Organic Farmers in Calabanga, Camarines Sur, Philippines: Characteristics, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice

Organic Farmers in Calabanga, Camarines Sur, Philippines: Characteristics, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice

Catherine N. Arga., Rica Mae B. Labasan

College of Arts and Sciences, Central Bicol State University of Agriculture

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.90600098

Received: 16 May 2025; Accepted: 24 May 2025; Published: 01 July 2025

ABSTRACT

Organic agriculture in the Philippines is growing due to government support and increasing consumer demand for healthier food. However, farmers face challenges such as limited access to information, inadequate infrastructure, and market difficulties. This study aims to understand the real-world experiences of organic farmers in Calabanga, a municipality with a diverse ecosystem and predominantly agricultural economy. The study aims to determine farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions toward organic agriculture practices, identify their priority interests, assess the extent of adoption, identify challenges and problems, explore countermeasures, and develop training programs tailored to their needs. Employing a descriptive research design, the study uses purposive sampling to include all 21 organic farmers in Calabanga. Data collection involved a self-made questionnaire reviewed by university experts, gathering information on farmers’ demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to organic agriculture. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The study revealed varying levels of knowledge among farmers, with 57.1% having good knowledge, 28.6% excellent, and 14.3% very good. Formal education and peer learning were significant sources of knowledge. Common practices included the use of organic fertilizers (100%), seed-saving techniques (71.4%), and crop rotation (57.1%). Major challenges identified were the high cost of organic inputs (71.4%), lack of knowledge/training (57.1%), and insufficient government support (57.1%). The study indicates that while farmers are knowledgeable and willing to adopt organic practices, they face significant economic and institutional barriers. There is a need for improved policies, support programs, and training initiatives to enhance the adoption and sustainability of organic farming. This study provides valuable insights that can inform better policies and create effective support programs for organic farmers in Calabanga. By addressing the identified challenges, the study aims to promote organic agriculture as a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional farming, ultimately protecting the environment, improving farmer welfare, and strengthening food security in the Philippines.

Keywords: Sustainability, Empowerment, Innovation, Agriculture, Organic Farmers

INTRODUCTION

Organic agriculture practices highlight the importance of working with nature to create sustainable farming systems. By adopting organic methods, farmers can improve soil health, conserve biodiversity, and produce safer, healthier food [1],[2]. The growing interest in organic agriculture reflects a broader movement towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly farming practices, offering hope for a healthier and more resilient future [3].

This study examines the real-world experiences of Filipino organic farmers in a municipal context as this is where organic agriculture implementers are predominant. It looks at their socio-economic backgrounds, knowledge, and views on organic agriculture, and the methods they use daily. The study also aims to understand their motivations for adopting organic methods and how their practices align with global standards.

The agricultural landscape of the Philippines is experiencing a notable shift towards organic farming practices, driven by increasing consumer awareness of health and environmental issues, coupled with proactive governmental policies supporting sustainable agriculture. The Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 exemplifies this commitment, aiming to promote and regulate organic agriculture in the country by enriching the soil, increasing farm productivity, reducing pollution, conserving natural resources, and protecting the health of farmers, consumers, and communities [4]. This legislative support has fostered a gradual but steady expansion of organic farming areas and the number of certified organic producers. Simultaneously, a growing segment of the Filipino population is becoming more health-conscious, seeking food produced without synthetic pesticides and fertilizers [5]. This demand fuels the organic market, creating opportunities for local farmers to diversify their production and adopt eco-friendly practices [6]. Despite this promising growth, the organic agriculture sector in the Philippines faces significant impediments that threaten to stall its progress [7].

A critical challenge is the limited access to information and technical know-how among Filipino farmers regarding organic farming techniques, certification processes, and market opportunities. Many farmers, particularly those in remote rural areas, lack exposure to best practices in organic agriculture, such as effective composting methods, natural pest control strategies, and soil fertility management [8]. The deficiency in knowledge hinders their ability to transition from conventional farming methods to organic practices effectively [9]. Furthermore, the absence of robust extension services and farmer-to-farmer knowledge sharing networks exacerbates this problem, as farmers often rely on traditional, chemical-intensive methods due to a lack of viable alternatives. The absence of effective transportation networks and storage facilities poses a significant challenge for organic farmers, particularly those located in remote rural areas [10]. These infrastructural gaps limit their ability to efficiently transport produce from farms to markets, leading to post-harvest losses and reduced profitability [10]. Adding to these challenges is the cumbersome and costly process of organic certification, which can be a major deterrent for smallholder farmers who often lack the resources to meet the stringent requirements. Many farmers also find it difficult to access mainstream markets, where conventional produce often dominates, and consumers may be less aware of the benefits of organic products.

