Parental Emotional Neglect and Adolescent Social Media Addiction: A Narrative Review of Psychological Impacts and Theoretical Insights

Parental Emotional Neglect and Adolescent Social Media Addiction: A Narrative Review of Psychological Impacts and Theoretical Insights

Daoud Sulaiman Khamis Al-Dhafri, Dr. Fareed Awae, Dr. Mahyudin Bin Daud

Department of Islamic History -Civilization and Education, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malay

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.906000216

Received: 27 May 2025; Revised: 01 June 2025; Accepted: 07 June 2025; Published: 08 July 2025

ABSTRACT

This narrative literature review examines the relationship between parental emotional neglect and adolescent social media addiction, with a focus on the resulting psychological outcomes such as anxiety, depression, and emotional dysregulation. Drawing on Attachment Theory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Behavioural Theory, and Cognitive Theory, the review explores how unmet emotional needs during adolescence may lead to compulsive digital engagement as a maladaptive coping strategy. A systematic search of peer-reviewed literature from 2010 onward was conducted across databases including Scopus, PsycINFO, and PubMed, using defined inclusion criteria focused on adolescent populations and emotional deprivation in family contexts. Findings suggest that adolescents experiencing emotional neglect are significantly more likely to develop problematic social media use, which in turn exacerbates psychological distress. Despite extensive research on digital addiction, gaps remain in understanding the interplay between parenting style, cultural context, and long-term mental health consequences. This review underscores the importance of integrating parental education, digital literacy, and mental health support in future intervention models. By synthesizing theoretical insights and empirical findings, the study provides a foundation for culturally sensitive, developmentally appropriate strategies to address adolescent digital dependency and emotional vulnerability.

Keywords: Parental Emotional Deprivation, Social Media Addiction, Psychological Health, Adolescents, Attachment Theory, Behavioural Theory, Digital Well-being

INTRODUCTION

Parental emotional deprivation defined as the sustained lack of emotional warmth, responsiveness, and validation from caregivers—has emerged as a growing concern in adolescent psychological development. This form of emotional neglect can severely impact emotional regulation, identity formation, and social adjustment during adolescence [1]. According to Attachment Theory, adolescents who experience insecure attachment due to insufficient parental support often seek alternative sources of emotional fulfilment, particularly through digital platforms [2]. In these contexts, social media becomes not just a tool for communication but a compensatory mechanism for emotional needs that remain unmet within the family environment [3].

While social media offers adolescents opportunities for self-expression and peer interaction, excessive use particularly among emotionally neglected individuals can evolve into compulsive behavioural patterns. Social media addiction is marked by a persistent preoccupation with digital platforms, loss of control over usage, and continued engagement despite harmful consequences to mental health, academic performance, and interpersonal relationships [4]. Empirical findings have demonstrated that adolescents lacking parental emotional support are more likely to develop such addictive behaviours as a means of coping with emotional dissatisfaction [5].

The rising prevalence of social media addiction among adolescents signals the importance of understanding the emotional and developmental vulnerabilities that drive this behaviour. However, existing research tends to focus broadly on the psychological effects of digital overuse without investigating how specific familial deficits such as emotional deprivation contribute to its development [6]. Moreover, while some studies acknowledge the role of parenting in shaping adolescent media behaviour, they often overlook the influence of emotional neglect as a distinct risk factor for maladaptive coping strategies, including digital overdependence [7].

Additionally, this issue takes on different dimensions across cultural settings, where variations in parenting norms, family dynamics, and access to technology result in diverse behavioural outcomes [7]. Despite these implications, few studies have systematically analysed the intersection of emotional deprivation, digital engagement, and psychological outcomes in culturally sensitive ways [8].

This review addresses these gaps by examining how parental emotional deprivation influences social media addiction and associated psychological health outcomes among adolescents. By synthesizing theoretical models and empirical findings, the study aims to clarify the emotional, behavioural, and cognitive mechanisms that underlie this relationship and to identify future directions for research and intervention.t.

Background of the Study

The developmental stage of adolescence brings three fundamental components which include identity formation, emotional regulation, and social adjustment. Parental guidance and emotional support play an essential role during this phase because they shape an individual’s psychological resilience [6]. Modern societal transformations in the workforce and family dynamics along with changes in communication methods have caused emotional neglect toward adolescents according to [7]. The lack of parental emotional support during adolescence creates attachment insecurities which drive teenage individuals to seek social media validation [8].

