Cultural Continuity and Sustainability: The Role of Youth in Preserving Meranaw Traditional Handicrafts

Cultural Continuity and Sustainability: The Role of Youth in Preserving Meranaw Traditional Handicrafts

Diamond Nobong Tawano-Macarimbang

Professor, History Department Mindanao State University-Main Campus Marawi City, Philippines

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.903SEDU0490

Received: 20 August 2025; Accepted: 27 August 2025; Published: 22 September 2025

ABSTRACT

This study explores the socioeconomic and cultural significance of Meranaw traditional handicrafts in Lanao del Sur through the theoretical framework of cultural capital. Drawing on Bourdieu’s theory of social reproduction, the research highlights how embodied cultural capital—manifested in weaving skills—facilitates the preservation of social identity and artisanal expertise through intergenerational transmission. These practices not only sustain cultural continuity but also confer prestige and legitimacy within Meranaw communities. A.H. Halsey et al.’s perspective on economic opportunity is applied to demonstrate how cultural capital is transformed into financial capital when traditional crafts enter wider markets through trade fairs, exhibitions, and cultural tourism. By functioning as viable sources of livelihood, handicrafts empower artisans and stimulate local economic growth. Furthermore, Yosso’s framework of cultural capital and identity underscores how Meranaw crafts serve as symbols of collective pride, reinforcing community belonging while projecting cultural heritage onto national and global platforms.

The study also investigates the critical role of Schools of Living Traditions (SLTs), mentorship programs, and institutional support from organizations such as the Bangsamoro Commission for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage and the Ministry of Trade, Investments, and Tourism. These initiatives highlight the importance of youth engagement in ensuring the continuity and adaptability of these living traditions. Ultimately, this research argues that Meranaw handicrafts are more than economic commodities; they are cultural legacies and social markers essential to sustaining livelihoods, preserving heritage, and strengthening the cultural identity of the Meranaw people.

Keywords: Meranaw handicrafts, cultural capital, heritage preservation, social reproduction, economic empowerment

INTRODUCTION

The preservation of cultural heritage is a critical endeavor in maintaining the rich tapestry of human experience and identity. For the Meranaw people of Mindanao, traditional handicrafts are more than mere artistic expressions; they are living repositories of historical knowledge, societal values, and collective memory. These intricate crafts—including weaving, metalwork, woodcarving, and pottery—face significant challenges in the contemporary global landscape, necessitating a comprehensive and nuanced approach to their preservation and revitalization. The complexity of preserving Meranaw traditional handicrafts demands a holistic strategy that addresses documentation, education, economic sustainability, youth engagement, and policy support. This approach recognizes that cultural preservation is not about fostering static traditions but enabling dynamic, living cultural expressions that can adapt and thrive in changing social contexts.

This article examines the complex strategies employed to safeguard and revitalize Meranaw traditional handicrafts, focusing on two primary pillars: Living Heritage Transmission and Economic Empowerment and Market Development. It explores the roles of key institutions such as the Bangsamoro Commission for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage (BCPCH), the Ministry of Trade, Investments, and Tourism (MTIT), and the Provincial Tourism Office of Lanao del Sur in these efforts. Drawing from interviews with cultural practitioners and institutional representatives, this work highlights the critical importance of initiatives like the Schools of Living Traditions (SLTs), intergenerational workshops, and mentorship programs in ensuring the continuity of skills and knowledge. Furthermore, it analyzes the challenges and opportunities related to economic sustainability, market access, and the role of fair-trade practices in transforming handicrafts into viable livelihoods. Ultimately, this paper argues that the survival and flourishing of Meranaw traditional handicrafts depend on a synergistic approach that honors their cultural significance while simultaneously strengthening their economic viability, thereby securing the “threads of time” for future generations.

Strategies for Preserving the Meranaw Traditional Handicraft and the Youth’s Role in Its Sustainability

The preservation of cultural heritage represents a critical endeavor in maintaining the rich tapestry of human experience and identity. For the Meranaw people of Mindanao, traditional handicrafts embody more than mere artistic expressions; they are living repositories of historical knowledge, societal values, and collective memory. These intricate crafts—including weaving, metalwork, woodcarving, and pottery—face significant challenges in the contemporary global landscape, necessitating a comprehensive and nuanced approach to their preservation and revitalization. The complexity of preserving Meranaw traditional handicrafts demands a complex strategy that addresses documentation, education, economic sustainability, youth engagement, and policy support. This approach recognizes that cultural preservation is not about fostering static traditions but enabling dynamic, living cultural expressions that can adapt and thrive in changing social contexts.

Living Heritage Transmission

The living heritage of the Meranaw people, particularly their traditional woven handicrafts, stands as a testament to cultural resilience and creativity in the Bangsamoro region. Meranaw weaving is not merely an art form, but a vital thread that binds generations, communities, and identities. However, the transmission of this heritage faces significant challenges due to modernization, economic shifts, and the lingering effects of conflict in Lanao del Sur. Addressing these challenges requires a complex approach involving educational initiatives, intergenerational workshops, and community-based learning, all supported by robust institutional efforts from the Ministry of Trade, Investments, and Tourism (MTIT), the Bangsamoro Commission for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage (BCPCH), and the Provincial Tourism Office of Lanao del Sur. This section explores the mechanisms of living heritage transmission among Meranaw weavers, the roles of key institutions, and the ongoing efforts to ensure the survival and flourishing of traditional weaving practices in contemporary society.

A.1. Schools of Living Traditions: Sustaining Heritage Through Formalized Learning

One of the most effective strategies for safeguarding Meranaw weaving is the Establishment and support of Schools of Living Traditions (SLTs). These schools provide structured environments where master weavers can directly impart their skills and knowledge to young apprentices, ensuring the continuity of traditional practices.

SLTs operate on the principle that cultural transmission is most effective when rooted in the community and led by recognized culture bearers. In these settings, learning is hands-on and immersive, with apprentices not only mastering technical skills but also absorbing the cultural values, stories, and meanings embedded in each textile. The curriculum often extends beyond weaving to include related arts such as embroidery, woodcraft, and brassware, providing a holistic understanding of Meranaw material culture. Some offices, like the Bangsamoro Commission for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage (BCPCH), are doing their best in the preservation of Meranaw. According to Nor-Jamal G. Batugan, Senior history researcher of the BCPCH, the BCPCH has a dual mandate. The first is to rewrite Bangsamoro history from the perspective of the Bangsamoro people. The second is to preserve cultural institutions and traditions, including traditional handicrafts.

The BCPCH shoulders the significant dual responsibility of rewriting Bangsamoro history from the perspective of the Bangsamoro people themselves and safeguarding the rich cultural heritage of the region, encompassing traditions and traditional handicrafts like Baor making and Langkit weaving. This undertaking addresses the historical marginalization of Bangsamoro narratives by offering an internally driven account of their past, fostering empowerment and a stronger sense of identity. By actively re-narrating history from the Bangsamoro point of view, the BCPCH is not just documenting the past but also reclaiming it, ensuring that future generations have access to a history that truly reflects their lived experiences and cultural heritage.

This historical reclamation is complemented by the commission’s work in cultural preservation. By preserving traditional handicrafts, such as the Langkit weaving and Baor making, the BCPCH is ensuring the continuity of these art forms. This approach recognizes that these crafts are not merely objects but are repositories of cultural knowledge, skills, and identity. The BCPCH’s efforts in conducting training for these traditional handicrafts, as mentioned by Batugan, highlight a hands-on commitment to preserving these valuable skills and preventing their extinction. This integrated approach—simultaneously rewriting history and preserving cultural heritage—serves to fortify the cultural foundation of the Bangsamoro people. It creates a robust framework where history and material culture are intertwined, each reinforcing the other to present a complete and authentic narrative. This holistic preservation strategy ensures that the unique cultural identity of the Bangsamoro is not only remembered but also actively lived and transmitted.

