Enhancing the TPB Framework with Religiosity: Insights into Item Re-Use Intentions in Nigeria’s Circular Economy

Enhancing the TPB Framework with Religiosity: Insights into Item Re-Use Intentions in Nigeria’s Circular Economy

Aliyu Umar Sadiq¹, Wasiu Akintunde², Innocent Okechukwu Orji³

¹The University of Manchester, United Kingdom

²Texas Tech University, Lubbock, United States

³Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU) Germany

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.909000584

Received: 16 September 2025; Accepted: 20 September 2025; Published: 19 October 2025

ABSTRACT

The municipal solid waste crisis remains a global concern, including in Nigeria. Although recycling is widely promoted, it is often insufficient, with a significant portion of recyclable waste still ending up as garbage. Re-use, prioritized above recycling in the waste hierarchy and circular economy principles, presents a more effective waste management strategy. This study applies the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to examine how religiosity moderates the effects of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on individuals’ intentions to re-use items in Nigeria. Data were collected through a structured online questionnaire. In the first regression model, attitude emerged as the strongest predictor of re-use intention (β = 0.405, p < 0.001), followed by subjective norms (β = 0.161, p = 0.040) and perceived behavioral control (β = 0.145, p = 0.063). Religiosity showed a negative but non-significant effect (β = -0.083, p = 0.237). In the second model, religiosity was introduced as a moderator. Only the interaction between attitude and religiosity was statistically significant (β = 0.339, p = 0.005), while subjective norms and perceived behavioral control remained non-significant. Religiosity by itself remained statistically insignificant. These findings suggest that while religiosity does not directly predict re-use intention, it strengthens the effect of positive attitudes. This underscores the potential of faith-based institutions to promote pro-environmental attitudes and advance circular economy practices in religious societies like Nigeria.

Keywords: Municipal solid waste; re-use behavior; Theory of Planned Behavior; religiosity; circular economy

INTRODUCTION

The growing global waste crisis has become a pressing concern, with more than 2.01 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated each year, of which approximately 33% is not managed in an environmentally safe manner [38]. MSW refers to everyday discarded items from households, schools, and workplaces, including packaging materials, food scraps, furniture, electronics, clothing, and newspapers. Since 2016, the average global MSW generation rate has been around 0.74 kg per person per day, amounting to over 2 billion tonnes annually [39]. Rapid urbanisation and population growth further exacerbate this issue. In developing countries, urbanisation and population growth rates stand at 17% and 9% respectively, compared to 11% and 4% in developed nations and 41% and 23% in the least developed countries. As a result, global waste generation is projected to increase by 70%, potentially reaching 3.40 billion tonnes per year by 2050 [38]. In Nigeria, the situation is especially alarming. With an average waste generation rate of 0.65 kg per person per day, the country produces between 43.2 to 62 million tonnes of waste annually, making it the highest waste-generating nation in Africa [29]. By 2025, with a projected population of 233.5 million, Nigeria is expected to produce approximately 72.46 million tonnes of waste per year at an estimated rate of 0.85 kg per capita daily [29]. This will account for nearly one-quarter of Africa’s total waste volume. Despite widespread promotion of recycling as a solution to the waste problem and alternative to landfill disposal [10];[20], evidence suggests that recycling alone may not be sufficient. More than half of solid waste with recycling potential still ends up being discarded as garbage [31]. A study by Aroge et al., (2025) shows that recycling is not complementary to the volume of waste produced. The availability of waste materials for recycling is often limited due to deferred generation and the decentralized collection approach [16]. The waste hierarchy emphasizes a more effective prioritisation, reducing waste generation, followed by re-using materials, and lastly recycling them [12]. These 3Rs including Reduce, Re-use, and Recycle, align closely with the principles of the circular economy as promoted by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Among these, re-use, which involves using items multiple times before discarding, represents a more impactful and sustainable approach than recycling [12]. Re-use models keep items in use for their primary purpose for a long period [16], hence reducing waste generation.