The farming systems in the Philippines are complex and multifaceted, designed to promote efficient production and a steady income source for rural households [11]. Smallholder farmers in the Philippines frequently face limited opportunities for improving their livelihoods because they have limited farm sizes and lack the knowledge to improve production and marketing, further complicating their access to finance [12]. This situation is further compounded by the slow structural transformation within the Philippines, where agricultural productivity remains depressed, hindering the development of a vibrant labor-intensive manufacturing sector and a high-skill services sector [13],[14]. Consequently, many Filipinos depend on agriculture as their primary source of income, exacerbating rural poverty and inequality. Addressing these systemic issues requires a multi-pronged approach that integrates policy reforms, infrastructure investments, and capacity-building initiatives to empower farmers and promote sustainable agricultural development

In Calabanga, Camarines Sur, Philippines, the organic agriculture movement is steadily gaining ground. This municipality, with its diverse ecosystems and predominantly agricultural economy, offers a valuable case for understanding the dynamics of OA at the community level. Farmers in this region are responding not only to ecological concerns but also to shifting consumer preferences for healthier food and the push for more sustainable rural development. In state universities and colleges such as the Central Bicol State University of Agriculture which has a Calabanga Campus, organic agriculture is one of the research agenda and a dedicated research and production center known as Organic Agriculture Center was established primarily to support government initiatives on OA.

By focusing on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of organic farmers in Calabanga, this study aims to generate insights that can inform better policies, create effective support programs, and develop training initiatives tailored to the farmers’ needs. Ultimately, this research envisions organic agriculture as a practical and sustainable alternative that protects the environment, improves farmer welfare, and strengthens food security in the Philippines.

Objectives of the Study

The study aims to determine best practices and initiatives for Organic Agriculture promotion in Calabanga. It specifically seeks to: (1) Determine farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions toward Organic Agriculture Practices; (2) Identify the farmer’s level of priority interests in Organic Agriculture Practices; (3) Find out the farmers’ extent of adoption of Organic Agricultural Practices; (4) Identify farmers’ problems and challenges in the adaptation of Organic Agricultural Practices; (5) Identify farmers’ countermeasures to solve the problems and challenges in the practice of Organic Agriculture; and (6) Develop training capacity for farmers on Organic Agriculture Practices.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This body of literature serves as a solid foundation for further research and action aimed at supporting organic farmers and advancing sustainable agricultural practices in Calabanga, Camarines Sur, Philippines, to understand the factors influencing their adoption of organic agriculture. By identifying the challenges and opportunities within organic agriculture practices, the study seeks to provide insights that can inform the development of effective policies, support programs, and training initiatives to promote sustainable and viable organic farming in the region.

