First-Aid Administration and the Management of Injuries in Nigerian Schools

First-Aid Administration and the Management of Injuries in Nigerian Schools

Akinnubi Caroline Funmbi¹, Salaam Abass Ayobami²

¹Department of Kinesiology, Health Education and RecreationFaculty of Education, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile Ife Nigeria

²Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education Emmanuel Alayande University of Education

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.908000251

Received: 04 August 2025; Accepted: 10 August 2025; Published: 05 September 2025

ABSTRACT

This study examined the administration of first aid equipment, how injuries can be managed   in Nigerian schools. It specifically examined contents of first aid equipment, prevalence of injuries and some common types of injuries experienced, application of first aid in accident treatment, qualities of a good first aider, importance of giving first aid, availability of first aid equipment or kit, first aid Administration in Schools and Areas of Learners’ Susceptibility to Injuries, and such

Injuries experienced were burn, fracture, sprain, Strain, and dislocation. The availability of qualities of a good first aider and the importance of giving first aid were also discussed. Areas of Learners’ Susceptibility to Injuries were also highlighted and discussed. The study concluded that it is very important to provide the first aid box and equipment to primary and secondary schools by the school authorities. The teachers and resource persons should also be trained so that they will be able to administer the first aid equipment for victims, students/pupils and the teachers of the various schools when there is need. It was recommended that seminar on first aid administration and management should be done for the students, teachers, and other school staff. Schools should conduct regular auditing of the first aid equipment in the schools to ensure that all equipment is up-to-date and to meet the necessary standards. This includes checking of the expiration dates on all supplies and ensuring that sporting equipment is in good working condition. Teachers should also receive regular training on first aid procedures. Increasing awareness about accidents and importance of first aid equipment should be implemented to further enhance safety.

KeyPoints: First-Aid Equipment, Administration, Management, Personnel, Injuries

INTRODUCTION

First-aid administration is the immediate care, pre-treatment, emergency treatment given to a casualty before taking him/her to the medical specialist. And the injuries sustained by the victims can be managed through the use of first aid materials and equipment. A child or pupil’s environment is a significant factor in learning and development. A child learns better in a conducive environment. The conducive environment from both the home and the classroom facilitates effective learning for children (Edsand et al., 2020). In Nigeria, schools are divided into two categories: public and private. The government and its agencies are the owners of the public schools. These educational institutions are directly overseen and administered by public education authorities, regulatory bodies, or governing bodies (councils, committees, etc.), the majority of whose members are chosen by public vote or appointed by public authority United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, 2001).

The commitment to providing a secure learning environment is embedded in Emergency Management Policies. These policies serve as a comprehensive framework, ensuring a coordinated and effective response to emergencies. The life-saving care or first aid is an assessment and intervention that can be implemented by a person nearby immediately with minimal or without medical equipment. (Ganfure et al., 2018). According to Pathak et al., (2018), in the primary school, pupils while playing with friends, and other unsupervised games may sustain injuries. School is a place that primarily provides healthful, safe and life-saving environment for the children United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO, 2010).

Concept of First Aid

According to Holding et al., (2017), first aid is a crucial component of accident response, and using first aid supplies correctly can help to protect the health and safety of individuals who have been hurt. All secondary school students must have to equipment and supplies needed to ensure their safety using first aid kits to provide immediate care for minor injuries such as cuts, scrapes, burns, or bruises which contain items such as bandages and gauze pads that can be used to cover wounds; antiseptic wipes for cleaning; scissors for cutting clothing off an injured person if needed; tweezers for removing debris from a wound site; ice packs or heat packs depending on the type of injury sustained; and other supplies that may be necessary in certain situations

According to Wahdan et al., (2016), school-associated occurrences accounted for 20% to 24.5% of all activity-related injuries, whereas 88% of pupils’ injuries were directly related to physical exercise. Studies have shown that there were few statistics on the injury profile of Nigerian Primary School Pupils (Kuponiyi, et al., 2016). he role of teachers is essential in developing countries like Nigeria, can only be properly achieved if teachers are equipped with the needed knowledge and skills in emergencies, which can help to enhance teachers’ competence in providing appropriate timely healthcare to injured pupils (Al-Samghan et al., 2015). The World Health Organisation (WHO, 2022) stressed that first aid is so importance as it protects lives and avoid further injury or harm during emergency situations because immediate medical attention may not always be readily available. WHO (2021), stated that first aid administration is very crucial as it is the pre-treatment, immediate and emergency response to injuries or sudden illnesses before the arrival medical practitioners or assistance could be obtained from them.