The preservation of cultural expressions such as the intricate craftsmanship of the Baor and the artistry of Langkit weaving plays a crucial role in sustaining intangible cultural heritage. These practices not only safeguard the artistry of the past but also strengthen community identity and cohesion while providing meaningful avenues for economic empowerment. The initiatives implemented through the Schools of Living Traditions (SLTs), particularly those highlighted by Mr. Batugan, demonstrate a comprehensive and multi-dimensional approach to supporting artisans and ensuring the continuity of traditional knowledge systems. According to Mr. Batugan, one of the central strategies in supporting artisans lies in the area of promotion and visibility. By giving recognition to traditional art forms and crafts, there is greater opportunity to situate them within both local and broader cultural narratives, thereby affirming their relevance and significance. The SLTs also serve as platforms where these traditions are actively promoted, allowing them to remain dynamic rather than static cultural expressions. This promotional aspect is complemented by structural measures such as the registration of artisans within the Registry of Bangsamoro Artists and Artisans. The establishment of this database provides a centralized framework to document, identify, and connect artisans who serve as the key knowledge holders. In the context of the SLTs, such documentation is invaluable, as it strengthens the network of tradition bearers who act as mentors and instructors within their communities.

The provision of subsidies further enhances this support system by directly addressing the economic dimension of sustaining traditional crafts. Financial assistance acknowledges the cultural and economic value of artisans’ work, empowering them to dedicate more time and resources to both production and teaching. This not only helps artisans sustain their livelihoods but also motivates them to continue transmitting their expertise to younger generations. In this sense, subsidies function as both an economic stimulus and a cultural safeguard, ensuring that artisans remain active participants in the preservation of heritage.

Another significant element of this program is the focus on promoting specific living traditions each year, with examples ranging from indigenous weaving to traditional music. Such an approach aligns with the pedagogical goals of SLTs, as it ensures that different strands of cultural heritage receive concentrated attention, revitalization, and public recognition. By highlighting particular practices on an annual basis, the program prevents the marginalization of lesser-known traditions and reaffirms the diversity of cultural expressions within the community. This rotation of focus also underscores the SLT’s role as an evolving institution that continuously adapts to preserve multiple facets of heritage.

Equally vital is the program’s emphasis on knowledge transmission. At the heart of the SLT model lies the principle of intergenerational learning, where master artisans pass their knowledge to learners in traditional, community-based settings. By facilitating this transfer of skills, the initiatives directly support the SLT’s mission of sustaining heritage through education and practice. The transmission process ensures that intangible cultural heritage does not simply remain an artifact of the past but is instead lived, practiced, and reinterpreted by younger generations.Moreover, efforts to improve the quality of products produced by artisans signal a recognition of the importance of adaptability in cultural preservation. While safeguarding traditional techniques is central, the capacity to enhance quality ensures that the crafts remain economically viable in contemporary markets. This balance between cultural fidelity and market responsiveness is crucial in sustaining the long-term livelihood of artisans. By collaborating with the provincial government of Lanao del Sur, the initiative situates cultural preservation within broader socio-economic development strategies, highlighting the interdependence of cultural heritage and community resilience.

Taken together, these measures create a holistic support system that reinforces the foundations of the SLT framework. The promotional efforts, registration, subsidies, annual focus on traditions, intergenerational transmission, and product quality enhancement work synergistically to ensure not only the survival but also the vibrant continuation of cultural heritage. The approach affirms the SLTs as living institutions that embody both continuity and adaptation, bridging the gap between tradition and modernity. By strengthening community bonds, empowering artisans economically, and sustaining the transfer of cultural knowledge, this integrated program provides a model for how cultural heritage can thrive in the present while remaining deeply rooted in the past.

The preservation of traditional handicrafts in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) reflects not only the region’s cultural identity but also its resilience and continuity amidst modern pressures. These initial endeavors into cultural preservation serve as tangible links to the past, offering invaluable insights into Bangsamoro ingenuity, artistic sensibilities, and the enduring spirit of its people. Such practices are not merely aesthetic expressions but repositories of history, community memory, and cultural values that pave the way for a more comprehensive and authentic understanding of their heritage. The Bangsamoro Commission for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage (BCPCH), along with allied institutions such as the Ministry of Trade, Investments, and Tourism (MTIT) and the Provincial Tourism Office of Lanao del Sur, has undertaken programs and projects aimed at revitalizing endangered traditions. Among these, the School of Living Traditions (SLT) emerges as a cornerstone initiative, embedding intergenerational knowledge transfer and cultural continuity into the heart of preservation strategies.As Mr. Batugan of the BCPCH explained, the SLT encompasses multiple categories, including cultural practices, handicrafts, indigenous weaving, and metalworking. In Lanao del Sur, the program’s implementation has been particularly focused on handicrafts and weaving, reflecting the community’s long-standing expertise and its vulnerability to decline. The approach is both practical and strategic: cultural masters are hired to mentor learners, creating a structured environment for passing on endangered knowledge. This model, recognized globally in cultural preservation discourses, ensures that skills are not left to dissipate but are deliberately safeguarded. In Batugan’s words, the intent is to “preserve these dying traditions of ours” by pairing masters with young learners who embody the future of Meranaw artistry. Such mentorship is not only about technique but also about transmitting the cultural meanings and values interwoven into each artifact.

A notable testament to the success of this program is the recognition of Bae Saadira Basmala, a cultural master whose artistry and advocacy have brought her to the attention of both national and local institutions. The BCPCH has already passed a resolution recommending her for the prestigious Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA), the highest national recognition for traditional folk artists in the Philippines. Bae Saadira’s prior recognition by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) further validates her mastery and contribution to cultural heritage. Her potential conferral of the GAMABA would not only highlight her exceptional skill but also draw national attention to the rich cultural traditions of Lanao del Sur. Such recognition underscores the dual role of master artisans: they are at once skilled practitioners and cultural bearers, entrusted with sustaining the intangible heritage of their communities. In her own words, Bae Saadira reflected on how her recognition came about: in 2023, she was invited by leaders such as Robert Alonto to represent Meranaw artisans in Cotabato, where her name was later submitted to Malacañang for GAMABA consideration. Her diligence in sustaining Meranaw Collectibles, supported by her compliance with regulatory requirements such as BIR taxation, demonstrates how artistry and entrepreneurship intersect in the contemporary cultural economy. The receipt of a national trophy symbolized not just her personal achievement but the collective acknowledgment of Meranaw artisanship. This recognition highlights the importance of institutional support, where cultural advocacy and state recognition converge to safeguard traditions that would otherwise face decline.

The BCPCH’s broader mandate reflects a comprehensive framework for preservation. Its efforts extend beyond apprenticeship and recognition, encompassing documentation, research, and advocacy (Bagumbaran, 2020; Gigje, 2024). By convening conferences, dialogues, and collaborative research projects, the Commission ensures that preservation is participatory and inclusive. Academics, local government units, and community stakeholders are integrated into this process, ensuring that preservation efforts are not imposed externally but rooted in local perspectives. This inclusivity is vital in a context where cultural practices are deeply tied to community identity and collective memory. The focus on both tangible and intangible heritage further reflects an understanding that artifacts such as woven fabrics or crafted weapons are not isolated objects but living expressions of Meranaw history, knowledge systems, and artistic ingenuity.

However, despite such efforts, the challenges facing Meranaw handicrafts remain formidable. As noted by Bae Malano A. Mai, focal person of the MTIT’s Enterprise and Trade Development Division, the handicraft traditions of Tugaya—often referred to as a cultural hub of the Meranaw—are in precarious decline. Products such as the lekeb of bamboo and the kris dagger, once distinctive markers of Tugaya’s artisanship, are now overshadowed by competition from other regions, such as Marantao and Cebu. The disparity in quality, rooted in insufficient support for Tugaya’s artisans, has further marginalized their work. Mai’s statement captures the dual nature of the problem: the lack of markets for Tugaya products and the uneven quality of production. These issues are not simply technical or economic but reflect a deeper neglect of cultural bearers who sustain the heritage of the community.

This precarious situation prompted the intervention of MP Maisara, a native of Tugaya, who initiated the Establishment of the Artisan Village project. The project seeks to revitalize handicraft production by creating a dedicated space for artisans, where quality can be improved and specialization supported. Each barangay in Tugaya is identified for particular skills, allowing the community to sustain a collective ecosystem of craftsmanship. This initiative is significant not only for the preservation of skills but also for positioning Tugaya to meet the criteria of global recognition. While Tugaya was once shortlisted as a UNESCO site but subsequently removed due to unmet standards, the renewed efforts through the Artisan Village demonstrate a commitment to restoring Tugaya’s rightful place as a global center of cultural heritage. The role of MTIT in this effort is particularly notable. By organizing trade fairs, exhibitions, and artisan summits, the ministry situates handicrafts not merely as cultural artifacts but as economic assets. Artisans are provided with opportunities to reach broader markets, both national and international, thereby elevating their work from local recognition to global appreciation. Moreover, MTIT’s collaboration with other agencies ensures that artisans receive logistical, financial, and technical support. This multidimensional approach addresses not only the preservation of culture but also the sustainability of artisans’ livelihoods. By framing handicrafts as part of a creative economy, MTIT reinforces the idea that preservation and economic viability are not mutually exclusive but complementary goals.