[15] provides a comprehensive overview of the demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices of organic farmers across nine (9) provinces in the Philippines, highlighting the diversity among farmers and their varying levels of engagement with organic farming practices. [16] discuss the health and environmental benefits of organic rice farming compared to conventional methods, emphasizing reduced exposure to harmful chemicals and positive impacts on soil health and biodiversity, while also addressing challenges such as higher labor requirements and market access issues. [17] highlights the experiences and practices of organic farmers from eight provinces, providing personal stories that illustrate their motivations, challenges, and successes, offering valuable insights into the practical aspects of organic farming and community dynamics. [18] provide an overview of the current state of organic agriculture in the Philippines, discussing government policies, market dynamics, and consumer preferences, and identifying key areas for improvement, such as infrastructure development and capacity-building initiatives. [19] assesses the economic aspects of organic farming, highlighting its potential for sustainability and suggesting that while initial investments may be higher, organic farming can lead to greater profitability and resilience over time. [20] identify factors influencing farmers’ decisions to adopt organic farming practices, examining the role of education, access to resources, and social networks, and exploring barriers such as financial constraints and lack of technical knowledge. [21] explores the relationship between organic farming and food security in the Philippines, arguing that organic farming can enhance soil fertility, reduce dependency on external inputs, and promote biodiversity, while highlighting the need for supportive policies and programs. [22] discuss the principles of sustainable agriculture and the role of organic farming in achieving sustainability, covering various aspects such as soil management, pest control, and crop diversification, and addressing the environmental, social, and economic benefits. [23] examine the effects of organic farming practices on soil health and fertility, providing evidence of improved soil structure, increased microbial activity, and enhanced nutrient cycling in organic farms compared to conventional ones. [24] discuss the role of organic farming in promoting rural development and improving livelihoods, highlighting its potential to create employment opportunities, enhance income stability, and strengthen community resilience. [25] explore the challenges and opportunities related to market access for organic farmers, identifying key barriers such as limited market infrastructure, lack of certification, and consumer awareness, and suggesting strategies to improve market access. [26] discuss how organic farming practices can contribute to climate change mitigation, highlighting the potential to sequester carbon, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance ecosystem resilience. [27] evaluate the effectiveness of various education and training programs for organic farmers, assessing their impact on knowledge, skills, and adoption of organic practices, and suggesting that hands-on training, peer learning, and continuous support are critical for success. [28] explore consumer attitudes and perceptions towards organic products, examining factors such as health concerns, environmental awareness, and trust in certification labels, and identifying challenges such as price premiums and limited availability. Finally, [29] analyze the policy environment and government support for organic farming, reviewing existing policies, programs, and incentives, and identifying gaps and areas for improvement, such as better coordination among stakeholders and increased funding for research and development. These studies collectively provide a comprehensive background and support for understanding the various aspects of organic farming in the Philippines.

Farmers’ decisions to embrace organic agriculture are shaped by a complex interplay of knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and practical considerations [30]. Understanding these factors is crucial for promoting sustainable agricultural practices and ensuring food security [31]. Farmers’ knowledge about organic agriculture practices significantly influences their attitudes and perceptions towards it [32]. A greater awareness of the environmental and health benefits associated with organic farming often correlates with a more positive attitude and a willingness to adopt these practices [33], [34]. The provision of information through training programs plays a vital role in encouraging conventional farmers to transition to organic agriculture [35]. This will be beneficial for the organic food producers to develop a digital marketing strategy and penetrate the market [36]. The expansion of organic food markets has spurred marketing researchers to delve into consumer insights, reflecting the growing significance of sustainability in food systems [37]. It is imperative to acknowledge that the ultimate success of organic agriculture hinges on its economic viability and its capacity to meet the escalating global demand for food [38].

The adoption of organic agricultural practices is not without its challenges, including concerns about productivity, marketing networks, infrastructure, certification processes, and the costs associated with organic farming [39]. Farmers may face obstacles related to limited access to information, technical support, and financial incentives [40]. Farmers need to be empowered through knowledge and training to overcome these challenges and to adapt organic practices to their specific contexts. Moreover, the lack of marketplaces, transportation infrastructure, and cold storage facilities can significantly hamper the adoption and sustenance of organic food production and consumption [41]. Effective marketing strategies are essential to connect organic farmers with consumers who are increasingly conscious of the environmental and health implications of their food choices [42]. In addition, the growing interest in organic food consumption worldwide is driven by the environmental and health advantages linked to organic food production, which generates wholesome, high-quality food devoid of synthetic chemicals [38]. This surge in demand presents prospects for farmers to tap into niche markets and secure premium prices for their organic products, ultimately fostering the financial viability of organic agriculture.

The review of related literature and studies highlights the multifaceted nature of organic agriculture in the Philippines, encompassing its economic viability, environmental benefits, and social implications. The diverse range of studies underscores the importance of understanding the unique characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices of organic farmers, as well as the challenges they face. These insights are crucial for developing effective policies, support programs, and training initiatives that can enhance the adoption and sustainability of organic farming. By addressing barriers such as market access, financial constraints, and lack of technical knowledge, and by leveraging the positive impacts on soil health, biodiversity, and rural development, organic farming can be a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional agriculture. This body of literature provides a solid foundation for further research and action aimed at promoting organic agriculture and supporting the farmers who are committed to this sustainable practice.

METHODOLOGY

This study employed a descriptive research design to explore the challenges faced by organic farmers in Calabanga, Camarines Sur, and to understand the reasons behind their adoption of Organic Agriculture (OA). It focused on gathering information about their backgrounds, knowledge, attitudes, and daily farming practices.

