Adolescent Quick Money-Making Tendencies and the Burden on Counselling

Adolescent Quick Money-Making Tendencies and the Burden on Counselling

Barr. Mrs. Mary Lawrence Effiong, Ph.D

Department of Sociology and Social Work Obong University, Obong Ntak Etim Ekpo Local Government Area Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.90600076

Received: 14 April 2025; Accepted: 25 April 2025; Published: 30 June 2025

ABSTRACT

In recent times, there has been noticeable increase in the desire by adolescents to make money and while this in itself should not be a problem, their tendency towards usurious returns primarily for ostentation, and their willingness to engage in almost anything including diabolic and fraudulent engagements, have made it a challenge to societal cohesion, progress and development. This article discusses how counselling can be used to address these challenges by looking at the causes of this quick money-making tendencies among adolescents, manifestations of these tendencies and how counselling can be used to address the situation/challenge. The article identifies hardship, parental deficiencies, gangsterism and globalization among others, as some of the causes of this tendency among adolescents. It discusses internet fraud, political thuggery and criminality among others as the manifestations of this tendency. It is argued in the article that, it will be useless for counseIling to try to dissuade these tendencies. Instead, the approach of counseIling in tackling these challenges should be to encourage the adolescent to pursue this tendency with something legal that has high returns. It is concluded in the article that, to be effective in this kind of counselling, counsellors must make concerted efforts at appreciating the causes of this tendency before proffering solution. Hence, it was recommended that counsellors should make concerted efforts at knowing the various quick money-making schemes adolescents embrace and that counsellors should disabuse their minds of the orientation that every online work is illegal.

INTRODUCTION

Each century comes with its unique realities manifested in demands, challenges, developments and vogues. One of the challenges of the 21^st century has been adolescents’ quick money-making tendencies. This has been on a surge in recent years in Nigeria. But is this really a Nigerian thing or is it as recent as the surge is in Nigeria? Robert Kiyosaki and Sharon Lechter in their multiple award winning and one of his bestselling books, Rich Daddy, Poor, Daddy, narrated his first attempt at making money. He was not alone in this attempt which saw him and his friend embark on illegal money minting with the help of empty toothpaste containers. Had Kiyosaki’s father not interceded on time, Kiyosaki and his friend would have probably successfully committed their first crime in a bid get rich quick. One of the renowned and pioneer black authors, Richard Wright, in his autobiography, Black Boy, recounted that, he started working for money as an adolescent (Williams, 2021; Nosakhere, 2020). In a movie entitled, Everyone Hates Chris, the American Actor and Comedian, Chris Rock, reveal that, he started earning money as an adolescent (Holman, 2023).

In all continents, races, countries and tribes, children have at various times showed and pursued the desire to make money. Some have been successful, some have not been but in showing and pursuing this desire, they have lived the natural tendency of man to gravitate towards meaningful existence; one where he is able to satisfy not just his basic needs but also his wants (Fortune, 2022; Dillette, 2021). Based on these realities presented above, it is safe to posit that, adolescent quick money-making desire or tendencies is not a Nigerian thing neither is it as recent as the surge in Nigeria is. Ordinarily, adolescent trying to make money is not a crime or something immoral. However, the reality in Nigeria is a thing of concern because of its implications on society and the way a pronounced some of Nigerian adolescents go about acquiring and using money (Kehinde et al, 2022).

Adolescent tendencies towards usurious returns, lack of interest or trust in the process of making money and the danger they put themselves, their family members and other members of society in pursuit of quick money, make quick money-making tendencies of Nigerian adolescents a thing of worry (Gabriel, 2023; Kehinde et al, 2022). Generally, amassing wealth is a gradual process and it follows certain principles including hard work, discipline, investment, diligence, personal sacrifices (Li & Xu, 2024; Emmanuel, 2021). The extent of adherence to the golden rule of doing onto others what one will like done onto them is pivotal in ascertaining how right or wrong Nigerian adolescents are in their effort at getting money.