Social media platforms enable adolescents to display their personal identity while seeking recognition from peers and developing connection with their social environment. Research shows that extended and obsessive platform use leads to negative psychological consequences according to [9]. Social media addiction develops because users receive immediate satisfaction along with social reinforcement and validation which drives emotionally deprived individuals to use it as their preferred coping method [10]. A thorough analysis of how emotional deprivation combines with digital dependency should be conducted to properly understand their combined impact on adolescent mental health.

Problem Statement

Although the psychological effects of social media addiction among adolescents have received considerable scholarly attention, the specific influence of parental emotional deprivation as a contributing factor remains under-investigated. Much of the current literature addresses social media use in general terms, focusing on outcomes such as anxiety, depression, or diminished academic performance, while failing to explore the underlying emotional mechanisms particularly those rooted in early familial relationships that may predispose adolescents to compulsive digital behaviours [11].

Parental emotional deprivation, characterized by a lack of affection, validation, and emotional responsiveness, has been associated with the development of insecure attachment and poor emotional regulation in adolescents [1], [5]. These conditions increase vulnerability to maladaptive coping strategies, including the overuse of social media as a substitute for unmet emotional needs. However, few studies have directly examined how emotional neglect within the home environment translates into digital dependency during adolescence [12].

Moreover, cultural and contextual factors remain insufficiently explored. Variations in parenting styles, family structures, and access to technology across societies suggest that the relationship between emotional deprivation and social media addiction is likely to manifest differently depending on sociocultural background [7]. Yet, the empirical literature offers limited insight into how these dynamics play out in diverse populations, especially outside of Western contexts [8].

The lack of integrated research examining both psychological mechanisms and contextual influences limits the development of targeted interventions. Without a deeper understanding of how emotional neglect contributes to social media addiction, existing treatment and prevention strategies may fail to address the core emotional vulnerabilities that drive digital overdependence. Therefore, a comprehensive investigation that connects parental emotional deprivation, adolescent psychological health, and social media addiction is urgently needed to inform effective intervention models and culturally sensitive preventive strategies.

Research Objectives

The primary objectives of this study are:

1. To investigate the theoretical and empirical associations between parental emotional deprivation and social media addiction among adolescents.
2. To critically analyse the psychological outcomes associated with compulsive social media use in emotionally neglected adolescents.
3. To apply and synthesize major psychological frameworks including Attachment Theory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Behavioural Theory, and Cognitive Theory to explain how emotional deprivation contributes to the development of social media addiction and related psychological distress.
4. To identify key gaps in the existing cross-cultural literature and to propose future research directions, including conceptual models and integrated intervention strategies.

Significance and limitation of the Study

Significance of the Study

This narrative review contributes to the growing body of research on adolescent mental health by specifically linking parental emotional deprivation to social media addiction and associated psychological outcomes. While previous studies have examined adolescent digital dependency or family dynamics in isolation, this study integrates these dimensions using established psychological theories such as Attachment Theory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Behavioural Theory, and Cognitive Theory to offer a more comprehensive explanatory model [1], [2], [14], [18].

One of the key contributions of this review lies in its contextual emphasis: it draws attention to the ways in which emotional neglect functions as a developmental risk factor that drives adolescents toward maladaptive digital coping mechanisms, particularly in sociocultural environments where family structures and digital access are rapidly evolving [7], [8]. The review is especially relevant to adolescent subgroups who are vulnerable to emotional instability, including those with limited parental supervision or those embedded in collectivist cultures where familial attachment holds a stronger emotional weight.

The study’s insights are targeted toward distinct stakeholder groups. For psychologists and mental health practitioners, the review provides a theory-driven framework for identifying the emotional antecedents of digital addiction. For educators and school counsellors, it emphasizes the need to screen for emotional deprivation as part of early intervention strategies. For policymakers and curriculum developers, the findings highlight the importance of integrating digital literacy with family-oriented mental health education, particularly in culturally diverse adolescent populations.

This review is limited by its exclusive reliance on secondary sources. While it synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed literature across multiple databases, the absence of primary data limits the study’s capacity to generate novel empirical insights. The review does not include a systematic evaluation of study quality or methodological rigor and thus may be subject to publication bias. In addition, most of the available literature reflects Western-centric perspectives, limiting the generalizability of findings to non-Western or low-resource settings [7], [8].

Moreover, the review does not disaggregate findings across important adolescent subgroups such as age brackets, gender identities, or socioeconomic backgrounds. These demographic nuances could significantly influence how emotional deprivation is experienced and how digital behaviour manifests. Theoretical fragmentation is another concern, as the psychological models cited though relevant are rarely integrated in the original literature, requiring interpretive synthesis that may introduce subjectivity.