Statement of the Problem

First aid treatment is the first, immediate or emergency treatment given to an injured or a sick person for the prevention of further complications/difficulties.  First aid administration is the use of human and material resources to give first aid treatment. Active provision of first aid service demands the availability, accessibility, utilization of equipment, the types of injuries and competent personnel who have adequate skills in first aid. There is therefore the need to investigate first aid administration, injuries and emergencies management in Nigerian schools; hence, this study.

Significance of the Study

The study would help to address a critical aspect of child safety and well-being within the educational environment, ensuring that schools are not only centres of learning but also safe lives of the children. It would also help to enlighten the school children on the emergency treatment given to an injured or a sick person to prevent further complications/difficulties. It would also help to know the competency of human resources. Also the availability, accessibility, utilization of equipment and the types of injuries of injuries that could occur in the school premises were also examined

First Aid Management within the School Environment

Al-Samghan et al., (2015) reported that school-based Emergency Medical Service (EMS) incidents are more common than non-school-based EMS incidents. Most injuries in schools can be well managed with first aid, without requiring additional medical attention if given by someone who has training in first aid administration which is why there should be focus on management of injury before transfer to a medical facility. In school, the administration of first aid in emergency management is always bestowed on the teacher and other staff of the school because they are believed to be the mature people within the school premises. These injuries generally consist of dislocation, sprains, strains, crushes, burns, fractures, cardiac arrests, among others and are expected to managed in schools. Application of First Aid in some Accident Treatment such as Burn, Fracture, Sprain, Strain, Choking and Dislocation. This kind of injury might persist frequently and also result in more serious circumstances that push the individual to give up sports entirely (Jangra, 2019).

According to Bose et al., (2014), only 15% of private schools and 5% of public schools in Jos North LGA met the minimal acceptable score for school health services, the mean score for private schools was much higher than the mean score for public schools, suggesting that there should be trained first responders in the public schools for a robust school health program.

Contents of First Aid Equipment

A package for first aid is a collection of materials/equipment for provision of speedy medical care, depending on the competence and experience of the person applying it. the contents of first aid kit vary widely from one another. Standard kits frequently come in cloth bags, hard plastic boxes, or wall-mounted cabinets (First aid manual, 2002). Wakinju, (2013) stated that the following supplies among others should be included in a typical first aid kit: cotton wool, bandages, G.V, methylated spirit, paracetamol, biro, note book, balm, glucose, treated plaster, blade, deep heat spray, bowl, thermometer, antiseptic solution, cup, keg of water, towel/napkin, gauze, and a pair of scissors.

Prevalence of Injuries and Some Common Types of Injuries Experienced

Manar et al. (2020) identified in their study that the three most prevalent places of injuries recorded in schools were playgrounds, classrooms, and hallways, accounting for 44.2%, 38.0%, and 17.8%, respectively. Playgrounds surpassed all other locations for school injuries, with classrooms being the second most prevalent venue, perhaps due to the majority of school activities occurring in these environments. Insufficient playground safety and inadequate supervision may constitute other risk factors for these accidents.

The survey indicated a significant prevalence (93.8%) of injuries within the student population. Accidental playground injuries happening during school hours, include falls, head trauma, lacerations, and others. Salminen et al. (2014). Supakan et al. (2023) identified that the predominant illnesses among learners were the common cold, headache, and fever (96.2%), succeeded by gastroenteritis (95.4%), minor accidents (78.5%), allergies (60.8%), dysmenorrhea (73.4%), and bug bites. School-aged teenagers spend a great percentage of their lively time in school. But School injuries account for about one-fifth of pediatric injuries (Sleet, , and  Borse. 2010, Scheidt,   Harel Trumble, , Jones, Overpeck, Bijur.. 1995).