According to the Nigerian legal system, an adolescent is a child in every sense of the word. An adolescent is a teenager between the age of ten and 19 (Olomola & Ajagunna, 2020; Okuntola, 2020). This definition is akin with that of the United Nations Children Emergency Fund (2025) which put the age range of adolescent between the same figures. Adolescent is an important period in the life of an individual because it is the formative era. It is a critical time for parents and guidance because this is when children are most fertile for the implantation of ideas, orientations, perspectives and morals. Adolescents are precarious to society because depending on their orientations, they may spell doom or good for society (Obeng et al., 2023; Katz, 2020)

Research has shown that, exuberance tendency towards questioning standards, ability to learn quickly, tendency towards thinking and acting like they know better than others are some of the major challenges that adolescents pose to society (Chia et al., 2023; Uptin, 2021). Given their peculiar tendencies, age-related challenges and their crucial importance to society, most engagements of this group of people should be a major concern to society and to counseIling; a profession that is most interested in orientation, helping people cope with challenges and making society safe for all (Chia et al., 2023).

In the light of the rising concerns for over the quick money-making tendencies of adolescents in Nigeria, there are the need for counseIling to become involved in the fight towards stemming the tide of negative consequences associated with it. But in doing so, answers must be gotten on certain questions. The questions to be answered include: Is this tendency bad? What causes these tendencies? How does these tendencies manifest? What is the implication of these tendencies to counseIling? This article will provide answers to these questions, draws its conclusion based on the literature and makes recommendations as applied.

Is Adolescent Quick Money-Making Tendencies Bad?

Most people will like the easy and quick tendencies. This is so because most people do not like stress and do not like work. It is a natural tendency of humans, captured by Douglas McGregor theory X in hiss classical book, The Human Side of Enterprise, published in 1960. Fast, quick and less stressful are the qualities upon which technological innovations are premised and sold (Ho, 2022; Rangarajan et al., 2022). The printing press was developed to quicken the production of books, the radio and television were invented to fast-track the dissemination of information to large and heterogeneous audiences. The internet was birth to, among other things, facilitate and quicken sender-receiver interactions (Peiren, 2023; Badole & Thakare 2023). Every new technology is sold on the promise that, it is more efficient in speed and quality of delivery than its predecessor. Today, robots and AIs are in vogue, because of their efficiency in speed and quickness in the execution and delivery of tasks (Ng, 2021).

Since it is the natural tendency of man to want it fast and quick, one can argue that on the surface, they is really nothing wrong in Nigerians adolescents quick money making tendencies. However, on a closer look, this tendency is a cause for concern because of the motivation behind it, the approach Nigerian adolescents are going about it, and some of the indulgences they favour to actualize these tendencies and the consequences of these tendencies on society (Ajiboye, 2021; Uzuebunam, 2019, Akinpelu, 2021). The motivation behind this tendency is largely ostentatious and the approach in some cases is immoral (Guido, 2020; Kruglanshi et al, 2021; Kolbe, 2021).

Causes of Adolescent Quick Money-Making Tendencies

Hardship: hardship has been the motivation for many indulgences. It has dual motivation effect in the sense that, it can lead to positive indulgences as well as negative indulgences. According to World Bank (2024), Nigeria is one of the hardest countries to live in. Nigeria ranks high in hardship indicators like poverty, unemployment, corruption, emigration and inflation. According to National Bureau of Statistics (2019), poverty rate in the country is put at 40.01% which implies that, a significant percentage of Nigerian cannot gather for their basic needs on a daily basis. Unemployment rate in the country is relatively high. According to Trading Economics (2023), Nigeria is the 145 least corrupt country of 180 countries.  Inflation ratio in the country is put at 32.70% by Focus Economics (2024).

Nigeria is going through a lot of hardship at this time, so are Nigerians. The dire situation has forced some adolescent towards quick money-making tendencies not so much because they want to, but because the hardship in the country as they experience has pushed their families to a state of emergency. If the face of biting hunger, deteriorating health of a family member and hopeless squalid living, quick access to money becomes the only solution and hence adolescents expressing quick money-making tendencies.

Parents’ Failure To Provide

One of the primary responsibilities parents owe their children is the provision of the basic needs of cloth, housing and shelter (Pane & Nasution, 2023; Nguyen, et al. 2023). Given factors such as hardship, illiteracy, poverty and blatant irresponsibility on the part of some parents, some Nigerian parents have failed in this responsibility which exposes their children to hardship and forces them to have to fend for themselves. In the process of fending for themselves, some of these children get caught in the web of quick money tendencies and help to push and propagate the negativity associated with this tendency (Dolber & Amit, 2023; Ray, 2024).

