Good Governance Among Jail Wardens And Constituent Satisfaction In Cebu City Jails: Basis For An Action Plan

Good Governance Among Jail Wardens and Constituent Satisfaction in Cebu City Jails: Basis for an Action Plan

Royette S Arcipe, Karen Joy M Tuviera, Shela G Serrano

National Jail Management and Penology Training Institute (NJMPTI), Philippines

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.914MG00168

Received: 06 September 2025; Accepted: 14 September 2025; Published: 17 October 2025

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to assess the level of good governance and constituent satisfaction in Cebu City Jails, with the objective of developing an action plan duly aligned to the results of the study. The sample population included jail personnel, Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL), their families, and service providers within the Cebu City Jails. Utilizing a quantitative-descriptive research design, data was collected through structured survey questionnaires which was pre-tested and validated. The findings revealed that both good governance and constituent satisfaction were rated positively by the different groups of stakeholders. Higher evaluation scores were observed among jail personnel and service providers. This indicates that interventions may be directed towards the other groups of participants particularly on the PDL and their families. This also entails internal improvements that are likely to be appreciated by these stakeholders. These results indicate a high level of effectiveness in governance and also highlight the need to sustain or maintain current practices.

Keywords – Good Governance, Jail Wardens, Constituent Satisfaction, Cebu City Jails

INTRODUCTION

Good governance is a cornerstone for sustainable development, playing a crucial role in achieving the United Nations’ (UN) 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These goals, outlined by the UN to guide member states towards growth and development, are interconnected and aim to address a wide range of societal challenges (United Nations, 2024). Among these, SDG Goal No. 16 – focused on “Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions” – is particularly relevant today as it underscores the importance of enhancing institutional capabilities across various sectors. Achieving this goal necessitates the implementation of good governance practices across public sector agencies, departments, and bureaus.

The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2023-2028 aligns closely with the UN’s SDGs, emphasizing good governance and bureaucratic efficiency as foundational elements for national development (National Economic and Development Authority, 2024). Chapter 14 of the PDP advocates for the practice of good governance and the enhancement of bureaucratic efficiency across all sectors, including correctional facilities. Transparency, accountability, and responsiveness are highlighted as key components of good governance, which are essential for creating a more effective and trustworthy public administration.

Despite the strong framework for good governance, the Philippine correctional system continues to face significant challenges. The system is often criticized for inefficiencies and human rights concerns, particularly in relation to overcrowding, inadequate lighting and ventilation, and limited access to clean water in correctional facilities (U.S. Department of State, 2024). The Philippines ranks third globally in terms of jail overcrowding, a situation that exacerbates issues related to health, safety, and rehabilitation within these institutions (UNODC Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific, 2023). These challenges underscore the urgent need for improved governance within the country’s correctional facilities.

This study focuses on the governance practices within Cebu City Jais, which reflect broader national issues. Persistent problems related to accountability, transparency, and responsiveness within these facilities have led to dissatisfaction among stakeholders, including Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL) and their families. These governance challenges not only affect immediate stakeholders but also undermine public trust in the criminal justice system.

Good governance in jail facilities is crucial for ensuring the humane treatment of PDL and the efficient operation of jails. However, achieving good governance within these institutions remains a significant challenge. This study aims to contribute to the governance agenda by examining the situation in Cebu City Jails, aligning with the JAIL (Journey for Advancement, Innovation, and Long-term Development) Plan 2040, which focuses on improving and revolutionizing jail management. By analyzing and enhancing governance practices among jail wardens, this research seeks to foster a more just and efficient correctional system, contributing to national efforts toward improved and effective governance.

The theoretical framework for this study is grounded in the principles of good governance and public administration, which emphasize accountability, transparency, responsiveness, fairness, legitimacy, performance, and participation as essential components for effective management. Good governance theory posits that these elements are directly linked to the prosperity of nations, particularly in democratic societies (Addink, 2017). Additionally, the study incorporates aspects of the Expectancy Disconfirmation Model, which helps in understanding how constituents’ satisfaction levels are influenced by the discrepancy between expected and actual governance practices.

By investigating the dimensions of good governance within Cebu City Jails, this study aims to provide valuable insights and recommendations that can enhance the governance of these facilities and contribute to the broader goal of achieving good governance in the Philippine Correctional system.

METHODOLOGY

This study employed a quantitative-descriptive research design to assess good governance among jail wardens and constituent satisfaction in Cebu City Jails. The descriptive approach was chosen for its effectiveness in providing a detailed depiction of the current state of governance and satisfaction levels among various stakeholders. The quantitative aspect allowed for the collection and analysis of numerical data, enabling the study to objectively measure and compare the perceptions of different groups or respondents.

The primary sources of data were the jail personnel, Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL), families of PDL, and service providers, representing the four groups of constituents or respondents. These participants were selected through purposive sampling, with quota sampling employed to ensure balanced representation despite the varying population sizes of each group. Fifty (50) participants were included from each group to ensure that the study was representative and that data collection could be completed within the allocated timeframe. Additionally, secondary data were gathered from related literature and studies to support and contextualize the findings.