The experiences of Bae Saadira and the initiatives in Tugaya illustrate how preservation must operate at multiple levels—personal, community, institutional, and even international. At the personal level, cultural masters embody the living tradition, passing it on through apprenticeships. At the community level, projects like the Artisan Village strengthen collective identity and sustain local economies. Institutionally, agencies like BCPCH and MTIT provide the necessary frameworks and resources to scale preservation efforts. Finally, at the international level, recognition by UNESCO or GAMABA situates Meranaw handicrafts within a broader global heritage discourse.

These interconnected efforts underscore the analytical insight that cultural preservation is not merely about sustaining isolated practices but about reinforcing a cultural ecosystem. The School of Living Traditions exemplifies this ecosystemic approach, serving as a vital bridge between the past and the future. It empowers cultural masters by recognizing their contributions, provides structured learning opportunities for younger generations, and enriches the cultural fabric of the community. Success stories such as that of Bae Saadira Basmala serve as powerful evidence of the program’s effectiveness. They demonstrate that when cultural bearers are supported by institutions and communities, traditions once on the brink of extinction can flourish anew. Yet, challenges persist. The pressures of globalization, commodification, and uneven institutional support continue to threaten the vitality of Meranaw crafts. Without consistent markets, artisans may abandon their crafts for more economically viable livelihoods. Without recognition, cultural masters may remain invisible despite their immense contributions. And without quality enhancement, products risk being overshadowed in competitive markets. These challenges point to the need for sustained and integrated policies that not only preserve but also promote cultural heritage in ways that are economically viable and socially meaningful.

The recognition of Tugaya’s cultural significance by UNESCO, even if not currently included in the official list, highlights the global resonance of Meranaw traditions. It suggests that the world sees value in these crafts, even if local and national systems sometimes fall short in providing adequate support. The combined efforts of MPs, local governments, and ministries reveal an ongoing struggle to meet international standards while remaining rooted in local realities. This balancing act is at the core of cultural preservation: ensuring that traditions are not fossilized for external appreciation but remain living, evolving practices that serve the needs of the community.

Ultimately, the preservation and promotion of Meranaw weaving and handicrafts exemplify the complex interplay between culture, economy, and identity. They remind us that handicrafts are not peripheral activities but central expressions of who the Meranaw are. They embody not only artistry but also values of patience, resilience, and communal identity. The efforts of institutions like BCPCH and MTIT, combined with the dedication of cultural masters like Bae Saadira, demonstrate that preservation is possible when it is intentional, inclusive, and sustained. By creating pathways for recognition, market access, and intergenerational transfer, these initiatives ensure that Meranaw traditions remain not just relics of the past but vibrant, living expressions of cultural continuity. The cultural preservation initiatives in Lanao del Sur reveal a multidimensional strategy that integrates personal mastery, community projects, institutional frameworks, and international recognition. While challenges remain, the combined efforts reflect a profound commitment to safeguarding the heritage of the Bangsamoro. The School of Living Traditions, the Artisan Village project, and the recognition of cultural masters together form a robust model for preservation. They highlight that traditions, when nurtured and supported, become not only markers of identity but also sources of pride, resilience, and economic opportunity. As such, sustaining Meranaw handicrafts is not just about saving art forms; it is about ensuring that the cultural fabric of the community remains strong, dynamic, and enduring in the face of change.

The strategic approach of establishing specific specializations for each barangay within Tugaya within the Artisan Village framework is a vital element in SLT preservation. This targeted assistance ensures that the unique knowledge and skills associated with each craft are not lost but are instead nurtured and strengthened within their specific communities. By focusing on quality improvement and market access, the project aims to create a sustainable ecosystem that enables Tugaya’s artisans to thrive, thereby ensuring the intergenerational transmission of their cultural heritage. Ultimately, this initiative recognizes that preserving a School of Living Tradition requires not just acknowledging its past significance but actively investing in its present viability and future sustainability.

The Provincial Tourism Office also plays a vigorous role in integrating cultural heritage into the broader development agenda of Lanao del Sur. By prioritizing the rehabilitation and promotion of cultural sites, supporting artisan cooperatives, and facilitating participation in national events, the office ensures that Meranaw weaving remains visible and valued both locally and nationally. The office’s initiatives, such as the Meranaw Artisan Summit and the profiling of artist organizations, provide essential support to weavers and other cultural practitioners. Financial assistance, logistical support, and the creation of platforms for showcasing crafts all contribute to the sustainability of traditional weaving.

While the Schools of Living Traditions (SLTs) model is a powerful and effective strategy for cultural preservation, it is not without its challenges and limitations. There is a  need for a more comprehensive and sustainable approach beyond the classroom. One of the primary challenges is sustainability. The SLT model, as described in the provided text, heavily relies on external funding and institutional support from organizations like the BCPCH and MTIT. The potential for subsidies and a new Artisan Village is encouraging, but what happens when this funding dries up or priorities shift? The traditions themselves may not be financially self-sustaining without a viable market. If artisans cannot earn a living from their craft, there’s a significant risk that the traditions will fade, regardless of the knowledge transfer in SLTs. The discussion about the Tugaya kris being a “dying tradition” because of market issues and lack of quality control underscores this point. The SLT can teach a skill, but it can’t guarantee a livelihood.

This brings up another major concern: commercialization risks. The goal of improving product quality and market access, while positive for sustainability, can also lead to the over-commercialization of cultural products. The push to meet modern market demands or UNESCO criteria might inadvertently alter traditional designs, materials, or techniques. There’s a fine line between making a craft viable and turning it into a mass-produced commodity that loses its original cultural and spiritual significance. Improving quality to compete with products from Cebu, which, while necessary for survival, could potentially lead to a loss of the unique Meranaw aesthetic that distinguishes their work.

Finally, while the SLT model is great for knowledge transfer, it doesn’t always address the broader issue of participant engagement and retention, which can lead to high dropout rates. Attracting and retaining young learners is a constant battle, especially if they see more lucrative career paths elsewhere. The text notes the need for subsidies and incentives, which are crucial for encouraging participation. However, if the learning is seen as a means to an end—a way to get a subsidy—rather than a passion, it could lead to disengaged apprentices who don’t fully absorb the cultural values and stories embedded in the crafts. The success of Bae Saadira Basmala is inspiring, but she represents an exceptional case. The SLT model needs to be effective for the majority, not just a few masters. These limitations are not a condemnation of the SLT model but rather a call to expand the preservation strategy to address the root causes of cultural erosion—economic precarity and a changing social landscape—in addition to direct knowledge transfer.

A.2  Intergenerational Workshops and Mentorship Programs

The continuity of Meranaw traditional handicrafts hinges on the delicate balance between safeguarding cultural heritage and adapting to the evolving social and economic landscapes of contemporary society. Beyond formalized institutions of learning, intergenerational workshops and mentorship programs are increasingly recognized as crucial mechanisms in bridging the gap between master artisans and the younger generation. These initiatives foster not only the transfer of technical proficiency but also the cultivation of cultural pride, which is equally significant in sustaining traditions. As Sunio (2021) observes, such workshops often involve collaborative partnerships between schools, universities, and community organizations, providing diverse avenues through which knowledge may be shared. These programs may take the form of intensive training sessions, ongoing mentorship arrangements, or collaborative projects where elders and youth work side by side on weaving commissions. The value of such arrangements lies in their capacity to transmit tacit knowledge—those subtle techniques, aesthetic judgments, and context-specific problem-solving skills that cannot be adequately captured in manuals or codified instructions.

The voices of local practitioners underscore both the urgency and the opportunities embedded in this cultural transmission. Mr. Abdullah highlights a persistent generational divide in the weaving community: “We can see that our weavers are older, and their children often prefer to go to school because they see it as a better opportunity with higher income potential. They view weaving as less marketable. However, I believe the marketing landscape is shifting.” His insight reflects a fundamental tension in many indigenous craft communities: while education is undeniably a vital pathway to social mobility and improved livelihood opportunities, it inadvertently contributes to the waning interest in traditional crafts. The perception of weaving as economically unviable discourages youth participation, relegating the craft to an aging demographic.