Gangsterism

This is similar to peer pressure. It is motivated by greed, misguided notion of enjoyment, complex – inferiority and superiority. Cultism, violence and crime are associated negatives of gangsterism (Nnam et al., 2022; Raufu & Mendie, 2024). In some cases, gangsters try to live large, often above their means, as a way of enticing and recruiting members. Most gangs promise financial freedom which they follow up with crime (Akanni, 2023). This promise and the tendencies gangs to back it with quick crime money, encourages quick money making tendencies among youths who aspire to be like them or are already gang members.

Wave of Change Brought By Online Interaction

The 21^st century came with its realities. Besides consolidating on the potentials of the internet which was invented in the 20^th century, the 21^st century completely altered interactions and the sharing of information around the world (McHaney, 2023; Evans-Ibe, 2023). People now interact across geographical, political, economic and cultural boundaries. The gate keeping role of the traditional media became challenged by online interactions made possible by the internet. The consequence of this development made anything and everything accessible to as many as had access to internet enhancing device (Asad & Malik, 2023)

Two of the downsides of this development are that, fake life is projected and made to seem real on the internet and peoples’ private lives are being beam into the public with great emphasis on the positive results not on the process that led to the positive results (Rao & Kalyani, 2022; Yu et al., 2022). Some adolescents that not only have internet enhancing devices, but also access to the internet, see this result-only and biased messages and think that, that is how life really is. That making money is pretty easy and quick, hence, adolescents quick money-making tendencies.

Availability of Online Money-Making Platforms

One of the advantages of internet is the availability of platforms that allow financially rewarding engagements. Online has ensured such platforms that allow for online marketing and content creation, both of which are financially rewarding to those who engage in them (Packin et al., 2024). Other engagements made possible by the internet include crypto mining and trading, Forex trading, and online betting. Some of these platforms have been rewarding while others have not been. Some people have been lucky in their engagements on these platforms while others have not been lucky. One common similarities shared by these platforms is that, they are sold on the promise of quick money and flamboyant lifestyle (Fang et al., 2022; Andrade & Newell, 2023). Some adults and most adolescents believe the get rich quick messages used in advertising this platform. This believe conversely influences their tendency towards quick money making.

Certain Kinds of Knowledge That Come with Children of The Millennium

Children born in the millennium have certain social peculiarities that their predecessors did not have (Ren, 2024). These peculiarities manifest in attitude, behaviour and knowledge. Some have been able to effectively use this knowledge to positive gains while others have been negatively consumed by this knowledge. An example of this kind of knowledge is that, most children know the importance of money. They know that, education is important but money really answers a lot and stops most shameful happenings (Lin et al., 2023). Orientations on formal education may not have changed much but the knowledge that a good education does not necessarily translate to good and comfortable live has gain grounds in the minds of most adolescent (Purnomo, 2023). This knowledge force them to thinking that, since money is important, they should make it very quick, hence their expression of tendency towards quick money making.

Manifestations of These Tendencies

Adolescents’ quick money making tendencies manifest in different ways. Some of these ways are discussed below.

Engagement in Online Money-Making Platforms

According to Leung et al (2022), adolescents easily register in most online plat forms that promise usurious returns on investments. From trading platforms to online marketing platforms and even to money doubling platforms, adolescents comb the internet looking for ways to make quick money and get rich quick (Yu et al., 2022;). Their decision to register on most of these platforms is largely influenced by the promise and hope of quick money.

Internet Fraud

This has been on the increase. According to Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (2024), Oxford University’s World Cybercrime Index ranks Nigeria 5th country with the highest number of internet fraudsters. A quick look into the reports on fraudulent activities over the internet reveal that, it is carried out by young people and that, some young people also fall victims of online fraudsters (Nnam et al., 2022). There are stories of ritual killing in Nigeria. One of the alarming things about these stories is that, the perpetrators and the victims are mostly young people and, in their conversion, the purpose for the killing is always connected with money ritual (Raufu & Mendie, 2024). The relative ease with which this activities happen is also an indication that, quick money-making tendencies of the youth is something of concerns that should be checked in the interest of the society.

