The Challenges of Implementing Remote Work in the Manufacturing Industry: The Conceptual Analysis using SWOT-AHP Model.

The Challenges of Implementing Remote Work in the Manufacturing Industry: The Conceptual Analysis using SWOT-AHP Model.

Dean Nelson Mojolou¹, Faerozh Madli², Ferawati Usman³ , Nurul Hidayat⁴, Masran Tamin⁵

^1,2,5Faculty of Business, Economy, and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah

^3,4Fakultas Ekonomi, Universitas Borneo Tarakan

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.907000209

Received: 17 June 2025; Accepted: 02 July 2025; Published: 08 August 2025

ABSTRACT

Available online Remote work has revolutionized business operations across industries, yet its implementation in manufacturing presents unique challenges due to the sector’s physical and process-driven nature. This research analyzes the conceptual framework for implementing remote work in manufacturing environments, examining challenges and potential solutions. While approximately 65% of manufacturing companies have adopted some remote work, the extent varies significantly based on organizational capabilities and production complexity. The study identifies key challenges, including the physical nature of production processes, technological infrastructure requirements, cybersecurity concerns, communication barriers, and cultural resistance. Critical solutions encompass integrating Industry 4.0 technologies such as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), automation systems, and digital twins, alongside robust cybersecurity measures and comprehensive training programs. The research indicates that successful implementation requires a hybrid operational model where certain functions are performed off-site through digital interfaces while maintaining critical on-site operations. The study will use SWOT-AHP analysis to analyze the key factors in the manufacturing industry. While the transformation presents significant challenges, manufacturers that successfully navigate this transition can achieve enhanced resilience, streamlined operations, and improved access to global talent. The study concludes that effective integration of remote work capabilities will become a crucial competitive advantage in the evolving manufacturing landscape.

Keywords: Remote Work; Manufacturing Industry; SWOT-AHP

INTRODUCTION

The global shift toward remote work, driven by rapid technological advancements and catalyzed by significant global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, has fundamentally redefined business operations across industries. This paradigm shift has showcased the potential for enhanced flexibility, cost-efficiency, and workforce satisfaction. However, the manufacturing sector faces distinct and intricate challenges in adopting remote work solutions. Unlike office-based roles that primarily rely on digital tools and virtual collaboration, manufacturing processes are deeply intertwined with physical assets, specialized equipment, and labor-intensive production activities that traditionally demand on-site presence. These inherent complexities have made the integration of remote work capabilities more nuanced, requiring innovative approaches to balance operational efficiency, productivity, and workforce adaptation. This presentation delves into the unique challenges manufacturers encounter in this transition, including the need for advanced technological infrastructure, robust communication systems, and strategies for virtual oversight of physical operations. It also explores the potential benefits of remote work in manufacturing, such as enhanced resilience, streamlined operations, and expanded access to a global talent pool. Manufacturers can address these challenges and redefine traditional production paradigms by leveraging emerging technologies like the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), automation, and digital twins^[1]. Understanding these dynamics is crucial as the industry navigates the evolving work landscape and seeks sustainable solutions for future growth.

Recent studies indicate that approximately 65% of manufacturing companies have implemented remote work policies. However, the extent and nature of these arrangements vary significantly based on organizational size, technological sophistication, and production complexity^[2]. Integrating remote work in manufacturing environments has facilitated advancements in Industry 4.0 technologies, including the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), artificial intelligence, and advanced robotics^[3]. However, note that the transition has not been without significant challenges, particularly in operational efficiency, quality control, and workforce management^[4]. The manufacturing sector’s adaptation to remote work represents a paradigm shift in industrial operations, with implications extending beyond mere workplace logistics to encompass fundamental changes in organizational culture, technology infrastructure, and business processes^[5]. Brown and Wilson (2023) argue that this transformation is not merely a temporary response to global health concerns but represents a permanent evolution in manufacturing operations, necessitating long-term strategic planning and investment in enabling technologies^[6]. Research by Park and Lee (2023) suggests that manufacturing organizations implementing hybrid work models have experienced varying degrees of success, with outcomes heavily dependent on technological readiness, organizational culture, and the nature of specific manufacturing processes^[7]. This emerging body of evidence underscores the importance of understanding both the opportunities and limitations of remote work in manufacturing as organizations continue adapting to evolving workplace dynamics while maintaining operational excellence and competitive advantage.

Remote Work in the Manufacturing Industry: A Specialized Definition

Remote work in manufacturing refers to a hybrid operational model where certain functions and processes within the manufacturing environment are performed off-site through digital interfaces while maintaining critical on-site operations. This approach combines traditional hands-on manufacturing processes with modern digital technologies to enable remote monitoring, management, and support of production activities.