However, Abdullah also notes a promising transformation in the marketplace, particularly in relation to cultural tourism. Tourism has historically relied on conventional attractions such as monuments and natural landscapes, but the global trend has shifted toward more immersive experiences that privilege cultural engagement (Richards & Wilson, 2006). Tourists now seek to not only observe but to participate—by wearing locally crafted textiles, incorporating these items into their personal style, and understanding their cultural significance. This shift opens opportunities for traditional crafts to regain relevance, repositioning them as marketable commodities that embody authenticity, heritage, and uniqueness. The emergent cultural tourism sector, therefore, provides a renewed economic rationale for sustaining weaving traditions and offers a compelling counterpoint to the narrative of decline.

Yet, the challenge remains in the effective transfer of skills across generations. Abdullah’s observation that weaving faces a similar generational gap as agriculture, where older individuals dominate the sector while youth gravitate toward other professions, highlights the structural nature of the issue (Fischer & Qaim, 2012). The analogy underscores the risk of cultural and economic loss when essential knowledge and skills are not successfully transmitted. In the case of weaving, this is not merely a matter of economic productivity but of cultural survival. Handicrafts are repositories of cultural capital, embodying histories, values, and identities that are integral to the collective memory of the Meranaw people. Without intentional strategies to involve youth, these traditions risk fading into obsolescence.

To address this, the Provincial Tourism Office of Lanao del Sur, in collaboration with agencies such as the Ministry of Trade, Investments and Tourism (MTIT) and the Bangsamoro Commission for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage (BCPCH), has taken proactive steps to ensure that workshops and mentorship programs are not only accessible but also adequately supported. By profiling and endorsing artisan organizations and cooperatives, these institutions facilitate recognition and compensation for master weavers, elevating their status as cultural bearers and mentors. Events like the Meranaw Artisan Summit exemplify the intentional creation of intergenerational platforms where artisans collaborate, innovate, and pass on their skills (Bagumbaran, 2024). Such initiatives situate weaving within a broader framework of cultural preservation and economic development, ensuring that it is not perceived merely as an antiquated practice but as a dynamic field with contemporary relevance.

Equally important is the recognition of the youth as central actors in the preservation of handicrafts. These skills are not simply technical competencies; they are conduits of identity and heritage. By learning weaving, carving, and other crafts, young Meranaws engage in a process of cultural reconnection, strengthening their ties to history and affirming their sense of belonging. The significance of this transmission lies not only in the survival of the craft but also in the broader project of sustaining community identity. As Mr. Batugan explains, “Our SLT, the School of Living Traditions, is that our priority is the students who are youth. For example, when we conducted the Langkit School of Living Traditions on Langkit weaving, almost all of the youth participated in it.” His testimony highlights the deliberate focus on young learners within the SLT framework, recognizing their pivotal role in ensuring cultural continuity.

The SLT initiative demonstrates how youth-centered programming can both preserve tradition and stimulate economic imagination. By creating enjoyable and participatory learning environments, these programs transform weaving from a burdensome task into a source of pride and potential livelihood. As Batugan notes, once young participants immerse themselves in weaving, they begin to appreciate its cultural significance and envision it as a viable source of income. This dual emphasis on cultural appreciation and economic opportunity is crucial in shifting perceptions among the youth, who may otherwise dismiss handicrafts as irrelevant to their modern aspirations. Moreover, the SLT utilizes social media and other digital platforms to align with the aesthetic sensibilities of today’s youth, thereby making traditional crafts resonate with contemporary cultural expressions. In doing so, the program situates handicrafts within both traditional and modern contexts, demonstrating their adaptability and enduring relevance.

This strategic alignment between cultural heritage and modern platforms is not only pragmatic but also visionary. In an era where digital media shapes identity and trends, the incorporation of traditional crafts into online spaces creates new pathways for recognition, appreciation, and market expansion. By presenting handicrafts as both heritage artifacts and fashionable lifestyle products, these initiatives tap into the youth’s aesthetic values while simultaneously reinforcing cultural pride. The resulting synergy offers a powerful mechanism for revitalization: crafts become symbols of identity that are both cherished locally and appreciated globally. Furthermore, the intergenerational learning process fosters more than technical mastery; it nurtures creativity, innovation, and social cohesion. When youth and elders collaborate on handicrafts, they engage in a dialogue that bridges temporal, cultural, and experiential divides. This interaction cultivates a dynamic cultural ecosystem where traditions are not static but continually reinterpreted to reflect evolving social realities. Such creativity ensures that handicrafts remain relevant in contemporary contexts, whether through integration into fashion, home décor, or tourism products. More importantly, these collaborative practices strengthen community bonds, reinforcing the collective commitment to preserving heritage while adapting to change.

The analytical significance of these developments lies in their ability to reframe the discourse on cultural preservation from one of decline to one of transformation. While challenges such as youth disinterest and the aging artisan population are undeniable, the convergence of cultural tourism, institutional support, and innovative youth-focused initiatives provides fertile ground for revitalization. The recognition of weaving and other crafts as both cultural and economic capital aligns with Bourdieu’s (1986) conceptualization of cultural capital as an asset that can be mobilized for social reproduction and mobility. Handicrafts, in this sense, are not merely heritage artifacts but resources that embody skills, knowledge, and identity, which, when strategically deployed, can yield both cultural and economic dividends.

Ultimately, the sustainability of Meranaw handicrafts depends on the successful negotiation between tradition and modernity. Intergenerational workshops, institutional initiatives, and youth-focused programs collectively illustrate a holistic approach that addresses both the cultural and economic dimensions of preservation. By reframing weaving as both a marker of identity and a potential livelihood, these initiatives create conditions under which the youth can embrace handicrafts not as a relic of the past but as a resource for the future. The communal nature of these practices further reinforces their value, ensuring that the transmission of knowledge is embedded within relationships of care, mentorship, and shared cultural responsibility.

Furthermore, the evolving dynamics within the Meranaw weaving community exemplify the broader challenges and opportunities inherent in cultural preservation. The aging artisan population, the disinterest of youth, and the pressures of modernization pose significant risks to the continuity of traditional crafts. Yet, the shift in tourism toward cultural immersion, coupled with strategic institutional initiatives and youth-centered programming, opens new possibilities for revitalization. By nurturing both cultural pride and economic potential, these efforts lay the groundwork for a sustainable future in which handicrafts continue to thrive as living traditions. The preservation of Meranaw handicrafts, therefore, is not merely an act of conserving the past but a dynamic project of cultural reproduction, innovation, and community resilience.

Economic Empowerment and Market Development

Economic empowerment and market development represent intertwined forces that drive sustainable growth and improve livelihoods within communities and nations. Economic empowerment encompasses the processes that enable individuals, particularly marginalized groups such as women, minorities, and the poor, to gain greater control over resources, participate more fully in economic activities, and ultimately enhance their economic security and well-being (World Bank, 2011). This often involves increasing access to education, skills development, financial services, and productive assets. Simultaneously, market development focuses on creating and strengthening efficient and inclusive markets that provide opportunities for producers, consumers, and entrepreneurs. This includes establishing robust infrastructure, fostering a conducive regulatory environment, promoting fair competition, and facilitating access to information and technology (UNDP, 2015). The synergy between these two concepts is crucial; empowered individuals are better equipped to engage in and benefit from well-functioning markets, while thriving markets, in turn, generate the economic opportunities necessary for sustained empowerment and poverty reduction (ILO, 2019). Ultimately, the deliberate and integrated pursuit of economic empowerment and market development can lead to more equitable and prosperous societies.

B.1 Market Access and Fair-Trade Practices

Establishing fair trade practices and robust market linkages is paramount. Equitable compensation for artisans, reflecting the actual value of their skill and labor, is not only a matter of justice but also a crucial incentive for continued participation in the craft. Cooperative models can significantly strengthen the economic position of Meranaw artisans. By pooling resources and expertise, cooperatives can offer collective marketing opportunities, negotiate more favorable prices, and maintain consistent quality standards. This collective approach empowers artisans, giving them a stronger voice in the marketplace and fostering a sense of shared economic security. Weaving traditions, deeply rooted in cultural heritage, hold significant potential for economic empowerment and market development within communities. To fully realize this potential, a multi-faceted approach focusing on fair trade practices, enhanced market access, product diversification, and the strengthening of weaver cooperatives is essential. Fair trade practices form the bedrock of sustainable economic empowerment. By adhering to fair trade principles, which emphasize equitable compensation, safe working conditions, and environmental sustainability, weavers are guaranteed a just return for their intricate labor and artistic skills. This ensures that weaving becomes a viable and dignified livelihood, fostering economic stability within weaving communities (International Trade Centre, 2021).