Religiosity, defined as the depth of an individual’s religious beliefs, values, and motivations [4], plays a significant role in shaping human attitudes and behaviour, including those related to the environment. As a vital component of cultural context [19], religion can influence how individuals perceive their responsibility toward nature. While some religious worldviews emphasize stewardship and care for creation, others promote a dominion-oriented perspective that may diminish environmental concern [25]. Recent studies have increasingly highlighted the positive relationship between individuals’ level of faith and their willingness to engage in pro-environmental behaviours [42];[15], suggesting that religiosity could be a key factor in promoting sustainable practices such as waste reduction and reuse.

Despite the growing body of literature exploring pro-environmental behaviours using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), limited attention has been given to more specific actions such as item reuse, which is a distinct and crucial component of circular economy strategies [13]. While the TPB has been widely applied to predict general recycling or green consumer behaviours [24];[20];[31];[27];[10], to the best of our knowledge, no studies have specifically investigated the role of religiosity in determining intentions on item re-use within Nigeria.

This study addresses this gap by examining the role of religiosity in moderating the effects of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control on individuals’ intentions on item re-use, providing new knowledge tailored to the Nigerian context and contributing to more targeted circular economy interventions. The research objectives for this study includes; to analyse the effects of predictor’s of TPB (attitude, perceived behavioural control, subjective norms) on individual intention to re-use items, and to examine the moderating role of religiosity in the relationship between predictor’s of TPB and intention on item re-use.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

2.1 Theoretical Framework

The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is often employed to understand individual behaviour related to environmental practices [23];[17]. The Theory posits that an individual’s behavioural intention is shaped by three key components: attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. These constructs collectively offer a predictive framework for understanding behavioural intentions. However, this theory also allows for the integration of context-specific variables to enhance its explanatory power [1];[32];[7]. To strengthen the underpinning of the theory, this study integrates religiosity to investigate its moderating influence on environmental behaviour.

Fig 1: The Theory of Planned Behavior (Source Azjen I 1991)

2.2 Attitude Towards Item Reuse Intention

Attitude plays a critical role in shaping individuals’ intentions to engage in pro-environmental behaviour. According to Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour  [1], attitude towards a behaviour is a significant predictor of intention. Research has consistently shown that understanding the proven benefits of pro-environmental behaviors strongly influences positive attitudes toward recycling [37]. For instance, [31] applied TPB in Iran to assess recycling intention on household wastes; the result indicated that attitude was a significant predictor of recycling behaviour in all models. Similarly, [11] investigated the influence of attitudes on the use of reusable bags in Indonesia and found that individuals with more positive attitudes toward reusable bags were more likely to intend to use them. In essence, these studies indicate that individuals with a positive attitude are more likely to have a high intention to re-use items. Therefore, these positive attitudes are considered significant factors in stimulating pro-environmental behaviour. Hence, we proposed the following hypothesis:

H1: Attitude has a positive effect on individuals’ intentions towards item re-use

2.3 Perceived Behavioural Control (PBC) Towards Item Reuse Intention

Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) describes the extent to which individuals believe they have the ability or control to perform a particular behavior [2]. Several studies have employed the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to examine pro-environmental behaviours, highlighting both consistent and divergent findings, particularly concerning perceived behavioural control (PBC). For instance, [10] integrated TPB with additional variables to explore recycling intentions and found that both attitude and subjective norms had a significant positive impact on individuals’ willingness to recycle. However, their results indicated that perceived behavioral control did not play a significant role in shaping recycling intentions. In contrast, research by [24] applied the TPB framework to study recycle behaviors among residents in the Greater Glasgow Area and reported that perceived behavioral control was indeed a significant predictor of recycling behavior. These inconsistency points to a gap in literature and underscore the need for further research to clarify the conditions under which perceived behavioural control influences pro-environmental behaviours. This study will focus on understanding individual PBC influence on re-use intentions.

