Framing Social Reality through Language: A Transitivity Analysis of News Discourse in the Philippines

Framing Social Reality through Language: A Transitivity Analysis of News Discourse in the Philippines

Melani Joy S. Gallardo^*, Rhemie Rose D. Isiang, Jessabel D. Gatao, Krizna Lea C. Labayan, Trexie O. Alawi

North Eastern Mindanao State University, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur, Philippines

*Corresponding Author

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.90900095

Received: 23 August 2025; Accepted: 29 August 2025; Published: 30 September 2025

ABSTRACT

Language in media serves not only as a tool for communication but as a powerful instrument for framing reality and influencing public perception, particularly during times of crisis. This study investigates how Philippine media networks—ABS-CBN, GMA, and CNN Philippines—framed the COVID-19 vaccination campaign through the lens of Halliday’s transitivity analysis under Systemic Functional Grammar. A mixed-method design, combining qualitative content analysis with quantitative frequency counts, was employed to examine news articles published throughout the pandemic. The findings reveal distinct framing strategies across the networks: ABS-CBN emphasized authoritative voices, focusing on verbal processes through statements and directives from officials; GMA highlighted government-led actions, utilizing material processes to portray concrete vaccination efforts; and CNN Philippines balanced material processes with mental processes, appealing to both action and unity while foregrounding citizen involvement. Across all networks, the government emerged as the dominant participant. This study underscores that media discourse during the pandemic was not a neutral reflection of events but an ideological construction of social reality. By illustrating how linguistic choices framed responsibility, authority, and cooperation, this research contributes to the broader scholarship on the role of language and media in shaping public health narratives.

Keywords: transitivity analysis, systemic functional grammar, media framing, Philippine news discourse

INTRODUCTION

Language is pivotal in determining how societies understand, interpret, and react to both historical and present-day problems. In news language, and most especially in Philippine news media, language is not just a vehicle for communication but also an instrument for the construction of social reality and public opinion. During the pandemic outbreak, the media played a critical role in being a conduit of contact and knowledge for the people in society. With this, Bell stated that the media plays an essential role in exposing issues in the status quo and shaping societal dynamics (Muhtar & Rohman, 2023). The language of news plays a significant part in constructing what Berger and Luckman have referred to as the “social construction of reality.” News and its language variants are socially constructed forms of communication (Hadiwijaya, 2023). Hence, the present study investigates the construction of the social reality of various social media articles posted on Facebook pages of GMA, ABS-CBN, and News 5 in the Philippines using the transitivity analysis under Systemic Functional Grammar proposed by Michael Halliday.

Transitivity, according to Halliday, is a collection of processes that include behavioral, verbal, existential, material, relational, and mental activities. Building on this, Neale conceptualizes language as a meaning-making device, emphasizing that language choices emerge from this theoretical framework (Harbi et al., 2019; Al-Qader, 2020). Halliday further explains that transitivity operates as a resource for constructing human experience through configurations of processes, participants, and circumstances—a system of interrelated options for meaning-making (Sari, 2022). Within this perspective, media texts can be understood as linguistic constructions that do more than describe reality; they actively frame it. In line with this, existing literature has shown how media plays a critical role in shaping public opinion during health crises. Yet, much of this research has focused on general vaccine promotion or broad public health communication strategies (Wang et al., 2022). The COVID-19 vaccination campaign, however, presented unprecedented challenges of scale, urgency, and sociopolitical complexity, making media framing especially consequential. During this period, news discourse carried not only the duty of informing but also the burden of persuading and framing public perception in ways that could either foster or hinder vaccine acceptance. As Almagsosi and Alghezzy (2020) argue, the tone and framing of media coverage—whether it conveys concern, responsibility, or authority—shapes how audiences interpret and respond to health messages. Likewise, Suparto (2018) demonstrates that news texts are never neutral but are framed through institutional and ideological standpoints, thereby filtering and limiting the information that reaches readers.

While transitivity analysis has been applied to media discourse, most studies focus on political reporting, crisis events, or health communication in Western or broader international contexts. Few have explored how media discourse shaped public perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Philippines, where complex sociopolitical dynamics, vaccine hesitancy, and influential media networks intersect. Additionally, most research has centered on social media, leaving a gap in understanding how mainstream media framed the vaccination effort. By applying Halliday’s transitivity framework to coverage by ABS-CBN, GMA, and CNN Philippines, this study fills this gap, offering both localized insights and contributions to global discussions on language, media, and public health.