Expanding market access stands as a pivotal factor in ensuring the growth and sustainability of the weaving industry, particularly in regions where traditional craftsmanship forms an integral part of cultural heritage and economic livelihood. The ability to reach diverse markets, ranging from local artisans’ fairs to national retail outlets and international e-commerce platforms, significantly broadens the opportunities available to weavers. This expansion not only enhances their income potential but also provides greater visibility for their cultural artistry on a global scale. Participation in trade fairs, for instance, creates opportunities for direct interaction between weavers and consumers, retailers, and potential business partners. Such exchanges allow buyers to experience firsthand the uniqueness of handcrafted products while enabling artisans to receive immediate feedback on design, quality, and consumer preferences. Online platforms, on the other hand, extend the reach of traditional crafts beyond physical boundaries, offering access to global audiences who may otherwise never encounter these textiles in person. Furthermore, collaborations with designers and retailers help introduce traditional weaving techniques into contemporary fashion and design, thereby bridging heritage with modern aesthetics and ensuring relevance in changing markets (World Fair Trade Organization, 2020).

According to Abdullah, a key figure in the promotion of Meranaw handicrafts, these efforts are strengthened by partnerships with government agencies. He explained, “We promote and market them through partnerships with MTIT Lanao Del Sur (Ministry of Trade, Investment, and Tourism). They assist us in strengthening production and improving the quality of these crafts. Of course, we also promote them by showcasing these crafts at various local, national, regional, and even international travel fairs. For example, we have the Philippine Travel Mart and events like Likha, which is a weaving-centered event that promotes Filipino-made textiles and handmade crafts. The province also participates in many travel expos where we showcase not only our handicrafts, weavers, and textiles, but we also bring the weavers themselves so they can share the stories behind how each piece is made and the meaning behind every handicraft item.” This statement underscores how the partnership between artisans and MTIT functions as a critical component of cultural and economic development. By offering resources, technical training, and quality enhancement strategies, MTIT plays a central role in raising the standards of local crafts so they can compete in larger and more demanding markets.

The deliberate emphasis on government involvement signals more than just logistical support—it reflects a broader commitment to positioning handicrafts as both cultural treasures and economic assets. In this sense, weaving is not merely preserved as an artifact of tradition but actively cultivated as a dynamic sector of livelihood. Trade fairs and exhibitions form a central element of this approach. The participation of Meranaw weavers in prominent events such as the Philippine Travel Mart creates valuable exposure, showcasing their work to audiences who may include tourists, wholesalers, fashion designers, and collectors. These platforms bridge the gap between the local and the global, enabling regional crafts to reach audiences who might otherwise be unaware of their existence. The mention of Likha, a weaving-centered event, illustrates the value of specialized spaces designed to highlight the cultural and artistic importance of weaving itself. By focusing attention on textiles and handmade crafts, such events deepen appreciation for the intricate labor and symbolic meanings that underpin traditional designs, while positioning them within the broader narrative of Filipino identity.

Perhaps the most striking and effective element of this promotional strategy is the inclusion of the weavers themselves in these events. By giving artisans the platform to present their work directly, the marketing of crafts moves beyond transactional exchange and enters into the realm of cultural storytelling. Weavers are able to share the narratives behind their designs, explain the traditional techniques used, and communicate the cultural values embedded in every woven piece. This transforms the handicrafts from mere commodities into vessels of heritage and personal expression. The act of storytelling adds intangible value, as buyers and audiences develop a deeper emotional connection to the crafts. In turn, this fosters both cultural appreciation and consumer loyalty, as products infused with meaning and identity are more likely to be remembered, cherished, and sought after.

Such a strategy highlights the importance of recognizing that handicraft promotion is not simply about marketing products but about sustaining a cultural legacy. The synergy of government support, proactive market exposure, and artisan participation builds a holistic ecosystem that benefits all stakeholders. It secures economic opportunities for weavers while simultaneously reinforcing the cultural identity of the Meranaw community. More importantly, it positions traditional crafts as evolving cultural assets, capable of adapting to modern market demands while retaining their authenticity. This integrative model ensures not only the preservation of weaving as a heritage practice but also its economic viability for future generations. To enhance marketability and appeal to a broader consumer base, exploring product diversification is vital. While traditional garments hold cultural significance, adapting weaving techniques to create contemporary products such as home décor items (e.g., cushion covers, wall hangings), fashion accessories (e.g., bags, scarves), and corporate gifts can tap into new market segments. This innovation not only broadens the product range but also showcases the versatility and adaptability of traditional craftsmanship (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2019).

Strengthening and supporting weaving cooperatives play a pivotal role in empowering weavers collectively. Cooperatives offer a platform for weavers to pool their resources, share knowledge, and collectively negotiate for fair prices. They can also facilitate access to training programs, financial assistance, and marketing support, thereby enhancing the overall capacity and sustainability of the weaving industry within communities (International Labour Organization, 2022). By fostering a supportive ecosystem through these interconnected strategies, the economic empowerment and market development of weaving traditions can flourish, contributing to the cultural preservation and economic well-being of weaving communities. In today’s digital age, e-commerce platforms and digital marketing strategies offer unprecedented opportunities to expand market access. Connecting Meranaw artisans with both domestic and international consumers through online platforms can significantly increase their income and create a sustainable demand for their products. The ability to showcase their crafts to a global audience not only broadens their market but also raises awareness of the unique cultural significance of Meranaw handicrafts.

Tourism initiatives, when carefully designed and implemented, can play a pivotal role in economic sustainability. By creating authentic cultural experiences that showcase the craftsmanship and cultural significance of Meranaw handicrafts, economic opportunities can be generated while simultaneously raising cultural awareness. This approach not only provides income for artisans through direct sales and workshops but also creates a broader appreciation for their cultural heritage. In this context, the involvement of the Ministry of Trade, Investments, and Tourism (MTIT) and the Provincial Tourism Office of Lanao del Sur is critical. These government agencies can play a pivotal role in facilitating the economic development of Meranaw handicrafts. The MTIT can provide essential support in establishing fair trade practices, promoting market linkages, and facilitating access to e-commerce platforms. The MTIT’s expertise in trade and investment can be harnessed to create sustainable economic models that benefit Meranaw artisans.

B.2 Support Cooperatives

Supporting the cooperatives of Meranaw traditional woven handicraft is essential for several interconnected reasons, spanning cultural preservation, economic empowerment, and social stability. The Meranaw weaving tradition is a deeply rooted cultural practice that embodies the community’s identity, beliefs, and artistry. Weaving is not only a form of creative expression but also an emblem of Meranaw heritage, with intricate designs and motifs that have been passed down through generations (Alauya, 2020). The preservation of this craft is crucial for maintaining the cultural legacy of the Meranaw people, especially in the face of modernization and external influences that threaten to erode indigenous practices (Alauya, 2020). By supporting cooperatives, a structured effort is made to document, archive, and transmit these skills to younger generations, thereby ensuring the survival of this unique cultural heritage (Alauya, 2020).

Economically, weaving serves as a vital source of livelihood, particularly for women and youth in Meranaw communities who often face limited employment opportunities. Many of these communities continue to grapple with the consequences of conflict and displacement, most notably the aftermath of the Marawi siege, which left thousands of families without stable sources of income (Cayongcat, 2021). In such fragile contexts, weaving and other traditional crafts become more than cultural expressions; they represent crucial economic safety nets that enable households to sustain themselves and gradually rebuild their lives. The ability to generate income through weaving translates into improved material welfare, greater household stability, and opportunities for children’s education and community development. Beyond individual benefits, the economic empowerment of women and vulnerable groups through weaving strengthens collective resilience, as these groups become active contributors to their families’ survival and recovery (Cayongcat, 2021; Maguindanao, 2018).

However, despite its potential, the sustainability of weaving and other traditional crafts in Meranaw communities faces significant challenges. As Maam Mai of the Ministry of Trade, Investments, and Tourism (MTIT) emphasized, one of the major reasons for the decline of crafts in Tugaya—such as woodcraft, brasswork, and weaving—was the absence of organization and institutionalization. For generations, these crafts were carried out by individuals or families working independently, relying on personal networks and small-scale local markets. While this individualistic system preserved artistic freedom and cultural authenticity, it left artisans without the structural support needed to sustain or expand their practices. Without formal organization, artisans lacked access to broader markets, subsidies, legal protections, and mechanisms to collectively address challenges such as declining demand, rising production costs, or competition from mass-produced goods. Consequently, many crafts began to disappear, as younger generations saw little stability or opportunity in continuing the tradition.