H2: Perceived behaviour control (PBC) has a positive effect on individuals’ intention towards item re-use

2.3 Subjective Norm Towards Item Reuse Intention

Subjective norms (SN) refer to the perceived social pressure individuals experience to act in a certain manner, often influenced by family members, friends, and close social circles [1]. In the context of pro-environmental behaviour, subjective norms have been recognized as a key determinant of consumer actions [40]. Herbes et al. (2018) highlight that the impact of subjective norms varies across cultural contexts; for instance, in collectivist societies, people are more likely to align their behaviour with the expectations of influential reference groups, making subjective norms particularly influential. In relation to item re-use, this suggests that individuals are more likely to engage in re-use practices when such behaviours are supported or encouraged by their social environment. As noted by [26], people may adopt pro-environmental behaviours to maintain a positive image among peers, family, and friends. Therefore, subjective norms play a crucial role in shaping consumers’ intentions to re-use items. Similarly,[30], emphasized the predictive power of subjective norm in influencing environmentally responsible consumption decisions. Thus, the following hypothesis is proposed for this study:

H3: Subjective norms have a positive effect on individuals’ intentions towards item re-use

2.4 Religiosity Towards Item Reuse Intention

Religiosity has increasingly been recognized as a significant factor influencing ethical and environmentally responsible consumer actions [33]. Specifically, studies demonstrate that Islamic religiosity positively promotes pro-environmental behavior. Individuals with strong Islamic beliefs are less likely to engage in environmentally harmful activities and more inclined toward ethical consumption and sustainable practices, such as item reuse [35];[8]. Research by [15] confirms the substantial influence of religiosity on ecological behavior, reflecting the emphasis in many religious traditions, including Islam, on nature protection and the responsible use of resources [3]. Building on these findings, highly religious individuals are more likely to perceive environmentally responsible behaviours, such as reusing items, as a moral duty aligned with their faith. Stern (2000) further supports this by stating that individuals with strong religious convictions are more likely to hold pro-environmental attitudes, which in turn shape their behavioural intentions.

Given this context, religiosity may serve as a critical moderating variable in understanding re-use behaviour, this study investigates religiosity as a moderator within the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework using the hypothesis below:

H4: Religiosity of individuals has a significant positive influence on their attitude, subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioural control (PBC), which ultimately affect their re-use intention

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

This study adopted a quantitative research design to investigate the determinants of re-use intention using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework. The study further examined the moderating role of religiosity on the relationship between TPB variables and re-use intention. Fig. 2 depicts a visual representation of causal relationships between studied variables.

Fig 2: Research framework of consumers’ re-use intentions (DAG Visual Representation)

3.2 Model Specification

The current research builds on the work of [42] who introduced religiosity as a moderating factor within the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework to explore its influence on the intention to purchase recycled packaged products. However, their study was limited in scope, focusing specifically on islamic religiosity and consumer behavior within that context. Building on their foundational work, the present study extends the application of religiosity as a moderating variable within the TPB model, but in a broader context. Specifically, this research considers religiosity across all major religious affiliations and shifts the behavioral focus from purchasing to item re-use, a key element of the circular economy.

Y =β₀+ β₁ X₁+ β₂ X₂+ β₃ X₃+ β₄ X₄—-equ                                              (i)

Y_( =) β_(0 )+ β_1 X_1+ β_2 X_2+ β_3 X_3+ β_4 X_4+(X_1*X_4 ) β_5+ (X_2*X_4 ) β_6+ (X_3*X_4 ) β_7+ε——–equ (ii)

Where Y represents Re-use Intention, ​ Is Attitude, ​ denotes Subjective Norms,  refers to Perceived Behavioural Control, and ​ captures Religiosity. The model incorporates interaction terms between Religiosity and each of the exogenous variables​—to examine the moderating effect of religiosity on the relationship between each predictor and the dependent variable.

