Framing the Entrepreneurial Struggles of the Visually Impaired in Malaysia: A Conceptual Perspective

Framing the Entrepreneurial Struggles of the Visually Impaired in Malaysia: A Conceptual Perspective

Nur Syafiqah A. Rahim., Mariam Miri Abdullah., Albert Feisal @ Muhd Feisal Ismail., Amizatulhawa Mat Sani., Mohd Fauzi Kamarudin., Mohd Ali Bahari Abdul Kadir

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.908000528

Received: 14 August 2025; Accepted: 20 August 2025; Published: 19 September 2025

ABSTRACT

Entrepreneurship is a significant instrument for visually impaired entrepreneurs seeking financial independence, social inclusion, and economic self-sufficiency. However, visually impaired entrepreneurs in Malaysia confront various challenges. This study framing the entrepreneurial struggle of the visually impaired in Malaysia. The study seeks at their lived experiences using a qualitative phenomenological case study technique, emphasizing how individuals deal the business environment, get beyond challenges, and maintain their businesses. Visually impaired entrepreneurs face challenges such as limited finance, technology and commercial skill shortages, psychological pressures, and accessibility barriers. This study uses Social Identity Theory to investigate how visually impaired entrepreneurs faced the challenges throughout their entrepreneurial journey. This study will targeted policies and inclusive business models in creating more possibilities for visually impaired entrepreneurs to succeed in Malaysia’s economic environment.

Keywords: Visually impaired entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship, Social Identity Theory, in-depth interview, qualitative study

INTRODUCTION

Entrepreneurship has long been recognized as a crucial driver of economic development, innovation, and social progress. It plays a significant role in job creation, income generation, and overall economic growth, making it a vital component of both developed and developing economies. For marginalized groups, including persons with disabilities (PWDs) specifically visually impaired entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship serves as a pathway to financial independence, social inclusion, and empowerment. While extensive research has been conducted on entrepreneurship in general, studies focusing on the entrepreneurial experiences of visually impaired entrepreneurs remain limited, particularly in developing countries such as Malaysia. The intersection of disability and entrepreneurship presents unique challenges and opportunities that warrant further academic exploration. By understanding the challenges of visually impaired entrepreneurs is essential to inform policies and practices that foster inclusive economic participation.

The concept of entrepreneurship is deeply embedded in the broader discourse of economic and social development. According to Schumpeter (1934), entrepreneurship is the process of innovation and creative destruction, where individuals introduce new ideas, products, or services that contribute to economic transformation. More contemporary scholars, such as Shane and Venkataraman (2000), emphasize the role of opportunity recognition, risk-taking, and resource mobilization in entrepreneurial success. However, when applied to visually impaired entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship takes on additional layers of complexity. Visually impaired entrepreneurs often face systemic barriers that limit their access to education, employment, and economic resources, making self-employment a viable and, in some cases, necessary alternative to traditional employment pathways.

In Malaysia, the rights and inclusion of visually impaired entrepreneurs have been increasingly emphasized in policy and legislative frameworks. The Persons with Disabilities Act 2008 and Malaysia’s ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) in 2010 reflect a commitment to enhancing the socioeconomic well-being of PWDs. Additionally, government initiatives such as the Economic Empowerment Program for PWDs and grants for disabled entrepreneurs aim to promote self-sufficiency through entrepreneurship. Despite these efforts, the participation of PWDs in entrepreneurship remains relatively low, and those who do engage in entrepreneurial activities often encounter significant barriers. Understanding the factors that drive successful visually impaired entrepreneurs and the support mechanisms that enable their success is crucial for addressing these gaps.

Visually impaired entrepreneurs face unique challenges in entrepreneurship that extend beyond those encountered by the general population. Structural and systemic barriers often hinder their business endeavours. Additionally, infrastructural barriers further limit entrepreneurial opportunities. Social stigma and biases also play a role, as visually impaired entrepreneurs may face scepticism regarding their capabilities as business owners. These challenges necessitate the development of tailored strategies that enable EWDs to overcome obstacles and achieve business sustainability.

This study aims to explore the key factors of successful visually impaired entrepreneurs in Malaysia. By conducting an in-depth analysis, it seeks to bridge the knowledge gap in this area and contribute to the broader discourse on inclusive entrepreneurship. The findings of this research have the potential to inform policy development, improve existing support mechanisms, and promote greater economic participation among visually impaired entrepreneurs. Furthermore, by highlighting success stories and best practices, this study aspires to inspire and empower aspiring visually impaired entrepreneurs to pursue their entrepreneurial aspirations.