In response, the MTIT initiated a strategic intervention to address this structural gap by organizing artisans into cooperatives. Through the establishment of 26 cooperatives, the ministry provided a framework that shifted artisanal production from isolated individual efforts to a more collective and institutionalized approach. This reorganization has far-reaching implications. On the one hand, cooperatives empower artisans by offering training, access to equipment, and platforms for entrepreneurship. On the other, they create an enabling environment where cultural heritage is safeguarded not only by individual dedication but also by institutional recognition and support. The provision of subsidies and formal registration further strengthens this effort, as these steps confer legitimacy on the cooperatives and allow them to operate as recognized entities capable of accessing funding, partnerships, and intellectual property protections.

Moreover, the emphasis on consistent program implementation and communication reflects an understanding that institutionalization must be accompanied by sustained engagement. Informing artisans that every program should identify them as a group fosters both unity and a collective identity, which are essential for long-term empowerment. This sense of belonging to an organized cooperative encourages artisans to view themselves not just as individual craftsmen but as part of a larger movement to preserve and promote Meranaw heritage. Collective identity, in this sense, becomes both a cultural and economic asset. It allows artisans to advocate more effectively for their interests, gain visibility in broader markets, and ensure that their work remains a living tradition rather than a fading relic.Thus, weaving in Meranaw communities illustrates the intersection of culture, livelihood, and institutional support. While conflict and displacement have underscored the vulnerability of traditional crafts, the shift toward cooperative organization offers a promising pathway for sustainability. By bridging individual artistry with collective empowerment, the MTIT’s intervention demonstrates how institutional support can revitalize endangered cultural practices, ensuring that they continue to serve as both a source of livelihood and a repository of heritage for future generations.

The registration of weaving cooperatives with the Intellectual Property Office marks a pivotal development in safeguarding the cultural and economic value of Meranaw traditional crafts. Intellectual property rights provide a legal mechanism for protecting indigenous knowledge and designs, ensuring that their benefits remain with the rightful creators—the artisans themselves. This recognition not only protects against exploitation and cultural misappropriation but also elevates the status of these crafts in broader markets. Authenticity and quality become verifiable, which enhances their appeal to both local and international buyers. Such institutional support addresses one of the major historical reasons for the decline of traditional crafts in Tugaya: the absence of organization and formal structures that could preserve and promote artisanal practices. By establishing cooperatives and registering them under intellectual property laws, the Ministry of Trade, Investments, and Tourism (MTIT) has laid the groundwork for both cultural preservation and economic sustainability.This effort is complemented by financial and logistical support provided to cooperatives. As noted by Maam Mai, each cooperative receives a subsidy of ₱50,000, not in cash but in the form of equipment, to prevent misallocation of resources. Yet, despite this provision, a challenge remains in ensuring that artisans are fully informed about the processes of registration, profiling, and program participation. Limited awareness and understanding among some community members hinder the optimal utilization of available support. This gap underscores the need for consistent capacity-building initiatives and awareness campaigns to complement financial assistance. Without adequate understanding of the programs and their benefits, artisans may remain underrepresented and unable to maximize opportunities created for them.

Beyond financial assistance, the organization of artisans into cooperatives generates significant social and cultural benefits. According to the World Bank (2007), cooperatives promote social cohesion, resilience, and empowerment through collective action. Members gain access to shared resources, technical training, and participatory decision-making, all of which strengthen their bargaining power in the market. These structures nurture trust and collaboration, reinforcing cultural pride and mutual accountability. In the context of Marawi and Lanao del Sur—regions deeply affected by instability and armed conflict—such cooperative structures carry even greater significance. As Maguindanao (2018) highlights, weaving cooperatives provide a constructive alternative to dependence on external aid by transforming displaced individuals from passive beneficiaries into active cultural bearers and economic contributors. This shift not only restores dignity and self-worth but also contributes to peacebuilding by reducing vulnerability to poverty-driven unrest.

Moreover, the role of cooperatives in conflict-affected areas extends beyond economic recovery to cultural revitalization. Weaving, as both a livelihood and a cultural expression, offers a pathway for reconciliation and intergenerational continuity. Young artisans working alongside elders are not merely earning income but inheriting intangible heritage that reaffirms Meranaw identity. This dynamic makes cooperatives a platform for cultural resilience, where skills are transmitted, traditions are upheld, and communities find collective purpose amidst adversity. The long-term sustainability of these cooperatives, however, depends on their ability to adapt to evolving market demands. There is a growing recognition of the domestic and international market potential of Meranaw woven products. Government agencies, alongside non-governmental organizations, play a critical role in helping artisans enhance product quality, diversify designs, and connect with buyers beyond local markets (Cayongcat, 2021; Fibre2Fashion News Desk, 2023). By aligning traditional craftsmanship with contemporary design sensibilities and consumer trends, cooperatives can increase profitability while maintaining authenticity. This balance between innovation and preservation ensures that weaving remains a living tradition, capable of sustaining communities both culturally and economically.

Taken together, the integration of intellectual property rights, cooperative organization, financial support, and market development forms a comprehensive framework for revitalizing traditional crafts in Tugaya. While challenges remain in terms of awareness and program implementation, the foundation being built fosters not only economic empowerment but also social cohesion and peace. By securing the rights of artisans and strengthening their collective voice, these initiatives ensure that Meranaw weaving continues to thrive as both a cultural heritage and a viable livelihood, transforming vulnerability into resilience and tradition into opportunity.

Sustainable Practices

The socio-economic dimension of sustainable practices in Meranaw weaving is critically important, as demonstrated by community-led initiatives such as Meranaw Collectibles. Founded by Saadira Basman, a displaced Meranaw artisan, this social enterprise exemplifies how the revival and promotion of traditional weaving can drive economic recovery and foster social cohesion in post-conflict settings. Meranaw Collectibles originated as a grassroots initiative by internally displaced persons (IDPs) from Marawi City who, amid the aftermath of the 2017 siege, found themselves deprived of both livelihoods and cultural anchors. Recognizing the decline of langkit weaving due to cultural undervaluation and modern displacement, the group began teaching weaving skills to fellow evacuees using makeshift equipment. This initiative not only preserves a dying tradition but also generates sustainable livelihoods by creating market linkages through social enterprise models. It uplifts the dignity of the craft and provides economic opportunities for marginalized communities, thereby addressing sustainability through stable income and job creation while simultaneously safeguarding cultural heritage and empowering younger generations to continue the craft (European External Action Service [EEAS], 2018).

The resilience of weavers such as Basman illustrates the power of grassroots innovation in contexts of crisis. Recalling her experiences before and after the Marawi siege, she notes how opportunities initially offered through high-profile figures like Senator Loren Legarda enabled them to showcase their weaving in national events. Yet the siege, which devastated Marawi in May 2017, left them displaced, jobless, and uncertain of their futures. In her own words, she asked a fellow artisan what would happen to them now that their weaving materials and market networks were destroyed. Her statement underscores the vulnerability of intangible cultural heritage when confronted by armed conflict, and the urgent need for interventions that enable artisans to reestablish both their craft and their livelihoods. By improvising with makeshift looms and re-creating learning spaces within evacuation areas, these weavers demonstrated not only adaptability but also the collective determination to ensure that weaving traditions endured despite displacement.

This experience climaxes the critical intersection of innovation and sustainability in preserving cultural heritage. On one hand, Meranaw weaving was threatened by conflict, displacement, and economic instability; on the other, the crisis became a catalyst for creative adaptation. Supported by institutional allies and cultural advocates, the weaving community transformed adversity into an opportunity for renewal. By diversifying their products to align with contemporary fashion markets while maintaining fidelity to ancestral patterns, they engaged in incremental innovation that respected tradition while ensuring economic viability. In this regard, weaving became both a livelihood strategy and a form of cultural resilience, capable of sustaining communities through social and economic upheavals. The pandemic presented another formidable challenge, yet it also became an avenue for innovation and adaptive resilience. As Basman recalls, their weaving collective received support from the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) during this period, particularly through the encouragement of Undersecretary Macatoman. Although they had limited resources—just two embroidery machines compared to the advanced equipment available in government offices—they managed to creatively pivot by producing masks with langkit weaving. This adaptive strategy allowed them to generate income at a time when conventional business avenues were disrupted by lockdowns. Importantly, this product diversification not only provided a survival mechanism but also reflected the broader capacity of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the Philippines to innovate under conditions of scarcity (Diaz, 2022).