3.3 Population & Sampling

The study adapted [41] sampling estimation technique, which provides a simplified formula to calculate sample sizes. The formula is stated below:

Where:

N: Population size

n: Sample size

e:  0.05 degree of precision or 95% confidence interval

Participants were selected through convenience sampling. The target population comprised Nigerians with access to a mobile device, and a total of 166 valid responses were obtained. Data was collected using a structured online questionnaire designed in Microsoft Forms based on the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior [1]. The questionnaire consists of multiple sections. The TPB constructs—Attitude, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioural Control—was measured using items adapted from [43], with responses rated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from “Strongly Disagree (1)” to “Strongly Agree (5).” Religiosity was assessed using the Religious Orientation Scale (ROS) developed by [4] and these items will likewise be rated on a five-point Likert scale.

ANALYSIS AND RESULT PRESENTATION 

4.1 Effect of TPB and Religiosity on Re-Use Intention

Regression analysis based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) revealed that Attitude toward re-use was the strongest predictor of re-use intention (β = 0.405, p < 0.001). Subjective Norms also had a significant effect (β = 0.161, p = 0.040), underscoring the role of social influence in fostering sustainable behavior. Perceived Behavioral Control showed a weaker, marginally significant effect (β = 0.145, p = 0.063), suggesting that perceived capacity to re-use has limited influence. Religiosity had a negative but non-significant effect (β = -0.083, p = 0.237). The overall model was statistically significant (F(4,140) = 16.928, p < 0.001) and explained 32.6% of the variance in re-use intention (R² = 0.326). While this indicates moderate explanatory power, the findings confirm TPB’s utility in understanding pro-environmental behaviors.

Table 1: Regression Coefficient- Direct Effect of TPB and Religiosity on Re-Use Intention

*p < .001, p < .05, *p < .10

*Dependent Variable: I intend to reuse items for other purposes

4.2 Moderation Effects of Religiosity on TPB Variables

To assess whether religiosity moderates the TPB relationships, interaction terms were added to the regression model. The interaction between Attitude and Religiosity was statistically significant (β = 0.339, p = 0.005), indicating that religiosity strengthens the positive influence of attitude on re-use intention. In contrast, the interactions of Subjective Norms × Religiosity (β = 0.105, p = 0.332) and Perceived Behavioral Control × Religiosity (β = -0.064, p = 0.567) were not significant. Religiosity alone also remained insignificant (β = -0.083, p = 0.237), consistent with the baseline model. The interaction model explained 14.0% of the variance in re-use intention (R² = 0.140; adjusted R² = 0.121; SEE = 0.978) and was statistically significant overall (F(3,141) = 7.624, p < 0.001). Although the explanatory power was lower than the direct-effects model, the significant Attitude × Religiosity interaction provides theoretical and practical insights. Specifically, individuals with stronger religious orientation and favorable attitudes toward re-use are more likely to engage in sustainable practices. The modest R² highlights the need for future studies to explore additional moderators or contextual factors to better capture the determinants of re-use behavior.

Table 2: Regression Coefficients – Moderation Effects of Religiosity on TPB Variables

DISCUSSION

This study provides insights into the factors shaping individuals’ intentions toward effective waste management practices, particularly the re-use of purchased items, which is a key behavior for advancing a circular economy. Based on the TPB framework, attitude emerged as the most significant predictor of re-use intention. This finding aligns with previous studies [9,21], which concluded that individuals with a positive view of re-use are more likely to engage in the practice.

The results also show that subjective norms significantly influenced re-use intention. However, when religiosity was introduced as a moderator, this effect disappeared. This outcome contradicts [28], who found subjective norms to be unrelated to purchase intentions for halal products, but is consistent with [22]. Taken together, these findings suggest that subjective norms cannot be considered a strong predictor of re-use intention

Perceived behavioral control (PBC) showed only marginal significance in predicting re-use intention. Once religiosity was introduced as a moderator, PBC became statistically insignificant. This result is consistent with [10], who also found PBC to be an unreliable determinant of behavioral intention. These findings suggest that while individuals may be influenced by social expectations or their perceived ability to re-use items, these factors alone are insufficient to strongly drive pro-environmental intentions unless complemented by a strong attitude.