Content Creation

Young people are actively involved in content creation. Almost all online video streaming platforms have significant number of adolescent content creators. Besides these, most adolescents have accounts with more than three online video streaming platforms (Ren, 2024; Lin et al., 2023). While some of these platforms are educational, most have tended towards entertainment particularly comedy, which seem to comparatively sell more than other forms of contents on the internet (Purnomo, 2023).

Lack of Trust in Formal Education

There is a significant lack of trust in formal education among adolescent these days. In Nigeria, a popular saying “School na scam” is one testament of this lack of trust in formal education (Kain et al., 2024; da Silva et al., 2024). Other testaments manifest in adolescents preferring business over school, in adolescents not taking their studies serious, instead putting their best into their businesses. It also manifests in adolescent accepting lecturing jobs as last resort and female adolescents not interested in marrying people in career paths that give moderate or less than moderate income (Salazar et al., 2024; Zhang & Tur, 2024).

Burden on Counselling

Adolescent quick money-making tendencies pose burden to counseIling on a number of grounds. First, counseIling is in business of making the society better and since the negative implications of the tendency towards quick money by adolescent poses tremendous challenges to society, it invariably burdens counselling (Yaden et al., 2022). The second ground is that, unlike some other issues counselling deal with, this tendency has positive and negative sides implying that, a straight forward counseIling solution may not be possible. This poses a burden to counselling in the wise that, context and emerging realities must be diplomatically and technically applied in solving this challenge or in offering counselling in this situation (Yaden et al., 2022).

The burden of counselling in this regard will be to make adolescent pursue their tendency towards quick money with the right kind of engagement, an engagement that is legal. The burden of counselling in relations to this concern will be to point alternative indulgence with equally serious monetary returns and to tackle the negative manifestations of these tendencies.

To effectively counsel adolescents against these tendencies, the counsellor must first tackle the negative manifestation of these tendencies. This approach is different from the popular cognitive behavioural and the psychotherapy approaches to counselling. The suggested approach will see the counsellor counsel adolescents not against patronizing online money-making platforms, but on reliable platforms to patronize to avoid loss of money (Wendt et al., 2022). A counsellor in this case is expected to counsel the adolescent against the dangers of internet fraud, on the right contents to create and generate views without compromising moral standards. It is also the responsibility of the counsellor to counsel adolescent against abandoning formal education in lieu of get rich quick schemes.

This is an enormous tasked on counsellors, because it primarily implies that, counsellors must abreast themselves with latest happening in the society and with financial trends. Information is power, and to convince an adolescent against negative indulgence, the counsellor must show some level of in-depth and convincing knowledge on what he or she is talking about (Russo & Giri, 2022). The extent to which a counselling is taken seriously is highly dependent on the how knowledgeable and convincing the counsellor sounds (Kain et al, 2024).

In counselling adolescents against pursuit of quick money, the counsellor must have at the back of his or her mind that, though the adolescent may be acting based on incomplete or biased information, the adolescent has probably already enjoyed from the spoil of quick money scheme or has seen people who have enjoyed or has already suffered a loss which he or she seeks to avenge. Convincing someone with this level of experience require a superior level of knowledge on the subject of discuss, but it also requires that the counsellor be open minded (Bunting, 2022). A counsellor in this situation must first remember that, not all get rich quick scheme are bad, that the tendency by adolescents towards getting rich quick is not ordinarily a bad one and that, not all online financial indulgences by adolescent are fraudulent (Fang et al., 2022). In counselling adolescents that express quick money tendencies, counsellor should be ready to genuinely listen from the adolescent and not just his or her parents or guidance. The counsellor should listen with the intention to understand the adolescent, not with the intention of finding faults and loophole to use against the adolescents tendencies.

CONCLUSION

Adolescent quick money-making tendencies pose some burden to counseling not because it is bad, but because of its negative implications on society. Given the realities and challenges associated with adolescent quick money-making tendencies, there is the need for counsellors to approach such counselling with technicality and an open mind aimed more at guiding adolescents to pursue the tendency in ways that will make society a better place. In event where the adolescent was reported by his or her guardian, the counsellor most be genuinely interested in hearing out the adolescent and if in the end finds out that, the adolescent is getting it right, the counsellor should offer counselling to the adolescent’s guardian.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Counsellors should not approach adolescent quick money-making tendencies as bad.