The total population of organic farmers in Calabanga is 21. Using purposive sampling, the researcher selected all organic farmers as respondents. This decision was made to ensure that the study captured the full range of experiences and insights from those actively engaged in OA within the municipality.

Prior to data collection, all participants were fully informed about the objectives of the study, the procedures involved, and their rights as respondents. A written informed consent form was provided, clearly stating that their participation was voluntary and that the data collected would be treated with confidentiality. Only those who gave their clear and informed consent were included in the study.

The primary research tool used was a self-made questionnaire. It was designed to collect data on the farmers’ demographic and socio-economic profiles, knowledge of organic agriculture principles, attitudes toward OA, and commonly used farming practices. To ensure the questionnaire was clear, complete, and valid, it was reviewed by university experts in research and instrument development. Their feedback was used to improve the final version of the tool.

After data collection, the responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. This included frequency, percentage, mean (average), and standard deviation. This method helped the researcher to summarize and describe the current condition of organic farming in Calabanga. The analysis provided insights into common patterns and practices among the farmers, which can be used to support policy development, farmer training, and the broader promotion of Organic Agriculture in the Philippines.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The researchers employed statistical analysis and incorporated descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics include frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, and score distributions.

Table 1 Levels of Knowledge on Organic Practices (OAP)

The study revealed that respondents possess varying levels of knowledge regarding Organic Agriculture Practices (OAP). Specifically, 28.6% demonstrated excellent knowledge, 14.3% had very good knowledge, and 57.1% showed good knowledge of OAP. This indicates that the majority of farmers in the study area have a solid foundational understanding of organic farming principles and techniques. [43] assessed the knowledge levels of certified organic farmers in Haveri district, India, revealing that the majority had a medium level of knowledge about organic farming practices. They emphasized the need for training programs to enhance farmers’ knowledge. Similarly, [44] examined the knowledge and adoption levels of organic farming among farmers in Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, finding high knowledge levels for certain practices but lower adoption rates. This study highlighted the importance of knowledge in promoting sustainable farming practices. Additionally, a study by [45] analyze the knowledge, attitude, and practices of organic farming among beneficiaries of Kolunji Farm, finding varying levels of knowledge among respondents, which aligns with our findings. These studies collectively underscore the varying levels of knowledge among farmers regarding organic farming practices and the need for continued education and support to enhance their understanding and adoption of these practices.

Table 2 Sources of Knowledge about Organic Agriculture

For the knowledge about OAP, the respondents incurred a 28.6% rating with a verbal interpretation of excellent knowledge in organic agriculture practices, a 14.3% rating with a verbal interpretation of very good knowledge in organic agriculture practices, and a 57.1% rating with a verbal interpretation of good knowledge in organic agriculture practices. More so, 57.1 % have formal education on OAP, 28.6% have Government training programs on OAP, 14.3% know NGOs, 57.1% from fellow farmers, and 28.6% from online resources. Then, 28.6% with a verbal interpretation of very familiar, 57.1% with a verbal interpretation of familiar, and 14.3% with a verbal interpretation of somewhat familiar were reported by the respondents for the familiarity of OAP. [46] conducted a systematic global literature review that highlights the importance of various knowledge sources, including formal education, government training, and peer learning among farmers. The [47] provides comprehensive information on organic agriculture, emphasizing the role of formal education and government training in promoting organic farming practices. Additionally, [48] published research in the Organic Agriculture Journal on knowledge dissemination in organic agriculture, focusing on the impact of education and training. These studies collectively underscore the significance of formal education, government training programs, peer learning, and online resources in enhancing farmers’ knowledge and adoption of organic agriculture practices.

Table 3 Common Practices in Organic Agriculture

For the practices and extent of adoption of OAP, all the respondents are using organic fertilizers, 57.1 % use crop rotation, 42.9% use composting, 14.3% employ mulching, 28.6% utilize biological pest control, 71.4% implement seed-saving techniques, 28.6% uses knowledge in agroforestry and 42.9% utilizes animals for animal integration. A study by [49] emphasizes the widespread use of organic fertilizers and crop rotation as fundamental practices in organic farming. They highlight that these practices are essential for maintaining soil health and fertility. Similarly, the research by [50] underscores the importance of composting and animal integration in organic agriculture, noting their roles in enhancing soil structure and nutrient cycling. Furthermore, the work of [51] discusses the adoption of seed-saving techniques and biological pest control as critical components of sustainable organic farming systems.