Challenges in Implementing Remote Work in Manufacturing

Production-related remote functions are pivotal in modern manufacturing, leveraging advanced technologies to enhance efficiency and flexibility. Key components include remote production monitoring, operations management, and support functions. Remote production monitoring involves real-time surveillance of production lines through IoT sensors and cameras, enabling continuous oversight of machine performance and output metrics. It also incorporates remote quality control assessments using automated inspection systems and virtual oversight of production schedules and workflows. Additionally, remote operations management facilitates digital coordination of production planning and scheduling, supervision of automated manufacturing processes, virtual inventory and supply chain management, and remote troubleshooting and diagnostics. Complementing these are support functions, which encompass remote administrative tasks, virtual engineering and design activities, remote customer service and order processing, and digital training programs designed to enhance workforce skills.

The execution of these functions necessitates robust technological and communication infrastructure. Technological infrastructure includes the integration of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), advanced automation systems, real-time monitoring platforms, secure remote access systems, and digital twin technology that provides a virtual representation of physical plants. On the other hand, communication systems are essential for seamless operations, featuring industrial communication networks, real-time collaboration platforms, and emergency response systems. These systems must be underpinned by stringent remote access security protocols to safeguard sensitive operational data and processes^[9]. The manufacturing sector faces various challenges in adopting remote work due to its operations’ physical and process-driven nature. At its core, manufacturing relies heavily on physical processes requiring on-site presence. Production line workers, machine operators, and quality control personnel must handle materials, operate specialized equipment, and ensure product quality, making it inherently challenging to implement remote work practices for a significant portion of the workforce^[10]. The transition to remote work also demands a robust digital infrastructure and advanced technological solutions. Manufacturers must invest in Industry 4.0 technologies such as IoT sensors, automated monitoring systems, and remote access platforms. However, these investments pose challenges related to high costs, technical expertise, and integrating new technologies with legacy systems. The complexity of implementing such infrastructure often becomes a barrier for organizations with limited resources^[11].

Security and data protection are critical when enabling remote access to manufacturing systems. Sensitive production data, proprietary processes, and industrial control systems must be safeguarded against cyber threats. Balancing secure remote access with operational efficiency requires sophisticated cybersecurity measures, such as encrypted connections and multi-layered security protocols, which add complexity and cost to the transition^[12]. Moreover, manufacturing operations rely on real-time communication and collaboration across various departments. Remote work can create communication gaps between on-site production teams and remote support staff, complicating the coordination of activities, troubleshooting issues, and maintaining effective workflows. These challenges require advanced communication platforms and structured collaboration protocols^[1].

Training and skill development are additional hurdles in implementing remote work. Adopting digital tools, remote monitoring systems and virtual collaboration platforms necessitate extensive training for management and employees. Traditional hands-on training methods must also be adapted for remote delivery, ensuring that skill transfer remains effective while addressing the technological literacy gap among workers^[11]. Cultural adaptation is another significant barrier. The manufacturing industry has traditionally operated on an in-person model, making the cultural shift to remote work particularly difficult. Resistance to change, concerns about productivity monitoring, and challenges in maintaining team cohesion are hurdles organizations must overcome to implement hybrid or remote work models successfully^[1].

The manufacturing industry’s regulatory compliance and quality control processes are often tied to strict standards. When key personnel operate remotely, ensuring compliance and maintaining quality standards can become complex. Organizations must develop innovative protocols and leverage digital tools to maintain oversight and meet documentation requirements^[11]. Cost implications represent another significant challenge. Substantial investments in technology infrastructure, training, and process modifications are required to enable remote work capabilities. Manufacturing companies must carefully assess the cost-benefit ratio of such investments, considering long-term sustainability and potential operational gains^[12]. Many manufacturers are adopting hybrid work models that combine remote and on-site roles to address these challenges. These models identify functions that can be performed remotely, such as administrative and engineering tasks, while preserving critical on-site operations for production. This transition requires strategic planning, judicious deployment of technologies, and a commitment to continuous adaptation as the manufacturing sector evolves in response to changing global dynamics^[1]. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated the adoption of remote work across industries, including manufacturing. However, this sector faces unique challenges in implementing remote work practices due to its inherently physical and operational nature. The fundamental challenge stems from the physical nature of production processes, as manufacturing operations require hands-on interaction with machinery and materials, making complete remote work impossible for production floor workers^[8]. White and colleagues (2023) found that only 15-20% of manufacturing roles could be performed remotely, primarily in administrative, design, and management positions, creating a two-tier workforce system that can lead to organizational challenges and perceived inequities between remote-capable and production-floor employees^[13]. Manufacturing companies also face significant technical challenges in enabling remote work, with Kumar and Rodriguez (2023) identifying several critical infrastructure challenges, including the need for secure remote access to proprietary production systems, integration of legacy manufacturing equipment with modern remote monitoring capabilities, bandwidth requirements for real-time production data streaming, and cybersecurity vulnerabilities from expanded remote network access^[2].