Counsellors should offer counselling not from a standpoint of predetermined perception of quick money-making tendency as bad.

In offering counselling in situations like this, counsellors should endevour to do some background check to ensure that, they are talking with facts and realities and not with hearsays and guesswork.

Counsellors should disabuse their minds of the belief that, all online interactions adolescents engage in are fraudulent.

REFERENCES

1. Ajiboye, B. M. (2021). Unholy practices among youths in Nigeria: Venoms breeding to a disjointed society. Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 20 – 32.
2. Akanni, O. O. (2023). Gangsterism in Schools: Now is the time to halt it. International Journal of School Health, 10(2), 51 – 52.
3. Akinpelu, O. M. (2021). 21st-century digital techno-cultural trends in Nigeria and the Pseudoism of globalization in Africa. Espergesia, 8(2), 15-31.
4. Andrade, M., & Newall, P. W. (2023). Cryptocurrencies as gamblified financial assets and cryptocasinos: Novel risks for a public health approach to gambling. Risks, 11(3), 49 – 61.
5. Asad, M. M., & Malik, A. (2023). Cybergogy paradigms for technology-infused learning in higher education 4.0: A critical analysis from global perspective. Education+ Training, 65(6/7), 871 – 890.
6. Badole, M. H., & Thakare, A. D. (2023). An optimized framework for VANET routing: A multi-objective hybrid model for data synchronization with digital twin. International Journal of Intelligent Networks, 4, 272-282.
7. Bunting, W. C. (2022). A better legal definition of gambling: With applications to synthetic financial instruments and cryptocurrency. Alb. L. Rev., 86, 257 – 269.
8. Chia, T. C., Chia, G. M., & Ateata, G. E. (2023). Youthful exuberance and adolescent sexuality: Agents for teenage pregnancy in Nigeria. Sapientia Foundation Journal of Education, Sciences and Gender Studies, 5(2), 25 – 38.
9. da Silva, C., Pereira, F., & Amorim, J. P. (2024). The integration of indigenous knowledge in school: A systematic review. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 54(7), 1210 – 1228.
10. Dillette, A. K. (2021). Black travel tribes: An exploration of race and travel in America. Consumer tribes in tourism: contemporary perspectives on special-interest tourism, 39-51.
11. Dolberg, P., & Amit, K. (2023). On a fast-track to adulthood: Social integration and identity formation experiences of young-adults of 1.5 generation immigrants. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(1), 252-271.
12. Emmanuel, S. M. (2021). How much is enough? Greed, prosperity, and the economic problem of happiness: A comparative perspective. In Philosophy’s Big Questions: Comparing Buddhist and Western Approaches (pp. 205-249). Columbia University Press.
13. Evans-Ibe, S. S. (2023). Bombing, billing, and cash-out: The dynamics of the illicit flow of money through international cyber fraud by Nigerian “Yahoo Boys. Journal of Academics Stand Against Poverty, 3(1), 37-56.
14. Fang, F., Ventre, C., Basios, M., Kanthan, L., Martinez-Rego, D., Wu, F., & Li, L. (2022). Cryptocurrency trading: A comprehensive survey. Financial Innovation, 8(1), 13.
15. Focus Economics (2024). Nigeria Inflation.https://www.focus-economics.com/country-indicator/nigeria/inflation/
16. Fortune, T. T. (2022). Black and white: Land, Labor, and Politics in the South. Simon and Schuster.
17. Gabriel, S. (2023). Youths and yahoo yahoo phenomenon in Nigeria: A moral response. Journal of Political Discourse, 1(3), 220 – 230.
18. Guido, G., Amatulli, C., Peluso, A. M., De Matteis, C., Piper, L., & Pino, G. (2020). Measuring internalized versus externalized luxury consumption motivations and consumers’ segmentation. Italian Journal of Marketing, 2020, 25-47.
19. Ho, J. C. (2022). Disruptive innovation from the perspective of innovation diffusion theory. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 34(4), 363-376.
20. Holman, M. (2023). The portrayal of black women in traditional media: A study on everybody hates Chris. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=2020&q=Everybody+hates+Chris&btnG=