The pandemic episode underscores how resilience and sustainability in traditional crafts are not solely dependent on preserving ancestral skills, but also on the ability of artisans to engage with shifting market demands. By producing langkit masks, the weavers demonstrated that cultural heritage can be embedded in practical, everyday items without losing its symbolic and aesthetic value. This capacity for cultural adaptability strengthens the craft’s relevance in modern markets and ensures its survival in an era of globalization and crisis. In this way, Meranaw weaving exemplifies how tradition and innovation can coexist in a mutually reinforcing manner, ensuring cultural continuity while enhancing economic opportunity. Institutional support, particularly from provincial agencies, also plays a crucial role in sustaining the weaving tradition. According to Abdullah of the Provincial Tourism Office of Lanao del Sur, initiatives such as the Langkit Festival of Marawi City provide platforms to showcase the vitality of the craft. The festival not only allows weavers to present their products to a wider audience but also creates spaces where young people can engage with the tradition. Profiling artisans, as the Provincial Tourism Office has begun to do, is another significant step in preserving this cultural practice. Profiling enables the identification of master weavers whose skills and dedication may qualify them for national recognition through awards such as the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA), the highest honor conferred by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) to living cultural treasures. Such recognition not only uplifts the individual artisan but also legitimizes the craft as a vital part of national heritage, inspiring younger generations to view weaving as both an honorable profession and a cultural responsibility.

Yet, despite these initiatives, challenges remain. Abdullah emphasizes that one of the persistent concerns is the lack of youth participation in weaving. As fewer young people engage with the craft, the sustainability of this cultural practice becomes precarious. Efforts to profile artisans and nominate them for GAMABA recognition are therefore crucial, as they highlight role models within the community whose mastery and dedication can inspire continuity. The role of festivals, awards, and institutional support illustrates that sustainability in weaving is not only about market viability but also about cultivating pride, visibility, and cultural legitimacy within the broader national narrative. Beyond the economic and institutional dimensions, Meranaw weaving embodies a holistic sustainability model that integrates environmental, social, and cultural elements. The weaving process is often accompanied by rituals and mythical performances, reflecting a worldview where cultural practice is inseparable from spirituality and community life (Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology [MSU-IIT], 2019). These rituals underscore a collective identity and a deep respect for nature, reinforcing values of responsible resource use and communal responsibility. In this sense, weaving is not merely an economic activity; it is a social practice embedded in narratives of belonging, identity, and ecological stewardship.

The integration of these cultural anchors ensures that weaving transcends the transactional logic of market demand. Instead, it becomes a vehicle for community resilience, reinforcing bonds among displaced populations, fostering pride in cultural identity, and cultivating a sense of continuity with ancestral heritage. This holistic model resonates with broader theoretical perspectives on sustainability, which emphasize the interdependence of economic viability, social cohesion, and ecological balance. By situating weaving within this multidimensional framework, Meranaw artisans demonstrate that sustainability is not a singular concept but a dynamic interplay of factors that include resilience, innovation, cultural pride, and collective solidarity.

The case of Meranaw weaving also reflects Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital, where embodied skills and artisanal knowledge function as assets that can be converted into social and economic advantages. In the context of Marawi’s displaced communities, weaving skills became both a livelihood resource and a form of symbolic capital that enabled weavers to assert dignity and cultural pride amid crisis. Moreover, the social enterprise model adopted by Meranaw Collectibles illustrates how cultural capital can be institutionalized and translated into sustainable economic practices. By establishing linkages to broader markets and adapting designs to contemporary consumer demands, these artisans ensured that their cultural capital was not only preserved but also leveraged for community development. In sum, the socio-economic dimension of sustainable practices in Meranaw weaving demonstrates the profound interconnectedness of tradition, innovation, and resilience. From the grassroots initiative of Meranaw Collectibles to the adaptive strategies employed during the pandemic, and from institutional support in the form of festivals and profiling to the cultural anchors embedded in rituals and spirituality, the weaving tradition exemplifies a holistic sustainability model. This model safeguards cultural heritage while simultaneously enabling economic recovery and social cohesion in contexts of crisis. More importantly, it underscores the enduring capacity of marginalized communities to harness tradition as a source of resilience, innovation, and dignity.

The story of Meranaw weaving is, therefore, not only about craft preservation but also about sustainable innovation in crisis. It illustrates how displaced artisans, armed with limited resources but guided by ancestral knowledge, can reimagine their futures through creativity, collaboration, and cultural pride. In a world increasingly confronted by conflict, displacement, and global disruptions such as pandemics, the resilience of Meranaw weavers provides a powerful narrative of how cultural heritage, when sustained through innovation and socio-economic empowerment, can become both a survival strategy and a beacon of hope for future generations.

Sustainable practices in Meranaw traditional woven handicrafts are complex, encompassing ecological sensitivity through the use of natural materials, socio-economic empowerment via community-based enterprises, and cultural preservation through the transmission of ancestral knowledge and rituals. These practices not only sustain the craft itself but also contribute to the resilience and well-being of the Meranaw community. They offer a model of sustainability deeply rooted in indigenous culture and responsive to contemporary challenges, demonstrating how cultural heritage can be leveraged for both economic development and social cohesion (EEAS, 2018; Adobo Magazine, 2020). Sustainability extends beyond economic and cultural dimensions to include environmental considerations. Incorporating eco-friendly materials, promoting sustainable sourcing practices, and reducing environmental impact can ensure that Meranaw handicrafts align with contemporary ecological values. Preserving Meranaw traditional handicrafts requires a holistic, dynamic approach that respects traditional knowledge while embracing contemporary innovations. By developing comprehensive documentation strategies, creating robust educational frameworks, ensuring economic sustainability, actively engaging youth, and establishing supportive policy environments, these invaluable cultural treasures can be safeguarded.

The future of Meranaw handicrafts lies not in preservation as a static concept but in enabling a living, evolving cultural expression. Young Meranaw artisans are not merely inheritors but active creators who will shape the trajectory of their cultural heritage. Their creativity, passion, and commitment will determine how these rich traditions continue to thrive in the complex, interconnected world of the 21st century. The Meranaw traditional handicrafts, a testament to generations of artistry and cultural heritage, face the delicate challenge of preservation in a rapidly evolving world. The critical role of youth in ensuring the continuity of this legacy cannot be overstated. As Wyn and White (1997) aptly articulated, the concept of “youth agency” underscores the potential of young people to actively shape their cultural futures, moving beyond passive recipients to become dynamic agents of change. This perspective necessitates a strategic approach that acknowledges the contemporary experiences and aspirations of Meranaw youth, bridging the gap between tradition and modernity. From Hadjinor’s perspective, the role of the youth in preserving Meranaw traditional handicrafts is both practical and deeply cultural. She emphasizes that preservation is not only about admiring these products but about actively supporting them in meaningful ways. For young people, one of the most effective forms of appreciation is through promotion and patronage. By choosing to buy local handicrafts instead of foreign-made alternatives, the youth can provide direct economic encouragement to artisans. This choice creates a cycle of sustainability: when artisans see that their products are valued and purchased, they become more motivated to continue their craft. Such motivation strengthens not only their livelihood but also the survival of traditional weaving and craftsmanship. In this sense, the younger generation becomes a vital link in the continuity of cultural heritage, transforming their consumer behavior into an act of preservation. Beyond consumption, youth participation in promoting handicrafts through social media, academic discussions, and cultural events extends the reach of these traditions to broader audiences. Thus, the active involvement of the younger generation ensures that Meranaw handicrafts remain relevant in contemporary society, bridging the past and the present while safeguarding the cultural identity of the Meranaw people for future generations.

The young people’s conscious decision to buy and promote local products serves as a powerful instrument in sustaining the cultural heritage of the Meranaw community. Their involvement not only helps preserve the unique artistry and cultural identity embedded in the handicrafts but also strengthens community cohesion and pride. By embracing this responsibility, the youth contribute significantly to the ongoing preservation and promotion of Meranao traditions for future generations. In this endeavor, digital platforms emerge as potent allies, offering unprecedented opportunities for engagement. Social media campaigns, for instance, can leverage the visual and interactive nature of platforms like Instagram and TikTok to showcase the intricate beauty and cultural significance of Meranaw handicrafts. Virtual workshops, accessible to a broader audience, can provide hands-on experiences, demystifying traditional techniques and fostering a sense of connection to the craft. Interactive online exhibitions, meanwhile, can curate digital spaces that celebrate the artistry of Meranaw artisans, presenting their work compellingly and engagingly. Encouraging young artisans to integrate traditional designs into contemporary art forms, such as graphic design, fashion, and digital media, further opens avenues for cultural expression, allowing them to reinterpret and revitalize their heritage in innovative ways.