The presentation of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign on social media was examined. It is significant for several reasons: (1) it is important in the construction of social reality; (2) it demonstrates how modern media in the Philippines frames the COVID-19 vaccination campaign; (3) it gives the researchers a clear picture of the analysis of the COVID-19 presentation in the Philippines using Transitivity Analysis; and (4) it provides an objective interpretation of the discursive practice present in the text through linguistic choices.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The analysis aims to answer the following questions:

How has the COVID-19 vaccination campaign been portrayed on social media in terms of:

Processes; and Participant Roles?

How did ABS-CBN, GMA, and CNN news articles portray the COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the Philippines?

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To explore the vaccination campaign as presented by the Philippines’ top three most followed media networks on Facebook, this study employed both qualitative and quantitative techniques. A qualitative approach, utilizing content analysis, was employed to explain how language framed or constructed the campaign, while frequency counting analysis was used to establish patterns and provide a more objective interpretation to support claims.

The data analyzed in this study consisted of news coverage related to the COVID-19 vaccination campaign, sourced from the top three most-followed media networks on Facebook. A total of 15 articles were selected—five from each of the three networks. The study conducted a transitivity analysis of these articles to investigate the linguistic representation of the vaccination campaign. Given that transitivity analysis is qualitative and operates at the clause level, this sample size enabled a thorough and fair comparison of media sources. This approach aligns with discourse-analytic methods, which emphasize interpretive depth over breadth, providing a representative understanding of the framing patterns in the campaign. Although the findings are not statistically generalizable, they offer valuable insights into how language choices reflect ideological positions and influence public discourse around vaccination.

The selection of the articles also followed the following inclusion criteria: First, the selected articles covered the same topic present in the three chosen media networks, regardless of their audience reach. This is to compare how the three networks differ in the presentation of the subject. Second, the articles were published in the years 2020–2021. Lastly, the research focused solely on the ideational metafunction to reveal the linguistic representation of reality by analyzing the transitivity processes in the collected text.

In gathering the data, the following steps were observed. First, the selection was made of the three most-followed media networks on Facebook. Next was the examination of the news coverage related to the COVID-19 vaccination campaign from these chosen networks. Then, the study extracted clauses from the text that included the terms “government,” “Philippines,” “DOH,” “Filipinos/people,” and “stakeholders,” focusing on their roles as subjects and predicates. The data was categorized based on the processes involved and the roles of the participants. Finally, the study presented, described, and interpreted the results using transitivity analysis.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The language of news plays a significant role in what Berger and Luckman (1976) refer to as the “social construction of reality.” News and its linguistic variants are socially constructed forms of communication (Hadiwijaya, 2023). Transitivity, according to Halliday, is a linguistic resource for creating our experience in terms of process configurations, participants, and circumstances, and a system of interconnected sets of options for making meaning (Bakuuro, 2017).

After gathering all articles, they were carefully selected based on their relevance to the Philippine vaccination campaign and in accordance with the selection criteria stated above. A total of five (5) articles were gathered from each of the three chosen news networks—ABS-CBN, GMA, and CNN Philippines. Each article corresponded to key events related to the vaccination efforts, offering varied lexical presentations of the same or similar content.  The first event tackled the beginning of the booster shots vaccination in the Philippines for adults, that were published in 2021. These three (3) articles had the same content but were presented using different lexical choices by the three media networks.

The second event focused on the arrival of the Pfizer vaccine in the country in 2021. The idea of a more detailed action on the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine is also present in the articles.

Moreover, the third event focused on the workers who received COVID-19 vaccines on November 29-December one (1), not marked as absent during the Vaccination drive as part of Bayanihan Bakunahan National COVID-19 Vaccination Days, as mandated by the Palace, published in 2021.

Subsequently, the fourth event represented the arrival of Moderna COVID-19 shots in the Philippines in 2021, while the last event focused on extending the country’s national vaccination program.

Analysis of the Process Types

The transitivity system in Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) framework provides a lens for examining how language constructs reality by representing actions, events, and states (Wang, 2023). In the context of news reporting, particularly on the COVID-19 vaccination campaign, analyzing process types can reveal how media institutions frame actions, responsibilities, and ideologies. This section explores the distribution of six process types—material, mental, verbal, relational, behavioral, and existential—across 15 selected news articles from ABS-CBN, GMA, and CNN Philippines. The frequency and percentage of each process type, as summarized in Table 1, serve as the basis for interpreting how each network constructs narratives about the national vaccination efforts.