In conclusion, entrepreneurship holds immense potential as a mechanism for economic empowerment and social inclusion for persons with disabilities. However, the path to entrepreneurial success for visually impaired entrepreneurs is fraught with challenges that require targeted interventions and support. This study is significant in examines the barriers faced by visually impaired entrepreneurs that contribute to their success. By shedding light on these critical factors, this research aims to contribute to the development of a more inclusive and equitable entrepreneurial landscape in Malaysia.

Despite the global expansion of entrepreneurship research, there remains a significant gap in understanding the unique challenges faced by disabled entrepreneurs within the Malaysian context, particularly those with visually impaired. Existing literature often overlooks the nuanced difficulties encountered by this group, including persistent societal and cultural stigma that undermines their credibility and social inclusion. Physical and technological barriers, such as inaccessible infrastructure and limited availability of assistive technologies, further restrict their entrepreneurial participation. In addition, psychological and emotional challenges stemming from discrimination, marginalization, and low self-esteem are rarely addressed in current studies. There is also limited research on the restricted access to entrepreneurial resources, training, and inclusive support systems that are crucial for business development. Financial exclusion remains a pressing concern, as disabled entrepreneurs often face difficulties in securing capital due to the lack of tailored funding mechanisms and accessible financial services. Furthermore, insufficient business and digital literacy presents another critical constraint, affecting their ability to sustain and grow their ventures in a competitive environment. Health-related issues also add another layer of complexity, impacting their capacity for consistent engagement in entrepreneurial activities. These multifaceted challenges remain underexplored in existing entrepreneurship theories and models, thereby highlighting the need for context-specific research that captures the lived experiences of disabled entrepreneurs in Malaysia and informs inclusive policy and program development.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

Entrepreneurship among people with disabilities (PWDs) has become a significant area of research, reflecting growing awareness of its potential to drive economic inclusion and social justice. In emerging economies like Malaysia, where societal and infrastructural barriers often restrict the participation of disabled individuals in traditional employment, entrepreneurship provides a possible pathway to self-reliance and empowerment. Despite the systemic challenges, including physical barriers, societal stigmas, and limited access to resources, a severance of visually impaired entrepreneurs has demonstrated exceptional flexibility and success. Their achievements not only resist conventional expectations but also serve as an inspiring statement to the available potential of visually imapired entrepreneurs in contributing to national economic growth.

The objective of this research is to explore these lived experiences in depth, examining how visually impaired entrepreneurs in Malaysia overcome barriers, leverage opportunities, and employ creative problem-solving to succeed. By synthesizing these insights, the study seeks to develop a comprehensive business model tailored to the unique needs and contexts of visually impaired entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Such a model could serve as a blueprint for fostering entrepreneurship among PWDs, addressing gaps in support systems, and creating an enabling environment that encourages inclusivity and innovation.

In Malaysia, individuals with long-term physical, mental, intellectual, sensory, or other impairments that prevent them from fully and effectively participating in society are referred to as people with disabilities (PWD) (‘An Observation of Persons with Disabilities (PwD) Facilities at Malaysian Banks’, 2023).

This definition is like that found in (‘PPb_NURUL ILI NABIHAH JAMIAN AP 14_5’, no date)  who writes individuals with hearing, vision, physical, cognitive, and sensory impairments are referred to as persons with disabilities (PWDs) which is unique individuals that require consideration not only for their facilities but also for their safety, particularly in public spaces.

The term “disabled entrepreneurs” refers to individuals who navigate the entrepreneurial journey while managing physical, sensory, intellectual, or mental health impairments. These entrepreneurs often engage in self-employment as a strategy to overcome structural barriers in traditional employment settings (Mota, Marques and Sacramento, 2020).

Entrepreneurship provides them with greater autonomy, allowing flexibility in work environments, schedules, and the use of assistive technologies that support their participation in economic activities  (Iytha, Tiwary and Augustine, 2024).

Disabled entrepreneurs develop a unique entrepreneurial identity characterized by resilience and the ability to transform personal limitations into competitive advantages, often underpinned by strong motivational and adaptive traits (Kašperová, 2021).