21. Kain, C., Koschmieder, C., Matischek-Jauk, M., & Bergner, S. (2024). Mapping the landscape: A scoping review of 21st century skills literature in secondary education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 151, 104 – 123.
22. Katz, S. (2020). Precarious life, human development and the life course: Critical intersections. In Precarity and Ageing (pp. 41-66). Policy Press.
23. Kehinde Oyedeji, J., & Olamide Badmos, H. (2022). Social construction of internet fraud as innovation among youths in Nigeria. International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence & Cybercrime, 5(1), 23 – 42.
24. Kiyosaki, T. and Lechter, S. (2011). Rich dad poor dad. Cashflow Technologies, Inc.
25. Kolbe, K. (2024). The art of (self) legitimization: How private museums help their founders claim legitimacy as elite actors. Socio-Economic Review, 22(3), 1119 – 1140.
26. Kruglanski, A. W., Szumowska, E., Kopetz, C. H., Vallerand, R. J., & Pierro, A. (2021). On the psychology of extremism: How motivational imbalance breeds intemperance. Psychological Review, 128(2), 264 – 278.
27. Leung, F. F., Gu, F. F., & Palmatier, R. W. (2022). Online influencer marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 50(2), 226-251.
28. Li, Z., & Xu, Z. (2024). The practice of common prosperity with Chinese characteristics: Institutional guarantees, intellectual impetus and scientific theories. International Critical Thought, 14(3), 412 – 431.
29. Lin, F., Tian, H., Zhao, J., & Chi, M. (2023). Reward or punish: Investigating output controls and content generation in the multi-sided platform context. Internet Research, 33(2), 578-605.
30. McHaney, R. (2023). The new digital shoreline: How Web 2.0 and millennials are revolutionizing higher education. Taylor & Francis.
31. Morgan, A. K., Agyemang, S., Dogbey, E., Arimiyaw, A. W., & Owusu, A. F. S. (2022). “We were girls but suddenly became mothers”: Evaluating the effects of teenage motherhood on girl’s educational attainment in the Volta Region. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 20 – 36.
32. National Bureau of Statistics (2019). Poverty and Inequality in Nigeria 2019: Executive summary .https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/1092
33. Nelson-Jones, R. (2022). Personal responsibility counselling and therapy: An integrative approach. Taylor & Francis.
34. Ng, K. K., Chen, C. H., Lee, C. K., Jiao, J. R., & Yang, Z. X. (2021). A systematic literature review on intelligent automation: Aligning concepts from theory, practice, and future perspectives. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 47, 10 – 24.
35. Nguyen, L. T. M., Huynh, G. T. T., & Tran, Q. K. (2023). A legal perspective on child support obligation after divorce: The Vietnamese case. CTU Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 15(3), 110 – 124.
36. Nnam, M. U., Owan, E. J., Otu, M. S., Okechukwu, G. P., Eteng, M. J., Offu, P., & Obasi, C. O. (2022). ‘… Even correctional institutions are not safe’: A qualitative study of campus secret cults/cultism among selected inmates in a custodial centre. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2021.100509
37. Nosakhere, K. (2020). Institutional racism and the search for African American masculinity and identity in selected works of Richard Wright. kalimba Publishing.
38. Obeng, J. K., Kangas, K., Stamm, I., & Tolvanen, A. (2023). Promoting sustainable well-being Through Nature-Based Interventions for Young People in Precarious Situations: Implications for Social work. A Systematic Review. Journal of Happiness Studies, 24(8), 2881-2911.
39. Okunlola, O. B., Gesinde, A. M., Nwabueze, A. C., & Okojide, A. (2020). Review of child and adolescent sexual abuse in Nigeria: Implications for 21st century counsellors. Covenant International Journal of Psychology.
40. Olomola, O., & Ajagunna, F. (2020). Knowledge and access to reproductive health rights among adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria. African Journal of International and Comparative Law, 28(3), 401-417.
41. Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (2024). Nigeria detains 127 internetn fraud sustpects in night clubs;; guests say it was brutal. https://www.occrp.org/en/news/nigeria-detains-127-internet-fraud-suspects-in-night-clubs-guests-say-it-was-brutal