Injuries

The term injury refers to an unanticipated incident, particularly if it results in harm or damage without any human error or negligence. It is unsafe conditions of machinery, equipment, or surroundings as well as risky behaviours of individuals who suffer from a lack of awareness of or disregard for safety rules are the primary causes of such incidents (Microsoft Encarta, 2009. Injuries generally consist of sprains, strains, dislocation, crushes, and many other incidents during training or competitions or generally due to unexpected occurrences. This kind of injury might recur frequently and also result in more serious circumstances that push the individual to give up sports entirely (Jangra, 2019). According to the study conducted by Wahdan et al., (2016), school-associated occurrences accounted for 20% to 24.5% of all activity-related injuries, whereas 88% of student injuries were directly related to physical exercise.

Burn

Burn injuries remain a leading source of traumatic death and morbidity in many parts of the world, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Nigeria is the largest country in West Africa and falls within this group. Even though they can be avoided, burn injuries happen frequently. Heat, hot liquid, flames, chemicals, sunshine, electricity, or radiation that harms skin tissue can result in a burn. Most burns are unintentional. Burns may cause pain. An untreated burn has the risk of becoming infected. Most occurrences of burns occur in homes. Serious burns often lead to morbidity, which includes prolonged hospital admissions, disability, and disfigurement in addition to rejection and social shame ( WHO 2014, Krug, 2008).

Fracture

A fracture is a break in a bone’s structure. Fractures can result in bleeding and are often unpleasant. (International Federation of Red Cross, 2011). A fracture is a break in a surface of the bone that extends into the cortex or through the articular surface (John, 2006). Any fracture that arises from a disease that weakens bones, including osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, or bone cancer, is referred to as a pathologic fracture (Witmer et al., 2016).

Sprain

Sprains are the result of tearing or stretching ligaments, which are strong bands of tissue that bind one bone to another at a joint particularly ankle joint.  Acute sprains are the most occurrence injury sustained in sports. Ankle sprains differ depending on the device of injury (high-versus low-energy injuries), position of the foot, and revolving force on the joint. Small grade injuries (grade I and II) result in extending of the stabilizing ligaments (Carto, Lezak, Varcallo,2023).

Strain       

An injury known as a strain is brought on by the overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon under force. (Ekstrand, et al., 2010).

Dislocation

An abrupt injury to the joint, such as a fall or impact, is a common cause of dislocations. Any major joint, including the shoulders, knees, and other joints, can dislocate (toes, fingers, etc.). Shoulder dislocations are the most frequent joint injuries. The joints weakened or strained ligaments offer little support and make it susceptible to dislocation. (Ruemper, et al., 2012).

Application of First Aid in Accident Treatment

First aid is an important tool in treating injuries and illnesses, especially during accidents. It can provide quick relief to those who are suffering from a variety of medical conditions and help prevent further harm or even death. To keep students safe and healthy during the school day, teachers must have sufficient first aid training through more sophisticated teaching methods (Baser et al., 2007). The ability of the classroom teacher to enhance child safety and prevent injury while classes are in session must be supported (Khanom et al., 2013). Teachers are always the first to respond to injuries and crises caused by accidents during school hours. (Sönmez et al., 2014) Nduka (2021) conducted a study in the state of Abia on how first aid is perceived and used by teachers in private schools. There was a presumption that teachers in private schools were more qualified than those in public schools since they had higher learning requirements. According to estimates, falls from tripping or slipping resulted in 53% and wounds made for 22.6% of injuries, followed by burns (13%), poising (7.9%), and foreign bodies in the mouth or ears (5.7%). On the other side, more incidents were seen among boys than girls (Lynn, 2016).

 Kuponiyi, et al., (2016), were of the opinion that there are few statistics on the injury profile of Nigerian primary school pupils. According to Obionu (2001), a seminar on first aid should be held for teachers, students, and other school staff. Students may be more susceptible to some illnesses or injuries during school hours. These include burns, fractures, sprains, cardiac arrests, and strains, among others.

Availability of First Aid Equipment in Schools

First aid is an essential part of any health care setting, as it provides a quick and efficient way to treat minor injuries. The importance of having enough equipment to accommodate a sizable number of pupils at both primary and secondary schools was emphasised (Wakinju, 2013). According to Gopalan et al., (2006), some first aid supplies have been found to be deficient, leaving it up to the child’s carer to provide emergency care after an injury. Studies conducted in both developed and developing nations have shown a lack of awareness among carers of common issues affecting children, including the possibility of injuries.

