islamic principles and values. The Islamic concept of balanced nutrition emphasises the importance of consuming food that is halal, wholesome (tayyib), nutritionally balanced and consumed in moderation, which ultimately leads to physical, emotional and spiritual well bing.

Islamic dietary principles include halal (permissibility) and tayyib (wholesome) elements that emphasize the consumption of permissible food sourced from clean, pure, nutritious and non-harmful sources or ingredients. A balanced consumption of food involving various essential nutrients is vital for maintaining health, as also outlined in modern guidelines such as the Malaysian Healthy Plate (Pinggan Sihat Malaysia). These dietary practices promote a comprehensive well-being through a balanced diet that supports the body’s overall function.

The principle of moderation, as highlighted in the al-Qur’an and al-Sunnah, advocates the moderate consumption of food and beverage, avoiding excess and preventing wastefulness. The asnaf community’s dietary practices are often shaped by economic factors, limited awareness of Islamic principles and values on nutrition and food choices driven more by affordability rather than nutritional quality. Studies have shown that their diets frequently fall short of the nutritional balance recommended in Islamic teachings.

Several key factors that influence the asnaf’s dietary habits include low-cost and readily available prepared food options, often at the expense of nutritional value and healthy eating. Awareness of Islamic dietary principles and values plays a crucial role in shaping daily eating practices. These habits can be improved through education and exposure to Islamic principles and values. However, financial constraints limit the asnaf’s ability to access nutritionally balanced meals, even if they are aware of the importance of healthy eating. Educational and awareness-based interventions rooted in Islamic principles and values are essential for improving the asnaf’s nutritional practices. Such approaches could include community programs, religious discourses, healthy cooking workshops and collaboration with zakat institutions and mosques/surau. These efforts aim to propagate the values of moderately consuming halal, wholesome (tayyib) and nutritionally balanced foods.

It is anticipated that this conceptual framework can serve as a basis for understanding how Islamic dietary principles and values can be incorporated into in the lives of the urban asnaf community, ultimately contributing to their overall physical, mental and spiritual prosperity.

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

This qualitative study adopted the library research method with the aim of developing a conceptual understanding of balanced nutrition from an Islamic perspective and its relationship to efforts for improving the urban poor asnaf community’s quality of life (Bowen, 2009)(Mohd Sauzi & Nik Yusoff, 2022). This study did not involve field data collection, but instead relied entirely on the content analysis of textual sources and scholarly documents.

The primary data source for this study comprised verses from the al-Qur’an and al-Sunnah that were related to nutrition, as well as classical and contemporary academic writings that discussed issues related to halal food, moderate food consumption, nutritional balance and showing gratitude towards His blessings. In addition, the study drew on contemporary health reports, guidelines issued by the Malaysian Ministry of Health (MOH) and journal articles that addressed urban community health, nutrition and poverty(Suhadi, 2023).

The analytical approach employed in this study is the thematic analysis method, through which the main themes related to Islamic dietary principles and values as well as their influence on the asnaf community’s dietary practices were identified and systematically examined. Findings from the literature were then synthesized to form the conceptual framework of the study, as presented earlier(Kamariyah & Saleh, 2019).

FINDINGS

Based on the analysis of various Islamic and contemporary literary sources, several key findings were identified in support of developing this study’s conceptual framework. These findings were derived from Islamic dietary principles as well as the challenges and potential interventions related to the urban poor asnaf community.

The first finding indicates that Islamic principles of nutrition, namely halal and tayyib, nutritional balance and moderate consumption, are pertinent to physical, spiritual and social well-being. Consuming halal and tayyib (wholesome) food preserves the purity of the body and mind, while consuming food in moderation helps prevent illnesses and cultivates a balanced character. This reflects Islam’s holistic approach that does not separate nutrition from overall well-being.

The literature revealed that the urban asnaf community tends to choose food based on financial affordability and accessibility, rather than health considerations or Islamic principles and values. A low level of awareness regarding Islamic dietary principles and values contributes to an unhealthy lifestyle among members of the asnaf community. The routine consumption of cheap foods as well as fast foods high in sugar, salt and fat does persist despite its alarming long-term deleterious health implications.

Limited financial resources is a major barrier to achieving a balanced nutrition. Financial constraints often prevent them from purchasing fresh and nutritious food although there is some awareness among the asnaf about the importance of healthy eating. This underscores why educational efforts alone without material support and integrated strategies are insufficient for instilling and sustaining a balanced nutrition lifestyle among the asnaf.