The primary data collection instrument was a structured survey questionnaire, which was designed to capture the respondents’ perceptions of good governance and satisfaction. The survey was divided into sections corresponding to different aspects of governance and satisfaction relevant to each group of constituents. A 4-point Likert scale was used to assess the responses, minimizing central tendency bias. The questionnaire was crafted based on existing literature due to the absence of a standardized instrument that addresses the complexities of jail governance. To ensure validity and reliability, the questionnaire underwent multiple reviews by the research adviser, consultations with Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) officers, and a pilot test in a different locale. The reliability of the instrument was confirmed with a Cronbach Alpha value of at least 0.70 as calculated by a statistician, indicating the instrument’s consistency.

 Table 1 Result of Reliability Testing 

*Legend:

                0.91 – 1.00              :               Excellent

                0.81 – 0.90              :               Good

                0.71 – 0.80              :               Acceptable

                0.61 – 0.70              :               Questionable

                0.51 – 0.60              :               Poor

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Level of Good Governance as Perceived by Different Stakeholders

The manifestation of good governance in Cebu City Jails, as perceived by various stakeholders, was assessed across seven indicators: Accountability, Transparency, Responsiveness, Fairness, Legitimacy and Voice, Performance, and Participation. The following discussion synthesizes the findings for each indicator.

Accountability

Accountability emerged as a strong aspect of good governance in Cebu City Jails. The highest mean score (3.56, Extremely Manifested) was for the indicator stating that jail wardens take responsibility for their actions and decisions. This indicates a strong commitment to leadership accountability, which is essential for maintaining trust and integrity within the jail environment. The slightly lower score (3.07, Highly Manifested) for indicator related to reporting misconduct suggests room for improvement, particularly in transparency and acknowledgement of mistakes. This could be further enhanced by focusing in accountability towards the families of Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL), who frequently interact with the jail wardens and can provide valuable insights into the governance practices.

The findings are consistent with the principles outlined in the A-LIST Principle by the Office of the Auditor General of British Columbia (2024), emphasizing the importance of accountability in governance. The study suggests that enhancing accountability in specific areas could significantly improve stakeholders’ perceptions of good governance in Cebu City Jails.

 Transparency

Transparency is another critical aspect of good governance that was highly rated by the respondents. The highest mean score (3.57, Extremely Manifested) was for the indicator related to jail wardens being informed about the rules and regulations governing the jail. This reflects a strong commitment to transparent communication and information dissemination, which are vital for building trust and accountability. However, the lower score (3.15, Highly Manifested) for transparency in resources allocation indicates that while transparency is generally well-practiced, there is room for improvement, particularly in financial management and resource distribution.

These findings align with the study by Suksen et al. (2020), which highlighted the importance of transparency in governance for building public trust. In the context of Cebu City Jails, improving transparency, particularly regarding resource allocation and communication with PDL families, could further enhance constituent satisfaction and trust.

Responsiveness

The responsiveness of jail wardens was perceived positively, with the highest mean score (3.36, Extremely Manifested) related to addressing constituent concerns promptly. This suggests that jail wardens are generally responsive to the needs and issues of the stakeholders. However, the slightly lower score (3.09, Highly Manifested) for meeting needs and requests in a timely manner indicates potential challenges, such as resource constraints and bureaucratic delays, which may hinder prompt service delivery.

The findings resonate with the research by Dhami et. Al. (2021), which emphasized the importance of responsiveness in governance. In the context of Cebu City Jails, enhancing responsiveness through regular staff training, clear communication protocols, and efficient complaint management systems could lead to more effective governance and higher satisfaction among stakeholders.

Fairness

Fairness in the treatment of stakeholders, particularly in upholding the rights of PDL, was highly rated. The highest mean score (3.54, Extremely Manifested) was for the indicator related to respecting and upholding PDL rights, reflecting a strong commitment to fairness and equality in the jail environment. The lower scores (3.18, Highly Manifested) for indicators related to administering punishments and ensuring non-discrimination suggests that while fairness is generally perceived positively, there are areas where improvements can be made, particularly in ensuring consistent and non-discriminatory treatment of all stakeholders.

The findings are supported by the study of Mears and Cochran (2021), which highlighted the importance of fairness in jail governance. Ensuring that all stakeholders are treated equitably, without preferential treatment, is crucial for maintaining trust and promoting a positive institutional climate in Cebu City Jails.

Legitimacy and Voice

The legitimacy and voice of stakeholders in Cebu City Jails were generally perceived positively, with the highest mean score (3.40, Extremely Manifested) for the indicator related to listening to the concerns of various stakeholders. This reflects a governance approach that values inclusion and stakeholder involvement, which is essential for maintaining trust and cooperation within the facility. However, the slightly lower scores for indicators related to providing opportunities for stakeholder participation suggests that more could be done to ensure that all stakeholders feel their voices are heard and considered in decision-making processes.