Table 1. Summary of the Process Types in the Analysis of News Articles of ABS-CBN, GMA, and CNN

In the transitivity analysis of the 15 articles chosen, as described with the sample statistics in the table above, the material process received the highest frequency with a total frequency of 48 out of 112 clauses.

Material Process

It is unequivocally stated that the material process, which describes physical activities (Dewi & Mahdi, 2020), predominates in the articles, which is presented in the following clauses found in the articles:

The use of material processes in the text indicates a strong emphasis on concrete actions taken by key actors, particularly the government, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. These clauses reflect real-world activities such as launching, administering, procuring, and delivering vaccines. For instance, in ABS1, “The Philippines rolled out COVID-19 booster shots for adults,” the material process rolled out highlights a direct governmental action involving vaccine distribution. Similarly, in GMA13, “The government started its COVID-19 vaccination program,” the use of the material verb started underscores the initiative to implement mass immunization.

Additionally, CNN articles also reflect physical events, such as in CNN11, where “over 27 million doses of coronavirus vaccines… were delivered to the country,” clearly conveying a completed logistical action involving vaccine mobilization. These patterns illustrate that material processes serve as the primary linguistic tool for framing governmental responses as dynamic, actionable, and progress-oriented. By focusing on such tangible events, the media constructs a narrative of active involvement and progress in combating the pandemic, reinforcing public perception of ongoing efforts and systemic capability.

This dominance supports Dewi and Mahdi’s (2020) assertion that material clauses describe a quantum of change in the flow of events due to energy input. In the context of COVID-19 reportage, such processes legitimize and visualize the state’s role in enacting crucial public health interventions.

Verbal Process

Verbal process placed second in order of representation in the articles. According to Winanti and Kamalia (2023) it is a process of saying something, and networks utilize it to recognize the various points of view of government officials regarding the country’s vaccination drive to combat the threat of the virus. ABS-CBN News had the highest percentage, with 45.4%, followed by CNN, with 35.1%, and GMA News, with 22.6%. These networks use verbal processes in discussing and supposing the details of the occurrences in the vaccination campaign which is presented in the following clauses found in the articles:

The use of verbal processes in the text indicates that the media emphasized official voices and institutional communication to structure the discourse surrounding the vaccination campaign. These clauses function not just as reported speech but as a mechanism for legitimizing state actions and guiding public perception.

In ABS3 and ABS29, the statements from Health Undersecretary Myrna Cabotaje and President Duterte present government instructions and assurances about vaccine availability and worker protection. This aligns with ABS-CBN’s focus on direct quotations from key officials, thereby establishing credibility and immediacy.

In GMA12, the Department of Health communicates eligibility criteria for boosters, suggesting a reliance on institutional information over political rhetoric. This demonstrates GMA’s editorial approach of conveying technical clarity and health guidance to its audience.

CNN’s use of verbal processes, such as CNN3 and CNN30, shows a mix of technical and motivational discourse. Duque’s statement provides logistical context, while Galvez’s appeal encourages unity and de-politicization, reinforcing the role of verbal processes in persuasion and social mobilization.

In relation to the study, the presence of these verbal processes supports the conclusion that media texts are not merely objective reports but discursive constructions that shape meaning through authoritative narration. Verbal processes position key figures as sayers of truth or framers of action, highlighting how linguistic choices reflect power relations, urgency, and public accountability during health crises (Williams & Wright, 2022).

Relational Process

The relational process is often referred to the process of being. It is the process used for characterization and identification (Afrianto, 2022; Xiong & Munalim, 2024). The following clauses are herein found in the articles:

The use of relational processes in the text indicates the media’s effort to define the status, progress, or intentions surrounding the national vaccination campaign. Rather than focusing on what is being done (as in material processes) or what is being said (as in verbal processes), relational processes evaluate and situate entities in relation to others, creating a sense of meaning and coherence within the narrative.

For instance, ABS8 presents a factual characterization of the country’s achievement: “The country has fully vaccinated 68 percent of the elderly population.” This clause attributes a measurable success to the government’s campaign, emphasizing progress. Meanwhile, ABS41 expresses a more evaluative stance, describing the vaccination effort metaphorically as “our best gift,” which adds emotional weight and motivational framing.

GMA22, on the other hand, focuses on intention through the clause “Government is eyeing to vaccinate 15 million people.” This portrays the government as forward-looking and ambitious, subtly implying capability and planning without committing to the material realization of the goal yet.