Findings also indicate that the Islamic approach in the form of educational programs in mosques/surau, Islamic health talks, zakat community programs and nutrition-related education in schools, has a strong potential to positively influence dietary habits among the asnaf. When food consumption is viewed as form of religious devotion and implementing a trust (amanah), individuals become more motivated to care for their own health and that of their families. The literature suggests that collaboration between religious institutions, NGOs and the Ministry of Health (MOH) should be strengthened to promote awareness of Islamic nutritional principles values in vulnerable communities.

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This study explored previous research findings identified through a literature review, with a focus on the relationship between Islamic dietary principles, values and the well-being of the urban poor asnaf community. It also highlighted how the Islamic approach to sustaining good nutritional practices can be practically adopted by vulnerable communities to address issues pertinent to unbalanced diets.

Islamic dietary principles and values include physical, mental and spiritual elements, hence, making it a comprehensive and holistic approach. The halal and tayyib concepts ensure the purity of food sources, while emphasizing its nutritional value and impact on the human body. Moderation encourages the consumption of food in adequate portions to avoid wastage, which aligns with the principles of sustainability. This is consistent with modern healthy eating guidelines, such as the Malaysian Healthy Plate (Pinggan Sihat Malaysia). This study reinforces the view that Islamic dietary practices are not in conflict with scientific principles; rather, they are more profound as they integrate spiritual values with physical health.

Findings also indicate that economic factors remain the primary barrier to healthy eating practices. Low-cost high-calorie foods are the most accessible and therefore, often the first choice among the asnaf community. This issue is not confined to Malaysia alone, but has also been reported by international studies from countries such as Indonesia and Pakistan. Such comparisons reveal that urban poverty is directly linked to issues such as malnutrition, hidden hunger, chronic diseases and generally, a low-quality of life. This underscores the need for nutritional awareness to be tailored to the socioeconomic realities of the target community to ensure relevant and effective interventions.

Knowledge about Islamic dietary principles and values remains relatively low among the urban asnaf community. This study found that numerous health awareness programs had failed to incorporate religious elements into their approach, thus, making health messages less relatable or insufficiently internalized by the target audience. Therefore, the role of religious institutions, such as mosques, surau and zakat bodies, should be expanded to include nutrition-related education. Health talks, delivered from an Islamic perspective, have proven to be more readily accepted by low-income Muslim communities, as the approach resonates more closely with their daily values and way of life.

The discussion found that education grounded in Islamic principles and values holds significant potential as a tool for social and health transformation among the asnaf. When principles, such as gratitude (syukur), accountability towards one’s body (amanah) and the prohibition of wastefulness, are emphasized, the perception of consuming food shifts from being a mere necessity to a responsibility affiliated to worship and survival. This study proposes a formal development of an Islamic nutrition module to be incorporated into community aid and intervention programs. Such a module could be implemented through NGOs, zakat institutions, and in collaboration with the Ministry of Health Malaysia.

Overall, this study demonstrates that Islam’s approach to nutrition is not merely a spiritual guideline but can be adopted as a value-based health intervention policy. When applied in an integrated manner, it has the potential to improve dietary practices and, ultimately, enhance the urban poor asnaf community’s overall quality of life.

This study had conceptually explored the relationship between the principles of balanced nutrition, as outlined in the al-Qur’an and al-Sunnah, and the well-being of the urban poor asnaf community. Based on literature analysis and the conceptual framework, it can be concluded that Islam provides a comprehensive guide to nutrition by emphasizing on the food’s halal status, importance of nutritional balance, moderation in consumption and showing gratitude for His blessings.

The findings indicate that the urban asnaf community is exposed to unhealthy eating habits due to economic constraints, limited knowledge of Islamic dietary principles and values as well as the pressures of urban living. These factors contribute to various physical and social health problems, ultimately affecting the asnaf’s overall quality of life. Therefore, the Islamic approach to nutrition, which is spiritual and practical, can serve as a foundation for health and welfare intervention programs.

Development of an Islamic Nutritional Education Module

An educational module based on Islamic nutritional principles that emphasizes halalan tayyiban, nutritional balance and moderation concepts, should be developed and integrated into community programs. In addition, zakat institutions, religious departments, health-related NGOs and the Ministry of Health should collaborate and design a healthy eating strategy grounded in Islamic principles and values, specifically for the urban asnaf community.

Health-related talks and nutrition workshops can be implemented through mosques and surau by utilizing a spiritual and practical approach that resonates more effectively with the Muslim community. Further empirical research should assess the effectiveness of this conceptual approach aimed at improving the asnaf community’s dietary habits and measure its impact on their health and quality of life.

In summary, this article proposes that balanced nutrition, as mentioned in the al-Qur’an and al-Sunnah, should be adopted as an alternative holistic approach with the intention of addressing the welfare challenges faced by the urban poor. Islam offers spiritual guidance as well as a health and social framework that is highly relevant to contemporary challenges faced by today’s urban and challenged communities.

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