In Malaysia, visually imapired are classified as sensory impairments that greatly affect visual functioning, even with corrective interventions. These conditions restrict individuals’ ability to engage in everyday and social activities (Rezali et al., 2021a).

Visually impaired are commonly caused by conditions such as cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and uncorrected refractive errors and these issues contribute significantly to cases of visual impairment and blindness (Falahaty, 2013). Studies show that around 4.5% of the elderly population experience vision-related disabilities, with contributing factors including aging, limited education, and malnutrition (Rezali et al., 2021b).

In addition, the prevalence of visual impairment is notably higher among older adults, with studies showing that individuals aged 55 and above have an increased risk of vision-related disabilities due to age-related conditions such as cataracts and diabetic retinopathy (Jamaluddin Ahmad et al., 2021). Research also suggests that education level and socioeconomic status play significant roles in determining the quality of life for visually impaired individuals, as those with lower educational attainment often face greater barriers in accessing healthcare and employment opportunities.

These findings emphasize the importance of inclusive policies, assistive technologies, and specialized services to improve the lives of individuals with visually impaired in Malaysia. Greater focus on public awareness, accessibility improvements, and educational reforms is needed to ensure that individuals with visual impairments can lead independent and fulfilling lives (Bandar et al., 2024)

Literature Review

Societal & Cultural Stigma

Negative attitudes, prejudices, and discriminatory actions directed at specific people or groups that are motivated by established social and cultural norms are all included in societal and cultural stigma and these stigmas are deeply rooted in history, shaped by customs and social structures that eventually impact both public perceptions and individual experiences (Zay Hta et al., 2024). According to Goffman (1963), stigma is a quality that casts doubt on a person or group, resulting in exclusion and discrimination. Disparities in socioeconomic status, gender, religion, and ethnicity frequently lead to stigma in Malaysia (‘Enduring Values of Ethnic in Managing Multi Cultural Society in Malaysia’, 2020). Relationships, organisations, politics, and cultural standards are only a few of the societal systems that sustain stigma, according to the ecological model of stigma (Zay Hta et al., 2024). Social attitudes and biases towards PWDs represent a significant barrier, with many disabled individuals facing discrimination and exclusion from mainstream entrepreneurial ecosystems. This stigma not only limits opportunities for collaboration and mentorship but also affects their self-confidence and societal acceptance as business leaders. Discrimination against PWDs in the workplace is still common in Malaysia thus many firms have unfavourable opinions and think that hiring people with disabilities will raise expenses and reduce production (Olsen, 2024). As a result, even with government initiatives to encourage inclusive hiring, the unemployment rate for PWDs is still high. An article from InclusionHub emphasizes that increasing disability representation in leadership is crucial for fostering an inclusive workplace culture, suggesting that visibility can challenge existing biases and promote acceptance (Howard, The Importance of Disability Representation in Leadership, 2024). Addressing these societal and cultural stigmas is imperative to create an inclusive entrepreneurial environment. This involves challenging and changing negative perceptions, promoting positive representations of disabled entrepreneurs, and implementing policies that support the inclusion of PWDs in all issues of the business world. By dismantling these barriers, society can unlock the available potential of disabled individuals, fostering innovation and diversity within the entrepreneurial landscape.

Physical & Technological Barriers

Entrepreneurial success requires a range of specialized skills, such as business planning, financial management, and marketing expertise however, for Persons with Disabilities (PWDs), the acquisition of these skills is often hindered by the lack of training programs tailored to their unique needs and learning styles and most available programs fail to consider the specific challenges faced by disabled entrepreneurs, leaving them at a disadvantage and limiting their ability to compete in increasingly complex business environments (Juliana Saadun et al., 2023). Physical barriers further worsen these challenges because many training facilities and business venues are not designed with accessibility in mind, making it difficult for PWDs to attend workshops, networking events, or meetings essential for entrepreneurial growth yet inaccessible infrastructure can lead to isolation, limiting opportunities for collaboration and support (Overcoming Barriers & Building Success As An Entrepreneur With Disabilities, 2024). Technological barriers also play a significant role, while technology has the potential to bridge gaps, a lack of accommodations for diverse physical abilities can restrict access to and use of technological devices and platforms. For instance, standard keyboards or mouse may not be suitable for individuals with certain physical disabilities, delaying their ability to engage fully with digital tools necessary for modern entrepreneurship (Howard, Improving Accessibility & Digital Inclusion for Those With Physical Disabilities, 2021). Moreover, existing training programs often fail to incorporate assistive technologies or alternative teaching methods that cater to the diverse needs of disabled entrepreneurs and this management can result in PWDs being inadequately prepared to navigate the complexities of the business world. A study on the challenges faced by disabled entrepreneurs emphasizes the necessity for training programs to adapt their curricula to be more inclusive and accessible (‘The Challenges of Disabled Entrepreneurs: A Systematic Review’, 2023).