A further contribution of this study is the role of religiosity. While religiosity did not independently predict re-use intention, it significantly moderated the relationship between attitude and re-use. This is comparable to [14], who found that religiosity strengthened the environmental attitude–behavior linkage among Catholic respondents. The implication for Nigeria, a highly religious country, is that religion alone does not directly motivate individuals to adopt re-use behavior. However, when combined with a positive attitude, religiosity enhances the likelihood of increased intention to practice re-use.

CONCLUSION

This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the psychological and socio-cultural factors influencing individuals’ intentions to engage in item re-use, an essential behavior for advancing circular economy practices beyond recycling. The findings reaffirm the critical role of attitude as the strongest predictor of re-use intention, while highlighting the more limited influence of subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. Importantly, the study uncovers a nuanced role for religiosity: although not a direct driver of re-use behavior, religiosity significantly strengthens the effect of positive attitudes on intention. This finding is particularly useful in highly religious societies like Nigeria, where faith-based institutions play a central role in shaping values and behavior. In essence, religious leaders and organizations can serve as effective promoters of pro-environmental attitudes and sustainable behavioral change amongst individuals. This can further increase people’s knowledge and practices regarding circular economy, ultimately helping to reduce waste and its associated environmental impacts in Nigeria. In conclusion, this study provides theoretical contributions to the understanding of pro-environmental behavioral intentions within the TPB framework. First, it reinforces attitude as the most influential predictor of item re-use intention, highlighting its central role in shaping sustainable behavior. Second, by integrating religiosity as a moderating variable, the study extends the TPB model to account for contextual and cultural factors, legitimizing the inclusion of religiosity as a situational influence on environmental behavior.

RECOMMENDATIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations can enhance waste management practices, particularly re-use behaviour in Nigeria:

1. Promote re-use attitudes through public campaigns: Prioritize educational programs, hands-on initiatives, and awareness campaigns to demonstrate the environmental and social benefits of re-use.
2. Leverage religious institutions for environmental education: Collaborate with faith-based organizations to integrate envintal stewardship messages into religious teachings and community activities.
3. Engage faith-based leaders in program design: Include religious leaders as key stakeholders in designing waste management initiatives to tailor messaging and increase community influence on re-use behaviour.
4. Establish faith-based environmental organizations: Support the creation of more faith-based NGOs to facilitate advocacy and promote pro-environmental behaviours from a religious perspective.
5. Mobilize community elders and leaders: Encourage respected community figures to endorse re-use practices, reinforcing social approval and community-wide engagement.
6. Support capacity-building for re-use: Conduct workshops in schools and communities to provide practical knowledge, tools, and resources, enhancing individuals’ ability to practice re-use effectively

LIMITATION AND FURTHER STUDY

This study has acknowledged some limitations. First, data were collected using an online questionnaire, which may have restricted robust representation of the entire population. Second, the sample size may not have been sufficient to provide a justifiable representation. Despite these limitations, the research offers relevant theoretical and practical insights that can be further developed in future studies. Future research should consider disaggregating religiosity by denomination and intensity to allow for more precise analysis. Additionally, employing more representative sampling strategies and mixed-method data collection could strengthen the validity and generalizability of findings. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my professor, Dr. Iosif Botetzagias, for his guidance and support in providing the research context for this study. I also sincerely appreciate Dr. Martin Okokon Ufi for his assistance.

Declaration

AI-assisted tool (Chat GPT) was used solely for paraphrasing and editing purposes. All ideas, analyses, results, and conclusions presented in this paper are entirely the original work of the authors.

Conflict of Interest

All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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APPENDIX

Questionnaire on Item Re-use Behaviour in Nigeria

Dear Participant,

Thank you for taking the time to fill in this survey! This survey seeks to understand the views on item reuse in Nigeria. Your responses will be used solely for academic research. The survey will take five minutes to complete, and all responses are anonymous. There are no right or wrong answers; please respond honestly.

Please read the prompts carefully and choose the response that best describes your view.

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Thank you again for your time and responses!