Finally, while the review identifies several thematic connections between emotional neglect and social media addiction, it cannot establish causal relationships due to the narrative (rather than systematic or meta-analytic) methodology employed. Future studies should incorporate longitudinal designs and culturally stratified primary data to build on the conceptual foundations offered here.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Theoretical Framework

Understanding the psychological pathways through which parental emotional deprivation contributes to adolescent social media addiction requires an integrative application of several established psychological theories. This review draws upon Attachment Theory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Behavioural Theory, and Cognitive Theory (including Social Learning Theory) to frame the emotional, motivational, behavioural, and cognitive dimensions of this relationship.

Attachment Theory

Attachment Theory, introduced by Bowlby [1] and extended by Ainsworth [13], asserts that early caregiver-child relationships play a foundational role in shaping emotional regulation, interpersonal trust, and coping strategies. Adolescents who experience emotional deprivation characterized by the absence of warmth, validation, and responsiveness from parents often develop insecure attachment styles. These may include anxious-preoccupied tendencies, which are marked by an excessive need for approval, or avoidant tendencies, which involve emotional withdrawal and suppression of needs. Such attachment patterns increase adolescents’ susceptibility to digital environments where social validation can be obtained through constant feedback loops [5]. Studies have shown that adolescents with insecure attachments are more likely to use social media compulsively as a substitute for missing emotional support [8].

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s model of human motivation [2] conceptualizes behaviour as a response to unmet hierarchical needs, particularly those related to belongingness and love. Adolescents who do not receive emotional affirmation within the family unit often turn to online platforms to fulfil these unmet needs. Social media allows users to construct identities and seek peer recognition, temporarily satisfying desires for inclusion and approval [10]. However, this virtual fulfilment may distort natural social development by replacing authentic interpersonal relationships with superficial, algorithm-driven interactions. Over time, the constant search for social feedback likes, shares, comments reinforce emotional dependence on digital affirmation, perpetuating dissatisfaction and internal insecurity [3], [9].

Behavioural Theory

Behavioural theories, as developed by Watson [14] and Skinner [15], explain addictive behaviours through reinforcement mechanisms. In the context of parental emotional deprivation, adolescents may turn to social media as a coping strategy. Each engagement such as receiving likes or messages provides immediate positive reinforcement, which increases the likelihood of repeated behaviour. Over time, this pattern may develop into compulsive use, particularly for individuals whose offline environments lack emotional reinforcement [4]. Griffiths’ component model of addiction further supports this explanation by identifying salience, mood modification, tolerance, and withdrawal as core features of behavioural addictions, all of which have been observed in adolescent social media overuse [16].

Integrated Theoretical Perspective

While each theory contributes distinct insights, their integration offers a more comprehensive framework for understanding the psychological mechanisms linking parental emotional deprivation to social media addiction. Insecure attachment (Attachment Theory) fosters emotional vulnerability, which drives the search for connection and validation (Maslow’s theory). This emotional void is filled by digitally mediated reinforcement (Behavioural Theory), while maladaptive cognitions and peer modelling (Cognitive and Social Learning Theories) sustain and normalize excessive use. These interlocking processes suggest that digital addiction among emotionally neglected adolescents is not simply a behavioural excess but the outcome of complex emotional, motivational, and social-learning pathways.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Parental Emotional Deprivation and Its Psychological Impact

Research consistently links emotional deprivation in childhood and adolescence to a wide range of adverse psychological outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem [1]– [6]. These studies emphasize that emotional neglect particularly the absence of parental validation and affection can undermine adolescents’ ability to form secure relationships and regulate emotions effectively. For instance, Hadzicharalambous and Fanti [5] found that adolescents with insecure attachment styles often display elevated psychological distress and maladaptive coping strategies, such as social withdrawal or compulsive online engagement.

However, while the connection between emotional deprivation and mental health outcomes is well established, the specific mechanisms through which these effects manifest such as through digital behaviour—are less clearly explored. Several studies acknowledge that emotionally neglected adolescents may become emotionally reliant on external sources of validation [7], but few explicitly analyse how this dynamic unfolds in the digital context. The literature also lacks sufficient focus on subgroup differences (e.g., by gender or cultural background), which may influence the psychological impact of deprivation and the specific coping strategies adopted.

Social Media Addiction Among Adolescents

Social media addiction has been increasingly recognized as a distinct behavioural condition, marked by excessive, uncontrolled use of digital platforms that interferes with daily functioning [3], [4]. Keles et al. [11], in a systematic review, found consistent associations between social media overuse and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and psychological distress among adolescents. These effects are often attributed to negative social comparisons, fear of missing out (FOMO), and cyberbullying. Twenge et al. [9] further demonstrated a correlation between increased screen time and declining psychological well-being in adolescents, particularly after 2010, when smartphone usage became more prevalent.