However, technology alone is insufficient. It is imperative to cultivate a deep-seated sense of pride and ownership among Meranaw youth. Cultural awareness programs must go beyond mere information dissemination, focusing on fostering emotional connections to their heritage. Recognizing and celebrating the achievements of master artisans, who serve as living repositories of traditional knowledge, can inspire younger generations to emulate their dedication. Creating platforms for youth-led cultural initiatives, such as art collectives, design competitions, and cultural festivals, empowers young people to take ownership of their heritage and express it in their unique voices. Furthermore, developing inclusive community programs that involve families and elders strengthens intergenerational bonds, ensuring the seamless transmission of knowledge and skills.

The Ministry of Trade, Investments, and Tourism (MTIT) and the Provincial Tourism Office of Lanao del Sur hold pivotal roles in this endeavor. The MTIT, with its mandate to promote economic development and cultural preservation, can provide crucial support to Meranaw artisans. This support can take the form of funding for training programs, access to markets, and assistance in developing sustainable business models. By empowering young artisans with the necessary resources and skills, the MTIT can help them transform their passion for traditional crafts into viable livelihoods, ensuring the economic sustainability of their cultural heritage. The Provincial Tourism Office of Lanao del Sur, on the other hand, can play a vital role in promoting Meranaw handicrafts as a key component of the region’s cultural tourism offerings. By showcasing the beauty and artistry of these crafts to a broader audience, the tourism office can generate increased demand for Meranaw products, creating economic opportunities for local artisans and contributing to the overall development of the region.

Furthermore, the MTIT and the Provincial Tourism Office can collaborate to develop educational programs that integrate Meranaw cultural heritage into the local curriculum. This can involve organizing workshops, seminars, and exhibitions in schools and community centers to raise awareness about the importance of preserving traditional crafts among young people. By fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation of their cultural heritage, these programs can inspire younger generations to embrace their identity and become active participants in its preservation. The combined efforts of digital engagement, cultural awareness programs, and the strategic support of the MTIT and the Provincial Tourism Office of Lanao del Sur can create a powerful synergy. The insights shared by Pedo underscore the critical role of continuous and lifelong learning in sustaining traditional Meranaw crafts such as weaving and okir carving. These skills are not simply about technical execution but are deeply embedded in cultural meanings, stories, and values that can only be fully understood when transmitted directly from master artisans to younger generations. The emphasis on learning from experts highlights the importance of intergenerational knowledge transfer, ensuring that the details, motifs, and patterns—each carrying historical and cultural significance—are preserved without distortion. Such forms of cultural apprenticeship affirm that being an artisan is not just about production, but about stewardship of heritage, where each work serves as a vessel for identity and collective memory. At the same time, the narrative recognizes that artisanship cannot remain isolated from the demands of modernity.

For Meranaw artisans to thrive, their crafts must also engage with contemporary markets and audiences. This entails striking a balance between honoring traditional designs and adapting to modern aesthetics that make the products more appealing and marketable. Pedo’s perspective further stresses the importance of creativity and personal identity within the craft, as artisans must also decide whether to specialize in strictly traditional patterns or to experiment with blending modern influences into Meranaw artistry. Beyond technical mastery, artisans must cultivate adaptability, openness to innovation, and active participation in cultural events and training opportunities. Such exposure not only broadens their artistic vision but also situates their craft within evolving cultural and economic contexts. Ultimately, this dual commitment—to preserve the integrity of traditional forms while engaging with modern sensibilities—ensures that Meranaw artisans remain relevant, respected, and sustainable in the contemporary world, embodying both cultural guardianship and entrepreneurial innovation.

Furthermore, it emphasizes the development of a distinct artistic identity, urging artisans to consciously shape their style. Ultimately, it posits that a proactive and willing engagement with the broader artistic community, through events and training, is essential for aspiring artisans to discover and seize opportunities for growth and success. Ensuring the revitalization and continued relevance of Meranaw traditional handicrafts. By empowering Meranaw youth to become active agents of cultural preservation, the Meranaw can safeguard this invaluable legacy for future generations, ensuring that the intricate beauty and cultural significance of these crafts continue to enrich the tapestry of Meranaw identity. The combined institutional weight and digital and cultural initiatives must work in tandem to create a sustainable future for Meranaw handicrafts and the youth tasked with their continuation.

The preservation of Meranaw traditional handicrafts, particularly weaving and okir carving, reflects broader dynamics found across Southeast Asia where indigenous communities strive to balance cultural continuity with socioeconomic sustainability. Similar to the Meranaw’s reliance on Schools of Living Traditions as formalized platforms for heritage transmission, Indonesia has developed comparable initiatives, such as the Sanggar system in Bali, where local art forms are taught in community-based learning spaces. Likewise, intergenerational workshops in Meranaw communities resonate with practices in Thailand and Laos, where weaving villages function as cultural schools in which younger generations acquire both technical skills and cultural narratives from elders.

Economic empowerment and market development also form a shared thread across the region. For instance, Meranaw artisans’ growing participation in cooperatives and fair-trade practices mirrors efforts among the Hmong in Northern Thailand and the Toraja in Indonesia, whose craft cooperatives not only improve bargaining power but also connect their products to global fair-trade networks. These parallels highlight how indigenous groups in Southeast Asia often seek to transform traditional crafts into viable sources of livelihood while resisting cultural homogenization. Sustainability, moreover, is increasingly emphasized in both Meranaw and regional contexts. The use of eco-friendly materials in Filipino weaving traditions finds resonance with Cambodian silk weavers’ revival of natural dyeing techniques and Malaysia’s Iban communities’ sustainable harvesting of natural fibers. Such practices demonstrate that across Southeast Asia, indigenous artisans are navigating the dual challenge of safeguarding cultural identity and ensuring environmental stewardship, situating the Meranaw experience within a broader regional narrative of resilience and adaptation.

CONCLUSIONS

The strategies explored for preserving Meranaw traditional handicrafts demonstrate that cultural continuity cannot be reduced to the mere survival of technical skills but must instead encompass knowledge transmission, economic empowerment, and sustainable practices that make the craft meaningful for future generations. Viewed comparatively with other Southeast Asian experiences, it becomes clear that the most effective interventions integrate cultural integrity with contemporary opportunities. The Meranaw case, like those of Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Malaysia, reveals that the sustainability of weaving and carving traditions rests on aligning the interests of artisans, institutions, and markets while ensuring that the youth occupy central roles as inheritors and innovators.

Schools of Living Traditions and intergenerational workshops serve as vital vehicles for transferring both explicit skills and tacit knowledge, providing youth with cultural depth as well as technical fluency. Yet, as regional counterparts show, their impact multiplies when they embed reflective practices, intellectual property awareness, and digital literacy. In this sense, the Meranaw SLTs could evolve into hubs not only of apprenticeship but of cultural leadership and advocacy, equipping youth to safeguard and articulate the symbolic weight of motifs and techniques. Similarly, intergenerational mentorships, when supported with recognition systems and stipends, ensure that youth see continuity as both socially meaningful and personally viable. At the same time, the preservation of Meranaw handicrafts hinges on addressing material realities. Regional experiences illustrate that fair-trade mechanisms, cooperatives, and branding strategies can elevate crafts from vulnerable livelihoods into resilient cultural economies. By integrating transparent pricing, provenance storytelling, and cooperative structures, Meranaw artisans may secure not only markets but also dignity in their labor. Finally, sustainability practices—ranging from natural dye gardens to community-based intellectual property protections—signal that craft traditions can respond to global concerns while remaining rooted in local values.

Ultimately, the youth emerge as bridge-builders between heritage and modernity, tasked not merely with inheriting but also with reimagining Meranaw handicrafts. Their ability to adapt ancestral practices to contemporary contexts ensures that tradition becomes a living resource rather than a static relic. Through intentional cultivation of leadership, economic empowerment, and sustainability, the Meranaw craft ecosystem can continue to thrive as both cultural heritage and a viable livelihood, reaffirming its place within the broader Southeast Asian tapestry of resilient artisanal traditions.

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