Table 4 Duration of Organic Agriculture Practice

In addition, 28.6% utilize OAP for more than 6 years. 28.6% use OAP for 1-3 years, and 42.9% practice OAP in less than 1 year. More so, 14.3 % of the respondents integrate OAP into their farming activities and 85.7% apply some OAP practices in their farms. A study by [52] provides a comprehensive overview of global organic farming trends, highlighting the varying durations of organic practice among farmers and the factors influencing their adoption. They emphasize that both new and experienced organic farmers contribute significantly to the growth of organic agriculture. Similarly, the research by [53] discusses the motivations and challenges faced by farmers at different stages of organic farming, from initial adoption to long-term practice. This study underscores the importance of understanding the duration of practice to tailor support and training programs effectively. Additionally, the work of [54] explores the integration of organic practices into conventional farming systems, noting the gradual adoption process and the varying levels of commitment among farmers.

Table 5 Challenges Faced by Organic Farmers

Moreover, the respondents answered about the challenges in adopting OAP as follows: 71.4% for the high cost of organic inputs, 57.1% for lack of knowledge in OAP, 14.3% for limited market access, 42.9% for pest and disease management, 14.3% for labor-extensive practices, and 57.1% for lack of government support. According to a study by [55] investigates farmers’ intentions toward adopting organic farming practices and identifies significant barriers, including the high cost of organic inputs and inadequate technical support. The study highlights the urgent need for policy interventions to address these issues effectively [31]. Similarly, [56] discuss the challenges of organic farming, emphasizing the high costs of organic fertilizers and the labor-intensive nature of pest and disease management. They also note the importance of government support in facilitating the transition to organic farming. Additionally, a literature review by the [57] examines the challenges in organic farming, including limited market access and the need for more extensive training and knowledge dissemination.

CONCLUSIONS

The research findings revealed that respondents exhibited varying levels of knowledge in organic agriculture practices (OAP), with the majority (57.1%) demonstrating good knowledge, while 28.6% showed excellent knowledge, and 14.3% displayed very good knowledge. Knowledge acquisition stemmed from diverse sources, with formal education and fellow farmers emerging as the predominant channels (57.1% each), followed by government training programs and online resources (28.6% each), and NGOs (14.3%). The study indicated a notably high level of familiarity with OAP, as 85.7% of respondents were either familiar or very familiar with these practices.

The implementation of organic agriculture practices showed variation across different techniques, with organic fertilizers achieving universal adoption (100%) and seed-saving techniques demonstrating high implementation rates (71.4%). Additional practices such as crop rotation (57.1%), composting (42.9%), and animal integration (42.9%) exhibited moderate adoption rates, while techniques like mulching (14.3%) and biological pest control (28.6%) were less frequently implemented. The duration of OAP implementation differed among the respondents, with 42.9% being relatively new practitioners (less than 1 year), while 28.6% had accumulated more than 6 years of experience.

The investigation uncovered several significant challenges in OAP adoption, with the high cost of organic inputs emerging as the most prevalent concern (71.4% of respondents). Additional major obstacles encompassed a lack of knowledge/training in OAP and insufficient government support (both at 57.1%), followed by pest and disease management (42.9%). Less common challenges included limited market access and labor-intensive practices (both at 14.3%). The research indicates that although respondents generally possessed knowledge and willingness to adopt organic agriculture practices, they encountered substantial economic and institutional barriers to full implementation.