However, there remains limited discussion in the literature on how family dynamics especially emotional neglect interacts with these digital stressors. Existing studies tend to treat digital addiction as an outcome of peer influence or technology design, rather than examining deeper emotional drivers originating from the family environment. Thus, a critical gap persists in understanding how emotional deprivation functions as a predisposing condition for digital dependency.

The Link Between Emotional Deprivation and Social Media Addiction

The literature connecting parental emotional deprivation directly to social media addiction is still emergent but growing. Hadzicharalambous and Fanti [5] argue that insecure attachment styles contribute to compulsive internet use, especially in adolescents seeking emotional reassurance online. Bányai et al. [17] found that adolescents with limited parental emotional engagement were more likely to rely on digital communication as their primary means of social connection, reinforcing patterns of compulsive usage. These findings align with behavioural and cognitive theories suggesting that emotionally deprived adolescents are more vulnerable to the reinforcing loops of social media platforms [10], [16].

Despite these contributions, empirical inconsistencies remain. For example, while some studies suggest that social media offers short-term relief from emotional distress, others highlight its long-term role in increasing emotional instability and alienation [3], [8]. Moreover, most of these studies are cross-sectional, limiting causal inference. There is also limited attention to cultural and gender-specific pathways, despite evidence that these variables mediate adolescents’ digital behaviours and emotional resilience [7], [9].

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study utilizes a narrative literature review approach to synthesize existing knowledge on the relationship between parental emotional deprivation, social media addiction, and adolescent psychological outcomes. Unlike systematic reviews, narrative reviews offer the flexibility to incorporate interdisciplinary perspectives and conceptual integration, making them particularly suited for emerging and complex psychological phenomena [20].

Literature Search and Selection Criteria

To gather relevant literature, a structured search was conducted across major academic databases including Scopus, PsycINFO, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Key search terms included: “parental emotional deprivation,” “social media addiction in adolescents,” “attachment theory and digital behaviour,” “psychological effects of social media,” and “internet addiction and mental health.” Inclusion criteria were: (1) peer-reviewed studies published after 2010 to ensure relevance to current digital contexts, (2) research focused on adolescent populations, (3) literature addressing emotional deprivation in relation to digital behaviour or mental health, and (4) theoretical papers offering psychological models relevant to emotional or behavioural regulation. Exclusion criteria involved studies on adult populations, non-peer-reviewed materials (e.g., blogs, opinion pieces), and articles unrelated to emotional or digital behavioural variables.

Analytical Approach

The analytical process followed an integrative thematic approach [21], identifying four key themes: (1) the psychological impact of emotional deprivation; (2) behavioural and emotional drivers of social media addiction; (3) theoretical models explaining digital dependency; and (4) psychological outcomes resulting from excessive digital engagement. Themes were derived inductively by comparing patterns and contradictions across studies and then mapped against the selected psychological frameworks to assess theoretical alignment and gaps.

Limitations of the Methodology

As a narrative review, this study does not offer exhaustive or reproducible coverage of the literature. Unlike systematic reviews, it does not employ formal appraisal tools or meta-analytic techniques. The analysis is interpretive rather than quantitative, and therefore subject to researcher bias. Additionally, although the study includes literature from both Western and Asian contexts, it lacks representation from African and Middle Eastern regions, limiting the cross-cultural generalizability of findings [7], [8]. Another limitation is the absence of primary data, which restricts the ability to validate theoretical claims with empirical testing.

Despite these constraints, this methodology provides a structured and theory-informed synthesis of current knowledge and offers a valuable foundation for future empirical and cross-cultural investigations.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This section synthesizes the findings from the reviewed literature across four thematic domains: the influence of parental emotional deprivation on social media addiction; the psychological consequences of digital overuse; the moderating roles of gender and culture; and identified gaps with corresponding future research directions.

Parental Emotional Deprivation as a Predictor of Social Media Addiction

Across multiple studies, there is robust evidence that parental emotional deprivation manifested through emotional unavailability, neglect, or lack of warmth plays a formative role in adolescents’ vulnerability to social media addiction [1], [5], [8]. Adolescents who experience insecure attachment relationships often lack internal coping mechanisms and instead turn to external sources, such as digital platforms, to seek validation, connection, or emotional relief [13], [17]. For instance, Hadzicharalambous and Fanti [5] used a sample of 957 adolescents and demonstrated that those with high attachment anxiety exhibited significantly higher levels of problematic internet use, particularly when emotional regulation capacities were low.