In CNN11, the relational clause “The 562,770 vaccine doses are part of the 40 million the country bought” performs an identifying function by situating a current event within a broader procurement context, enhancing the audience’s understanding of scale and continuity in the vaccination effort.

These examples show how relational processes are strategically used across networks to establish facts, express goals, and convey symbolic interpretations. In the context of this study, their presence supports the notion that news reporting not only conveys events but also constructs meanings (Ding, 2021; Talavira et al., 2024), particularly in shaping how the public understands the scope, importance, and success of the government’s response to the pandemic.

Mental Process

The last process identified in this analysis was the mental process, which includes clauses that show acts of sensing like seeing, thinking, feeling, and wanting (Ismail & Dahlia, 2024). This process type requires a Senser, representing the conscious participant, and a Phenomenon, which is the entity or situation being sensed (Septiana et al., 2023).

In the present data, ABS-CBN News recorded the highest frequency of mental processes at 11.4%, suggesting that the network frequently frames its reports through perspectives that foreground the mental or emotional stance of individuals and groups. This approach can make language like in news more human-centered by reflecting how actors perceive threats, recognize needs, or appeal for action (Law & Matthiessen, 2023).

For instance, in ABS11 “the country scrambles against the threat of the more contagious Delta variant,” the clause reflects a collective perception and reaction to a perceived danger. Similarly, in ABS29 “There is a need to cultivate the Bayanihan spirit…” Duterte said, the quoted statement reveals an internal recognition of necessity, an inherently cognitive process, even though expressed verbally.

CNN Philippines, ranking second with 8.1%, also employs mental processes to appeal to collective action, as in CNN30 “We call on our local leaders…”, which encodes an affective-volitional stance that seeks cooperation and unity. This pattern supports earlier discourse analyses, which indicate that mental process clauses in news reporting often work to position audiences by foregrounding the internal perspectives and intentions of key actors (Le, 2024).

All in all, the distribution of processes presented in Table 1 reveals distinct framing strategies across the three networks. GMA News predominantly employed material processes, framing its articles around concrete actions taken in relation to the vaccination campaign. Clauses emphasizing acts such as procuring, receiving, administering, and initiating highlight the network’s tendency to present the vaccination drive as a series of tangible measures against the virus. CNN Philippines followed closely in percentage, showing a balanced use of both material and mental processes to combine appeals to action with appeals to unity.

Meanwhile, ABS-CBN News displayed a different emphasis, with verbal, mental, and relational processes dominating its discourse. The prominence of verbal processes reflects the network’s reliance on directives, plans, statements, and declarations issued by government officials and medical experts. This emphasis resonates with Mapelli’s (2022) observation that pandemic-related news often spotlighted authoritative discourse from officials, thereby shaping their public personas and steering media narratives. Likewise, Tribunskaya and Pustarnakova (2023) noted the prominence of subjective dominants—particularly authoritative voices—which significantly influence how the public interprets and evaluates the information presented.

Summary of Participants Analyzed

Table 2 shows the participants who were dominantly used in the 15 selected articles of the three media networks.

Table 2. Summary of Participant in the Analysis of Articles of ABS-CBN News, GMA News, CNN Philippines

The ‘government’ was dominantly utilized in the articles, with a total frequency of 54. ABS-CBN News has the greatest number of usages, which signifies that the network highlighted the participation of the government in the vaccination campaign. The government in the articles represented how they procured, administered, started, and rolled out the vaccination programs as part of their mandate. The dominance of the participant ‘government’ in the articles of the three media networks demonstrates how the government is managing the vaccination campaign. It is connected to the investigation conducted by Ocampo and Yamigishi (2), who discovered that the government does everything it can to assure the public that vaccines are safe, including calling out all medical workers to assist and support the immunization drive to ensure public participation against the virus threat.

The second most frequently used participant is the Filipinos or citizens of the Philippines, with a frequency of 31. CNN Philippines has the most usage, which indicates that the network highlighted the involvement of the Filipino people in implementing the vaccination campaigns. The representation of the Filipinos indicates that the people have a significant role in the realization of the vaccination campaign initiated by the government.

In addition, the third dominantly used participant is the Philippines with a total frequency of 18. GMA News has the highest users, which means that the Philippines, in general, was the focus of the network. The representation of the network in framing their article construed inclusivity as they highlighted the Philippines as a whole.