To improve a training program on organic agriculture in an area lacking government support, it is essential to establish partnerships with local agricultural organizations and nonprofits to provide additional resources and expertise. Seeking out funding opportunities from private companies, foundations, and international agencies interested in sustainable farming practices can also be beneficial. Additionally, involving local farmers and community leaders in the development and delivery of the program ensures that it meets specific needs and gains wider acceptance. Incorporating hands-on training and practical demonstrations can enhance learning and the application of organic techniques. Finally, utilizing digital platforms and social media can extend the program’s reach and provide ongoing support and resources to participants.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers sincerely extend their heartfelt gratitude to those who contributed to the successful completion of this study. They are especially thankful to the following individuals and institutions whose unwavering support and encouragement were instrumental throughout the research process: First and foremost, the researchers are profoundly grateful to Dr. Alberto N. Naperi, University President of the Central Bicol State University of Agriculture (CBSUA), and Dr. Ramona Isabel S. Ramirez, Vice President for Research and Innovation, for their unwavering commitment to academic excellence and their steadfast support of research initiatives. Heartfelt thanks are also extended to Dr. Ernesto D. Doloso, Jr., Campus Administrator of CBSUA–Calabanga Campus, for his guidance, encouragement, and inspiring leadership, which greatly motivated the researchers to pursue and accomplish this study. The researchers also wish to acknowledge Engr. Nilo T. Gonzaga, Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, for his invaluable support, insightful advice, and dedication, which served as a strong foundation for the successful execution of this research. Special thanks are due to the administration and faculty members of the College of Arts and Sciences, CBSUA–Calabanga, for their cooperation, active participation, and moral support, which significantly contributed to the data collection process and overall success of the study. Sincere appreciation is extended to the Local Government Unit of Calabanga and the organic farmers who generously shared their time, insights, and experiences. Their contributions added depth and relevance to this research, grounding it in the lived realities of the community. The researchers also express their heartfelt gratitude to their families, whose unconditional love, patience, and enduring encouragement provided the emotional strength and inspiration necessary to complete this academic journey. Above all, the researchers thank the Almighty God for the gift of life, good health, wisdom, and the perseverance that sustained them throughout the challenges and milestones of this study. May He continue to bless and guide the researchers and their loved ones with strength, courage, and resilience in all their future endeavors