Psycological & Emotional Challenges

Entrepreneurship is inherently challenging, and disabled entrepreneurs face additional psychological pressures stemming from societal expectations and personal insecurities. Persistent discrimination and general barriers contribute to feelings of failure and stress, which can loss their motivation and resilience. Research suggests that emotional support networks are often underdeveloped for PWDs, worsening these psychological challenges (Juliana Saadun et al., 2023). Persistent discrimination and systemic barriers contribute significantly to feelings of failure and stress among disabled entrepreneurs. The constant need to prove oneself in an environment that may harbour biases against PWDs can lead to developed anxiety and weakened self-esteem. This psychological burden can weaken motivation and resilience, essential qualities for entrepreneurial success. Research indicates that emotional support networks for PWDs are often underdeveloped, worsening these psychological challenges. The lack of accessible mentorship programs, peer support groups, and mental health resources tailored to the unique experiences of disabled entrepreneurs leaves many without the necessary emotional backing to continue in their ventures. A study published in the Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship highlights that disabled entrepreneurs may experience similar challenges when interacting with customers and may have to constantly control information about their appearance to manage perceptions, adding to their psychological burden (Kašperová, 2021).

Limited Access & Accessibility

Major challenges for disabled entrepreneurs are accessibility as it became limitations for them to manage their business properly. They struggle a lot as their physical access to workspaces, transportation, also business locations restricted. (Naqiuddin et al., 2023) stated that throughout the Pandemic (Covid-19), Malaysian movement control order (MCO) had worsened these challenges that gives negative impact to disabled entrepreneurs as they difficult to operates business. Additionally, existing entrepreneurship training programs and support initiatives often fail to address the specific accessibility needs of disabled business owners, limiting their ability to participate effectively in business development opportunities (Juliana Saadun et al., 2023b). Studies suggest that improved digital access, remote work solutions, and targeted financial support could significantly enhance business opportunities for disabled entrepreneurs, enabling them to overcome these persistent accessibility challenges (Juliana Saadun et al., 2023b).

Lack of Funds

One of the most major challenges that disabled entrepreneurs confront is a lack of financial resources. Most of financial institutions see disabled entrepreneurs as a high-risk borrower, making it more difficult for them to obtain loans or government grants. The study from Malaysia, Ngah stated that most of disabled entrepreneurs were solely rely on personal savings and illegal money lending due to distrust from banks (Ngah et al., 2024a). Alike as Ngah, from Ethiopia, research agree that lack of finance was a big challenge for disabled entrepreneurs to widen their business naturally (Kefale and Hussein, 2020). Financial institutions often categorize disabled entrepreneurs as high-risk borrowers, making it difficult for them to access traditional funding sources such as bank loans and government grants (Ngah et al., 2024b). While this research indicates that many disabled entrepreneurs rely on personal savings, informal lending, or family support to fund their businesses due to limited access to formal financial systems (Naqiuddin et al., 2023).

Business & Digital Skill’s Constraints

The transition to digital enterprise creates new hurdles for disabled entrepreneurs who lack the essential technological abilities. Many PWD entrepreneurs fail to use digital marketing, e-commerce, and financial management systems due to a lack of training options. The digital skills gap remains a major barrier for disabled entrepreneurs, preventing them from fully leveraging e-commerce, online marketing, and digital financial tools to expand their businesses (Ikhsan, Syah and Custilas, 2024). Many disabled business owners struggle with limited access to digital training programs, which results in low adoption rates of essential technologies such as business automation, social media marketing, and cloud-based accounting systems.