Analysis of the Participant Roles

The table presented below demonstrates that the three networks, namely, ABS-CBN News, GMA News, and CNN Philippines, dominantly utilized the participant role of ‘sayer’ in their articles with a frequency of 41. Sayer, as mentioned by Matthiessen, is a verbal process participant who does the talking, asking, queering, and demanding (Ignatieva, 2014). This implies that the three media networks primarily focused their articles on reiterating the directives, declarations, announcements, and invitations coming from the experts and high-ranking officials of the government as they have an overview of the vaccination campaign against the threat of the virus. Meanwhile, the participant role ‘goal’ comes next to the sayer, and the actor comes third.

Table 3. Summary of Participant Roles

The table above also shows how ‘government’ was utilized by ABS-CBN and CNN News to determine its role in their articles. The media network dominantly used the ‘government’ as the sayer, which implies that the articles presented the participant mentioned above as an entity that directs, declares, announces, and mandates the vaccination campaign. It means that the networks emphasize the government’s relevant responsibilities, which are to inform the public on their plans to implement vaccination campaigns and how they perceive the government as a reputable source. This framing aligns with the observations of Oktavianus and Dewi (2023) and Munsin et al. 2023, who noted that both mainstream and religious media consistently cited the government as a primary source, portraying it as a central authority in shaping, declaring, mandating, and promoting public health initiatives.

Furthermore, the GMA News dominantly utilized the participant ‘government’ as an actor. This indicates that the network focused more on the actions and concrete plans of the government as they are perceived by the network as the doer of the activities regarding the vaccination campaign. It demonstrates ‘government’ as the one who initiates the programs related to the COVID-19 vaccination campaign. The network discerns how the government acts as a prime mover of the action and is at the forefront of the fight against the virus.

CONCLUSION

The critical analysis of the news articles using the transitivity system revealed how Philippine media networks linguistically framed the COVID-19 vaccination campaign. Among the three networks, GMA News predominantly employed material processes, portraying vaccination as a series of concrete government-led actions such as procuring, administering, and rolling out vaccines. Relational processes, which also appeared significantly in GMA, emphasized factual descriptions and intentions, thereby presenting the campaign as both actionable and forward-looking.

In contrast, ABS-CBN News was dominated by verbal, mental, and relational processes. The prevalence of verbal processes highlighted the network’s emphasis on authoritative voices through statements, pronouncements, and directives from officials and experts. Its use of mental processes framed the campaign in terms of national plans, needs, and future directions, while relational processes contributed to characterizing the state of vaccination progress and symbolic representations of collective responsibility.

CNN Philippines, while close to GMA in its reliance on material processes, also balanced this with verbal and mental processes, combining tangible depictions of vaccine distribution with appeals to unity and cooperation. Importantly, across the three networks, the “government” consistently emerged as the dominant participant—constructed as the primary actor in GMA and as the central sayer in ABS-CBN and CNN. At the same time, the “Filipino people” also appeared as significant participants, particularly in CNN, which highlighted their role as active agents in realizing the campaign.

These findings clearly illustrate that media framing varied across networks: ABS-CBN emphasized authoritative discourse, GMA spotlighted government action, and CNN balanced both authority and unity. Beyond these differences, the shared reliance on governmental voices underscores the centrality of authority in shaping public discourse during the pandemic. This transitivity-based analysis illustrates how language not only reports on events but also constructs social reality by shaping perceptions of responsibility, agency, and cooperation. Such insights contribute to a broader understanding of media’s ideological role in times of public health crisis, offering implications not only for Philippine media studies but also for global scholarship on the discursive construction of reality during emergencies.

Lastly, these findings have important implications for media practitioners, public health communicators, and policymakers. First, they highlight the media’s powerful role in shaping public understanding and attitudes through linguistic framing—suggesting that deliberate language choices can either empower or marginalize citizens in public health narratives. For media organizations, recognizing the impact of transitivity patterns may inform more inclusive and balanced reporting that foregrounds not only institutional authority but also community participation. For government agencies and health communicators, understanding how media portray their actions and messages can help refine public information strategies to enhance trust, transparency, and engagement. Finally, in the broader context of crisis communication, this study underscores the need for responsible, equitable representations that distribute agency across all stakeholders—not solely central authorities—to foster a more participatory and resilient public response.

Compliance with Ethical Standards

The paper declares no conflict of interest influenced the conduct of this study. All efforts were made to ensure the integrity of the research, including strict adherence to anti-plagiarism standards and the objective, unbiased interpretation of findings. Furthermore, the results were utilized solely for academic and research purposes.

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