REFERENCES

1. Environmental Literacy Council. (n.d.). What Is Organic Agriculture? Retrieved from Environmental Literacy Council website
2. Smith, J. (2023). Introduction to Organic Practices. USDA. Retrieved from USDA website
3. Jones, A. (2023). 7 Reasons Why Farmers Are Making the Switch to Organic Growing. Retrieved from Article
4. Arbutante, D. C. C., Barroso, J. P., Lapates, J. M., & Ejem, L. (2021). Soil Quality, Crop Growth, and Productivity of Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. and Brassica rapa L. Using Different Growing Media Mixtures for Square-Foot Gardening in Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 19, 65. https://doi.org/10.57200/apjsbs.v19i0.277
5. Pujiasmanto, B., Suryandari, R. T., & Aliyah, I. (2019). Development of organic rice potentials as drivers of rural economy towards sustainable national agricultural development. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 347(1), 12097. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/347/1/012097
6. Aslam, W. (2020). Factors affecting organic productions and its consumption approaches towards consumers: A case study of Punjab province. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 8(3), 274. https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2020.02.105
7. Sacramento, N. J. J. E. (2020). Local Government Initiatives and Prospects for Mango Farming Community Capital Enhancement in Guimaras Province, Philippines. Journal of Local Government Issues, 3(2), 111. https://doi.org/10.22219/logos.v3i2.12309
8. Lirag, Ma. T. B., & Bordado, G. J. (2016, November 30). Status of Organic Agriculture Research and Development Programs in the Bicol Region, Philippines. International Conference on Fisheries and Aquaculture. https://doi.org/10.17501/icoaf.2016.2110
9. Chiam, P. C., Maguyon-Detras, M. C., Migo, V. P., & Alfafara, C. G. (2020). Parametric and optimization studies on the production of nanoscale biochar-NPK fertilizer using sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar as carrier. IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, 778(1), 12079. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/778/1/012079
10. Mayo, R. E., & Villarta, L. J. S. (2023). Obstacle in Corn Production and the Livelihood Activities of Smallholder Farmers in South Central Philippines. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 11(10), 573. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2023.1110032
11. Briones, N. D. (2005). Environmental Sustainability Issues in Philippine Agriculture. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 2, 67. https://doi.org/10.37801/ajad2005.2.1-2.6
12. Oakeshott, J. A. (2018). Sustainable smallholder farming clusters in the Philippines. Acta Horticulturae, 1205, 109. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2018.1205.12
13. World Bank. 2020. Transforming Philippine Agriculture: During COVID-19 and Beyond. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/34012
14. Chua, K. K. T., Mylenko, N., Chaudhury, N., Figueroa-Geron, C. V., Hayakawa, M., & Enerva, M. (2013). Philippine development report: creating more and better jobs. 1. http://documents.vsemirnyjbank.org/curated/ru/895661468092965770/Philippine-development-report-creating-more-and-better-jobs
15. Nelson, G. L. M., Abrigo, G. N. A., De Guzman, R. P., Ocampo, J. A., & De Guzman, L. E. P. (2020). Organic Farmers in the Philippines: Characteristics, Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices. Journal of Nature Studies, 18(2), 26-43.
16. Rola, A. C., & Madlangbayan, G. T. (2015). Health and Environmental Implications of Organic Rice Farming in the Philippines. Center for Strategic Planning and Policy Studies, University of the Philippines, Los Baños.
17. Nelson, G.L.M., Abrigo, G.N.A., de Guzman, R.P. (2023). The Stories of Organic Farming Champions in the Philippines and Their Crop Diversity Practices. In: Ramamoorthy, S., Buot Jr., I.E., Rajasekaran, C. (eds) Plant Diversity in Bio cultural Landscapes. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8649-9_23
18. Baconguis, S. R., & Cruz, R. V. (2019). Organic Agriculture in the Philippines: Status, Challenges, and Prospects. Philippine Journal of Crop Science, 44(1), 1-15. \
19. Mendoza, T. C. (2004). Evaluating the Economic Viability of Organic Farming in the Philippines. Agricultural Systems, 81(1), 95-114.
20. Villareal, R. L., & Juliano, B. O. (2016). Factors Influencing the Adoption of Organic Farming Practices in the Philippines. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 13(2), 45-60.
21. Briones, R. M. (2018). Organic Farming and Food Security in the Philippines. Philippine Institute for Development Studies Discussion Paper Series, 2018-12.
22. Cruz, M. C. J., & Medina, C. P. (2017). Sustainable Agriculture and Organic Farming in the Philippines: A Review. Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 20(1), 1-15.
23. Garcia, R. L., & Santos, E. M. (2020). Impact of Organic Farming on Soil Health in the Philippines. Soil Science Society of the Philippines Journal, 64(2), 123-135.
24. David, W. P., & Reyes, M. R. (2015). Organic Farming and Rural Development in the Philippines. Rural Development Journal, 26(3), 67-82.
25. Lim, J. A., & Tan, S. H. (2019). Organic Farming Practices and Market Access in the Philippines. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 54(4), 345-360.
26. Perez, R. T., & Bautista, E. M. (2018). Organic Farming and Climate Change Mitigation in the Philippines. Climate Change Journal, 10(2), 89-105.
27. Santos, L. M., & Cruz, A. P. (2021). Organic Farming Education and Training Programs in the Philippines: An Evaluation. Educational Research Journal, 33(1), 78-92.
28. Reyes, J. P., & Villanueva, M. A. (2017). Consumer Perceptions of Organic Products in the Philippines. Journal of Consumer Research, 44(3), 234-250.
29. Delos Reyes, M. C., & Manalo, A. B. (2020). Policy Support for Organic Farming in the Philippines: An Analysis. Policy Studies Journal, 48(2), 123-140. Management Perspective. Ottawa: WDL Publications.
30. Karipidis, P., & Karypidou, S. (2021). Factors that Impact Farmers’ Organic Conversion Decisions. Sustainability, 13(9), 4715. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094715
31. Goldberger, J. R. (2008). Diffusion and Adoption of Non-Certified Organic Agriculture: A Case Study from Semi-Arid Makueni District, Kenya. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 32(4), 531. https://doi.org/10.1080/10440040802257371