Health-Related

Disabled entrepreneurs often encounter significant health-related challenges, as they must balance running a business with managing their well-being, which demands extra effort and resources. Research shows that many individuals in this group experience elevated health risks, such as chronic illnesses, mobility restrictions, and mental health struggles, all of which can affect their ability to maintain and expand their businesses (Naqiuddin et al., 2023). Numerous disabled entrepreneurs face difficulties in obtaining healthcare and workplace accommodations, resulting in fluctuating productivity and financial uncertainty (Mustaffa et al., 2020). Additionally, maintaining a work-life balance can be particularly challenging for disabled entrepreneurs, as they often need to juggle medical appointments, rehabilitation programs, and business responsibilities (Juliana Saadun et al., 2023a). A lack of disability-friendly business support systems and policies further limits their ability to manage their health while sustaining a competitive business.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Figure 1: (Naqiuddin et al., 2023)

During the COVID-19 pandemic, sight-disabled entrepreneurs in Malaysia faced significant difficulties due to movement restrictions, reduced customer traffic, and financial strain. While these challenges mirrored those faced by many entrepreneurs, the shift towards online shopping also created new opportunities for business continuity. Government initiatives, such as tax exemptions for digital devices and short-term financial aid, were introduced to support this transition. However, research has not adequately examined how sight-disabled entrepreneurs specifically adapted to digital platforms, the effectiveness of assistive technologies, or the long-term sustainability of their businesses in a post-pandemic context. Existing studies have also paid limited attention to the psychological and social impacts of the crisis, such as isolation, stress, and the role of family, mentors, and networks in sustaining entrepreneurial resilience. Most analyses have focused on short-term relief measures rather than the deeper structural and identity-related challenges that shape the entrepreneurial experiences of the visually impaired. This study therefore seeks to address these gaps by examining the motivations, strategies, and support systems of sight-disabled entrepreneurs, offering a more inclusive understanding of their challenges and informing policies better tailored to their needs.

Figure 2: (Ng and Arndt, 2019)

While past studies, such as Ng and Arndt (2019), have shown how visually impaired entrepreneurs can transform disability into business opportunities, there is still limited understanding of how external crises like the COVID-19 pandemic affect their ventures, particularly in developing countries. Much of the existing research focuses on individual resilience and opportunity creation but pays less attention to the impact of sudden disruptions, such as movement restrictions, financial strain, and the rapid shift to digital platforms. This study addresses that gap by examining the experiences of sight-disabled entrepreneurs in Malaysia, where support systems and accessibility policies are less robust compared to Western contexts. The pandemic not only intensified financial and technological barriers but also raised emotional and psychological challenges, such as stress, isolation, and uncertainty. While government measures like tax exemptions and online business training provided some support, their effectiveness in meeting the specific needs of visually impaired entrepreneurs remains unclear.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This paper employs a conceptual phenomenological case study approach to framing the entrepreneurial struggles faced by visually impaired entrepreneurs in Malaysia. A phenomenological orientation is particularly suited for this study because it allows attention to be placed on the lived experiences of entrepreneurs and the ways in which they interpret and respond to obstacles in their environment. While many studies on entrepreneurship in Malaysia rely on quantitative surveys or descriptive statistics, the unique difficulties encountered by persons with visual impairment require a method that prioritises depth, meaning, and interpretation rather than measurement alone which is qualitative method. By adopting this perspective, the study highlights the subjective realities that shape entrepreneurial journeys and provides a platform for understanding how identity and circumstance intersect in the Malaysian context.

Unlike empirical projects that generate original field data, this paper is positioned as a conceptual study. Its main contribution is to synthesise and interpret existing research, policy documents, and case reports to build a clearer understanding of the issues at stake. The decision to frame the work conceptually is motivated by two factors. First, the academic literature on visually impaired entrepreneurs in Malaysia remains limited and fragmented. A conceptual design therefore serves as an important step in consolidating insights from multiple strands of evidence. Second, this approach allows the paper to integrate theoretical discussions particularly those drawn from Social Identity Theory with practical observations, thereby advancing both scholarly debate and policy discourse.

The analytical process involves synthesising themes across the literature and applying Social Identity Theory to interpret how self-perception and group membership influence entrepreneurial persistence. Attention is also given to comparative insights from other developing countries, including Ethiopia, India, and Indonesia, to situate the Malaysian experience within a wider global discussion. Since this is a conceptual study, no direct engagement with human participants was undertaken. Nevertheless, ethical responsibility is observed through accurate citation, careful representation of existing work, and respectful framing of the experiences of visually impaired entrepreneurs.

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