The findings align with the principles advocated by the United Nations Economic and social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2024), which emphasize the importance of amplifying the voice of stakeholders in governance. In the context of Cebu City Jails, enhancing participatory governance by involving more stakeholders in decision-making could lead to more effective and sustainable policies.

Performance

Performance was the highest-rated indicator of good governance, with the highest mean score (3.55, Extremely Manifested) for the indicator related to the efficient and effective performance of duties by jail wardens. This suggests that the jail wardens are generally perceived as competent in their roles., contributing to the overall effectiveness of the jail’s operations. However, the slightly lower score for the provision of healthcare services (3.36, Extremely Manifested) indicates that while performance is generally positive, there is room for improvement in specific areas, such as healthcare services, which are crucial for the well-being and rehabilitation of PDL.

The findings are consistent with the ideas presented by The Asia Foundation (2024), which emphasized the link between good governance and increased efficiency and effectiveness. In the context of Cebu City Jails, maintaining high performance levels while addressing specific challenges, such as healthcare services, could further enhance the overall effectiveness of jail governance.

Participation

Participation was also highly rated, with the highest mean score (3.51, Extremely Manifested) for the indicator related to encouraging participation in activities and programs within the jail. This suggests that the jail wardens are generally successful in promoting stakeholder involvement, which is crucial for achieving the organizational mandate and overall institutional effectiveness. The slightly lower scores for indicators related to decision-making opportunities suggests that while participation is generally encouraged, there is room for improvement in ensuring that all stakeholder have meaningful opportunities to contribute to decision-making processes.

The findings supported by the Philippine Development Plan released by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), which emphasized the importance of participation in good governance. In the context of Cebu City Jails, enhancing participation by involving more stakeholders in decision-making and program development could lead to more effective and sustainable governance practices.

Overall, the results demonstrate that good governance practices in Cebu City Jails are perceived as highly effective by stakeholders, with performance being the highest-rated aspect. This suggests that the jail warden’s competence and the overall management structure contribute significantly to the effectiveness of the jail’s operations. However, the slightly lower scores for responsiveness indicate areas where improvements could be made, particularly in addressing resource constraints and improving service delivery.

Table 2 Summary of Assessed Manifestation Level of Good Governance of Jail Wardens in Cebu City Jails

Level of Constituent Satisfaction

The level of constituent satisfaction was assessed through eight indicators, with the highest mean score (3.46, Extremely Satisfied) for the indicator related to the value provided by the services and programs offered by the jail. This suggests that the constituents generally perceive the services and programs offered by the jail as valuable and effective. However, the slightly lower indicates score for professionalism (3.29, Extremely Satisfied) indicates that while satisfaction is generally high, there are areas where improvements could be made, particularly in the professionalism and conduct of jail personnel.

The findings are consistent with the study by Cruz and Manalastas (2020), which highlighted the importance of various factors, including facilities, programs, and personnel behavior, in determining stakeholder satisfaction. In the context of Cebu City Jails, maintaining high levels of satisfaction while addressing specific challenges, such as professionalism and administrative efficiency, could lead to even higher levels of constituent satisfaction and overall effectiveness of jail governance.

Table 3 Level of Constituent Satisfaction

Note: X – Weighted Mean; VI – Verbal Interpretation based on the 4-Point Likert Scale for Constituent Satisfaction

CONCLUSION

This study reveals that jail wardens at Cebu City Jails demonstrate a high level of good governance, particularly excelling in areas such as performance and participation, with responsiveness being slightly less pronounced but still commendable. The constituent’s satisfaction with services provided is notably high, largely due to effective communication of jail policies and valuable programs. Stakeholder satisfaction varies slightly, with service providers and jail personnel showing higher satisfaction compared to Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL) and their families. The implementation of the proposed action plan aims to further enhance good governance practices and address areas such as legitimacy, professionalism, administrative efficiency, and resource allocation. Thus, the study underscores the effectiveness of current governance practices while highlighting the need for targeted improvements to sustain and elevate constituent satisfaction.

RECOMMENDATIONS

To build on the positive findings and address areas for enhancement, the following recommendations are proposed: (1) Establish regular stakeholder’s forums to provide a structured platform for feedback and discussion, ensuring that constituent’s concerns are heard and acted upon, with meetings scheduled for the last week of each month to maximize participation. (2) Implement a comprehensive professional development program for jail personnel based on a Training Needs Analysis (TNA) to continuously address emerging training needs, utilizing available resources and partnerships. (3) embrace digital solutions and streamline administrative procedures to improve efficiency, incorporating new technologies while ensuring safety and security. (4) Conduct regular audits and reviews of resource utilization to optimize efficiency and explore partnerships for additional resources, adhering to relevant regulations. These measures aim to bolster good governance and enhance overall constituent satisfaction in Cebu City Jails.

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