Qualities of a Good First Aider

According to Universal Training Academy (2011), the qualities of good first aiders are as follows:

• Quick to Action: A competent first responder reacts to accidents promptly. This is due to the fact that in an emergency, a sluggish or unreasonable response could result in the injured person losing their life. (Universal Training Academy,2011)
• Keep Cool: A first responder remains calm in an emergency. They possess self-assurance, composure, and situational awareness (Universal Training Academy, 2011)
• Excellent Decision Makers: this is always seen among first aid professionals. Although this trait comes naturally, this trait can also be attained through first aid training (Universal Training Academy, 2011)
• Skilful: Good first aiders should always knowledgeable. They are properly trained in first aid (Universal Training Academy,2011).
• Good Communication Skills: Speaking with someone who is sick or injured in an accident might be challenging. It is vital to speak with the injured person, to evaluate their ailment precisely or to maintain their calmness. A good first aider should be able to recollect the entire incident and communicate evidently. (Universal Training Academy,2011)
• Kind and Comforting: An excellent first responder is compassionate and consoling with the victims. He is mannered or caring. And able to reduce the intensity of the stressful situation (Universal Training Academy,2011)

Importance of Giving First Aid

Every school needs to have first aid kits. First aid supplies are very essential so that one can handle small illnesses and more serious injuries that may occur in the school environment. First aid treatment services contribute to better mental health awareness, a decline in stigmatising attitudes, greater confidence in offering assistance, and more assistance being offered (Pierce, et al., 2010).

Availability of first aid Equipment or Kit

Farhan et al., (2018) in their study in India on the availability of first aid equipment or kits reported the availability of first-aid box in schools and its contents. Almost all the schools (n=11) had some sort of first aid boxes/kits but none of them were fully equipped. Only scissors, cotton swabs and antiseptic solution (Dettol) were present in all schools. Analgesics/antipyretics syrups or tablets were present in five schools (45.45%), crepe bandages, gauze rolls and adhesive tape were available in the four schools (36.36%) and literature regarding first-aid management was present in three schools (27.27%). However, none of the school had a room specified for the management of sick or ill children. Supakan et al., (2023) did a comparative analysis on the availability of first aid facility and the study revealed significant differences between the overall quality of first aid rooms in the secondary schools and primary school areas.. Qureshi et al., (2018) stressed in their study that primary and secondary schools in Karachi, Pakistan, where a first aid box was available in all the schools studied, but its contents were not satisfactory

First Aid Administration in Schools

The administration of first aid knowledge and preparation differs among school instructors globally. The health educators acquired knowledge of first aid from several sources, including training from Red Cross Society, physicians, and nurses and others. Bildik et al. (2011) evaluated the knowledge of first aid among educators in Turkey. Among the participants in the training program, 51.1% were female and 48.9% were male. The pretest score was 47.89 ± 11.29, whereas the posttest score was 75.28 ± 12.62. This outcome underscores the need of first aid training. Consequently, he determined that incorporating first aid training within the curriculum was imperative. In a research conducted by Mamatha et al. (2019), it was found that teachers lacked sufficient knowledge and skills about first aid administration, and schools were devoid of any first aid facilities or sick rooms to attend to students during medical situations.

Areas of Learners’ Susceptibility to Injuries 

Majed et al. (2019) emphasized in their study that injuries associated with physical exercise might occur during school athletic events or while participating in school-organized extracurricular activities such as cycling, swimming, and games. However, data concerning the actual extent and trends of injuries connected to physical exercise is insufficient.

CONCLUSION

Based on this study, it was concluded that:

First aid box and equipment should be provided to primary and secondary schools by the school authorities. The teachers and resource persons should also be trained so that they will be able to administer the first aid equipment for victims, students/pupils and the teachers of the various schools when there is need.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following were recommended:

• Seminar on first aid administration and management should be done for the students, teachers, and other school staff by the school authorities.
• Schools should conduct regular auditing of the first aid equipment to ensure that all equipment is up-to-date and to meet the necessary standards.
• There should also be checking of the expiration dates on all supplies and ensuring that sporting equipment is in good working condition.
• Teachers should also receive regular training on first aid procedures. Increasing awareness about accidents and importance of first aid equipment should be implemented to further enhance safety by the goveerment.

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