42. Packin, N. G., Kliger, D., Reichman, A., & Rabinovitz, S. (2024). Hooked and hustled: The predatory allure of gamblified finance. Available at SSRN 5090194.
43. Pane, E. H., & Nasution, N. H. A. (2023). Legal concept of providing a family from begging according to Islamic Law. International Journal of Educational Research Excellence (IJERE), 2(1), 73-92.
44. Peiren, S. H. A. O. (2023). Time: Flow and variation in the geography of media. In New Perspectives on Geography of Media (pp. 73-102). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
45. Pordelan, N., & Hosseinian, S. (2022). Design and development of the online career counselling: a tool for better career decision-making. Behaviour & Information Technology, 41(1), 118 – 138.
46. Purnomo, Y. J. (2023). Digital marketing strategy to increase sales conversion on e-commerce platforms. Journal of Contemporary Administration and Management 1(2), 54 – 62.
47. Rangarajan, D., Badrinarayanan, V., Sharma, A., Singh, R. K., & Guda, S. (2022). Left to their own devices? Antecedents and contingent effects of workplace anxiety in the WFH selling environment. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 37(11), 2361-2379.
48. Rao, B. N., & Kalyani, V. (2022). A study on positive and negative effects of social media on society. Journal of Science & Technology, 7(10), 46 – 54.
49. Raufu, A., & Mendie, E. (2024). Gang formation and violence in Nigeria. In Abiodun Raufu, Lucy Tsado, Edidiong Mendie, Emmanuel Ben-Ede Criminology in Nigeria: History, Evolution, and Trends (Pp. 221 – 232). Lexington Books.
50. Ray, N. (2024). Covid-19 and child trafficking in India: mapping the crisis through media coverage. Trends in Organized Crime, 1-13.
51. Ren, Q. (2024). Advertising and content creation on digital content platforms. Marketing Science, 43(4), 734-750.
52. Russo, J., & Giri, V. N. (2022). Germline testing and genetic counselling in prostate cancer. Nature Reviews Urology, 19(6), 331-343.
53. Salazar Rivera, J., Alsaadi, N., Parra-Esquivel, E. I., Morris, C., & Boyle, C. (2024). A scoping review of interventions delivered by occupational therapists in school settings. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 17(3), 510-534.
54. Trading Economics (2023). Nigeria corruption rank.https://tradingeconomics.com/nigeria/corruption-rank
55. United Nations Children Emergency Fund (2025). Investing in a safe, healthy and productive transition from childhood to adulthood is critical. https://data.unicef.org/topic/adolescents/overview/
56. Uptin, J. (2021). ‘If I peel off my Black skin maybe then I integrate’. Examining how African-Australian youth find living in a ‘post multicultural’Australia. Social Identities, 27(1), 75-91.
57. Uzuegbunam, C. E. (2019). The digital lifeworlds of young Nigerians–Exploring rural and urban teens’ practices with, and negotiation of, digital technology. https://open.uct.ac.za/items/08aad079-02e5-4bab-bf03-e8e956c57a60
58. Wendt, D. C., Huson, K., Albatnuni, M., & Gone, J. P. (2022). What are the best practices for psychotherapy with indigenous peoples in the United States and Canada? A thorny question. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 90(10), 802 – 810.
59. Williams, D. A. (2021). # BlackBoyYALit: Seeing black boys in 21st century young adult literature (Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign).
60. World Bank (2024). The World Bank in Nigeria. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/overview
61. Yaden, D. B., Earp, D., Graziosi, M., Friedman-Wheeler, D., Luoma, J. B., & Johnson, M. W. (2022). Psychedelics and psychotherapy: cognitive-behavioral approaches as default. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 79 – 91.
62. Yu, S., Abbas, J., Draghici, A., Negulescu, O. H., & Ain, N. U. (2022). Social media application as a new paradigm for business communication: the role of COVID-19 knowledge, social distancing, and preventive attitudes. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 82 – 95.
63. Zhang, P., & Tur, G. (2024). A systematic review of ChatGPT use in K‐12 education. European Journal of Education, 59(2), 99- 125.