However, the relationship is not linear or universal. While some adolescents with emotionally deprived backgrounds gravitate toward compulsive social media use, others may withdraw socially or rely on offline peer groups as coping mechanisms. The reviewed studies seldom explore such individual variability or potential moderating factors such as school connectedness, peer support, or involvement in extracurricular activities that could buffer against digital overdependence.

The Psychological Consequences of Social Media Addiction

Excessive engagement with social media, particularly among emotionally deprived adolescents, is consistently linked to negative psychological outcomes, including anxiety, depressive symptoms, disrupted sleep, and impaired emotional regulation [3], [4], [11]. Twenge et al. [9] conducted a longitudinal analysis of over 13,000 adolescents in the U.S. and reported a marked increase in depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among teens who used social media for more than three hours per day. These effects were more pronounced among youth with weak parental bonds and low perceived emotional support.

Moreover, adolescents using social media to escape emotional discomfort may experience temporary relief but long-term dissatisfaction due to the superficial nature of online validation [10]. This emotional mismatch between online stimulation and genuine support contributes to emotional exhaustion and increased feelings of isolation. However, some studies (e.g., Ryan et al. [10]) suggest that controlled social media use can offer moderate benefits such as community building or identity exploration particularly for adolescents lacking offline support systems. This highlights the importance of distinguishing between compulsive and intentional usage, a nuance often overlooked in blanket diagnoses of “addiction.

The Influence of Gender and Cultural Context

Gender and culture significantly shape the expression of emotional deprivation and subsequent social media behaviour. Research suggests that adolescent girls, on average, are more likely to use social media for emotional communication, social validation, and relational maintenance, whereas boys are more inclined toward gaming, content consumption, and escapism [9], [17]. These differences imply that emotionally neglected girls may be more prone to addictive behaviours linked to social feedback, while boys may channel emotional frustration into other digital arenas.

Cultural background also moderates the relationship between emotional deprivation and social media dependency. In collectivist societies such as those in East and South Asia family cohesion and parental involvement are highly emphasized, which may exacerbate the psychological impact of emotional neglect [8]. In contrast, adolescents in individualist cultures may internalize emotional deprivation differently, relying more on peer networks or personal autonomy. However, the existing literature largely focuses on Western contexts, with few cross-cultural comparative studies. For instance, Brugha et al. [7] noted that primary group size and perceived familial support varied substantially between collectivist and individualist samples but did not link these differences explicitly to digital behaviour patterns. This remains an underexplored area.

Gaps in Literature and Future Research Directions

While the literature consistently highlights a connection between emotional deprivation and social media use, several gaps remain. First, most studies are cross-sectional and correlational, limiting insights into developmental trajectories and causality. There is a need for longitudinal research that tracks emotional experiences in the family and corresponding digital behaviours over time.

Second, intervention models remain fragmented. Few studies attempt to integrate parental support programs with digital literacy education or adolescent mental health counselling. Future research should pilot combined, school-based interventions that involve parents, mental health professionals, and digital behaviour coaches to address both emotional and behavioural dimensions of adolescent well-being.

Third, demographic and contextual variables such as gender, socioeconomic status, and cultural background are insufficiently accounted for. Research should employ stratified sampling to explore how these factors influence vulnerability and resilience, with an emphasis on culturally sensitive tools and measures.

Finally, theoretical integration remains inconsistent. Most empirical studies cite psychological frameworks (e.g., attachment or behavioural theories) post hoc, rather than using them to design or interpret studies. Future work should employ theory-driven hypotheses and mixed-methods designs that incorporate both quantitative and qualitative approaches for a richer, more nuanced understanding.

CONCLUSION

The research reveals that emotional deprivation from parents creates parallel connections with social media addiction and psychological health problems in adolescents. Adolescents facing emotional neglect tend to develop obsessive social media activities because they search for online validation and social bonds. The intense time spent online results in heightened emotional distress, anxiety and depressive symptoms that worsen their existing psychological issues.

The review demonstrates how active parental participation acts as a vital factor for reducing digital addiction risks for adolescents. Young people whose parents support them emotionally will avoid developing risky digital actions. Studies show that psychological health plays a mediating function which proves why early mental health interventions are essential to stop long-term effects from forming.

Further investigation needs to include longitudinal studies with cultural comparison elements and intervention assessments to develop complete knowledge about emotional deprivation and social media addiction relationships. The development of a safer digital atmosphere for adolescents demands unified initiatives between parents and educators and psychologists and policymakers.

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