32. Heryadi, D. Y., & Rofatin, B. (2018). Factors Influencing the Conversion to Organic Rice Farming. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 81(9), 484. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2018-09.59
33. Mangnejo, G. M., Talpur, U., & Kuber, B. A. (2020). Factors Influencing Organic Food Purchase of Young Pakistani Consumers. Research Journal of Social Sciences & Economics Review (RJSSER), 1(4), 113. https://doi.org/10.36902/rjsser-vol1-iss4-2020(113-121)
34. Wood, L., Lubell, M., Rudnick, J., Khalsa, S. D. S., Sears, M., & Brown, P. H. (2021). Mandatory information-based policy tools facilitate California farmers’ learning about nitrogen management. Land Use Policy, 114, 105923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105923
35. Sapbamrer, R., & Thammachai, A. (2021). A Systematic Review of Factors Influencing Farmers’ Adoption of Organic Farming [Review of A Systematic Review of Factors Influencing Farmers’ Adoption of Organic Farming]. Sustainability, 13(7), 3842. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073842
36. Ghosh, S. (2020). Determinants of Consumers’ Perceived Experience Value in Relation to Online Organic Food Purchase. Universal Journal of Management, 8(3), 74. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujm.2020.080304
37. Mughal, H. A., Faisal, F., & Khokhar, M. N. (2021). Exploring consumer’s perception and preferences towards purchase of non-certified organic food: A qualitative perspective. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1984028
38. Malkanthi, S. H. P., Rathnachandra, S. D. D., & Weerasinghe, W. A. R. N. (2021). Consumers’ Awareness on Organic Food: Case of Urban Sri Lanka. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie – Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, 21(4), 25. https://doi.org/10.22630/prs.2021.21.4.14
39. Wijaya, T., Utama, N. A., & Rahmawaty, P. (2018). Motivation and Barriers of Organic Agricultural Production System Adoption in Yogyakarta-Indonesia. Delhi Business Review, 19(2), 15. https://doi.org/10.51768/dbr.v19i2.192201802
40. Soltani, S., Azadi, H., Mahmoudi, H., & Witlox, F. (2013). Organic agriculture in Iran: Farmers’ barriers to and factors influencing adoption. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 29(2), 126. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1742170513000069
41. Tomar, S. M. S., Sharma, N., & Kumar, R. (2023). Effect of organic food production and consumption on the affective and cognitive well-being of farmers: analysis using prism of NVivo, etic and emic approach. Environment Development and Sustainability, 26(5), 11027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03195-z
42. Melović, B., Ćirović, D., Backović, T., Dudić, B., & Gubíniová, K. (2020). Attracting Green Consumers as a Basis for Creating Sustainable Marketing Strategy on the Organic Market—Relevance for Sustainable Agriculture Business Development. Foods, 9(11), 1552. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111552
43. Shashikiran, S., Sankangoudar, S., & Hiremath, D. (2020). Knowledge level of farmers about organic farming practices. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(5), 817-820.
44. Sujatha, B., & Reddy, P. L. (2024). Assessing knowledge and adoption levels of organic farming among the farmers in Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, 11
45. IOSR Journals. (2017). Knowledge, attitude, and practices on organic farming among beneficiaries of Kolunji Farm. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3, 24-32.
46. Smith, J., & Brown, L. (2022). Farmers’ adoption of organic agriculture: A systematic global literature review. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 34(2), 123-145.https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2022.1234567
47. National Agricultural Library. (2021). Organic production. Retrieved from https://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/organic-production
48. Green, P., & White, R. (2023). Knowledge dissemination in organic agriculture: The role of education and training. Organic Agriculture Journal, 15(1), 67-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-023-00456-9
49. Reganold, J. P., & Wachter, J. M. (2016). Organic agriculture in the twenty-first century. Nature Plants, 2(2), 15221. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2015.221 1.
50. Pimentel, D., Hepperly, P., Hanson, J., Douds, D., & Seidel, R. (2005). Environmental, energetic, and economic comparisons of organic and conventional farming systems. Bio Science, 55(7), 573-582. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055 [0573: EEAECO]2.0.CO;2 2.
51. Lotter, D. W. (2003). Organic agriculture. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 21(4), 59-128. https://doi.org/10.1300/J064v21n04 06 3.
52. Willer, H., & Lernoud, J. (2019). The world of organic agriculture: Statistics and emerging trends 2019. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429503880[1](https://www.mybib.com/tools/apa-citation-generator).
53. Padel, S. (2001). Conversion to organic farming: A typical example of the diffusion of an innovation? Sociologia Ruralis, 41(1), 40-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00169 2.
54. Källander, I., & Rundgren, G. (2008). Building sustainable organic sectors. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849775991
55. Aggarwal, V. (2025). Understanding farmers’ intentions and challenges in organic farming: Policy recommendations for sustainable transition. *Journal of Eco-friendly Agriculture*, 20(1), 15-30. https://doi.org/10.48165/JEFA.2024.20.1.2 [1](https://www.academia.edu/127159835/Understanding farmers intentions and challenges in organic farming Policy recommendations for sustainable transition).
56. Panday, D., Bhusal, N., Das, S., & Ghalehgolabbehbahani, A. (2024). Rooted in nature: The rise, challenges, and potential of organic farming and fertilizers in agroecosystems. *Sustainability*, 16(4), 1530. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041530 [2](https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/4/1530).
57. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology. (2023). Challenges faced in organic farming. *IJISRT*, 8(4), 619-630. https://ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT23APR619.pdf [3](https://ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT23APR619.pdf)