Remote quality control presents another significant challenge, as demonstrated in a comprehensive study by Zhang et al. (2023), which found difficulties in performing physical inspections remotely, delayed response times to quality issues, challenges in remote calibration and maintenance of quality measurement equipment, and communication barriers in quality-related decision-making. Thompson and Lee (2023) conducted an extensive survey of manufacturing organizations implementing remote work, identifying several communication-related challenges, including coordination difficulties between remote and on-site teams, reduced effectiveness of problem-solving sessions when conducted remotely, challenges in training and knowledge transfer, and cultural barriers in traditional manufacturing environments resistant to remote work^[14]. Research by Anderson et al. (2023) examined productivity implications, highlighting difficulties in measuring remote worker productivity using traditional manufacturing metrics, maintaining consistent production schedules with hybrid teams, impact on lean manufacturing practices, and reduced effectiveness of traditional performance management approaches. Recent research by Martinez and Chen (2024) emphasizes the psychological impact of remote work in manufacturing, including increased stress from technology adaptation requirements, isolation among remote workers in traditionally collaborative environments, work-life boundary challenges for remote manufacturing staff, and anxiety about job security among production floor workers unable to work remotely^[2]. The literature suggests that manufacturing organizations must develop new operational models that balance the benefits of remote work with the physical requirements of production, with Brown and Wilson (2023) proposing a “hybrid manufacturing model” that strategically combines remote and on-site work based on role requirements and operational needs^[6].

Solutions to Remote Work Challenges in the Manufacturing Industry

The manufacturing industry faces distinct challenges in integrating remote work due to the physical nature of its operations, the need for advanced technical infrastructure, and various other constraints. Addressing the challenges of physical operations requires innovative solutions such as implementing advanced automation systems and robotics to reduce reliance on human presence on production lines. IoT sensors and cameras allow remote monitoring, while digital twin technology facilitates virtual plant representation and oversight. Smart manufacturing systems with remote and automated quality control capabilities enhance operational flexibility^[3]. Overcoming technical infrastructure challenges involves investing in robust, cloud-based manufacturing execution systems (MES) and secure VPN networks for safe and efficient remote access. Deploying industrial IoT platforms, developing mobile applications for remote operations, and establishing redundant network systems ensure operational reliability. Partnering with IT specialists for infrastructure setup also helps streamline the integration of new technologies^[4].

Cybersecurity risks and data vulnerabilities are critical concerns in remote work settings. To mitigate these, manufacturers must implement multi-factor authentication, end-to-end encryption for data transmission, and advanced firewall systems. Regular security audits and updates and comprehensive cybersecurity training for remote workers strengthen defenses against threats. Network segmentation protects critical systems, while secure protocols for remote access ensure safe operational workflows^[4]. Maintaining team collaboration and communication between remote and on-site personnel requires deploying unified communication platforms, virtual reality (VR) solutions for immersive collaboration, and digital workflow management tools. Regular virtual team meetings, real-time chat systems, and digital whiteboards enhance communication efficiency, while clear communication protocols ensure consistency in team interactions^[1].

Training and skill development are essential for adapting to remote work environments. Comprehensive virtual training programs, augmented reality (AR)-enabled sessions, and interactive e-learning modules provide accessible and effective learning options. Virtual simulation training and online certification programs help upskill employees, while mentorship programs combining virtual and on-site learning foster practical knowledge transfer. Digital knowledge bases and repositories offer on-demand access to training resources^[5]. Cultural adaptation is another area that requires focused efforts. Change management programs that emphasize the benefits of remote work can address resistance. Hybrid work policies that balance remote and on-site requirements and performance metrics focused on outcomes rather than presence help transition employees to new work models. Regular feedback sessions, remote work best practices, and recognition programs for successful adaptation further ease the cultural shift^[1].

Ensuring regulatory compliance and quality control remotely necessitates digital compliance monitoring systems, automated quality checkpoints, and electronic documentation tools. Remote audit procedures and automated compliance reporting tools enable consistent oversight, while digital signature and verification systems streamline regulatory adherence. Regular virtual compliance training keeps employees updated on standards^[5]. Addressing cost management challenges involves phased implementation plans to spread financial outlays, seeking government grants for digital transformation, and using subscription-based technology solutions. Demonstrating return on investment (ROI) through data analytics, sharing infrastructure costs with industry partners, and optimizing resource allocation ensure long-term financial sustainability^[4]. By integrating these solutions, manufacturers can effectively navigate the complexities of remote work, fostering innovation, resilience, and productivity.

METHODOLOGY AND APPLICATION

SWOT-AHP combines SWOT analysis with the Analytic Hierarchy Process to statistically rank strategic factors. It starts with assessing a company’s or project’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). These variables are organized in hierarchical architecture, with the aim at the top, then the SWOT categories and specific factors within each category. Pairwise comparisons are made between and within these categories to evaluate their relative relevance, and priority vectors (weights) are calculated using matrices. Consistency checks ensure reasonable comparisons, and weights are used to rank the SWOT criteria based on their composite scores. Finally, strategies are formulated and prioritized based on these ranked factors, guiding the organization to focus on the most impactful actions.

SWOT and AHP

A SWOT analysis assists in identifying a project’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, along with shaping your broader business strategy. It is utilized for strategic planning and keeping pace with market trends^[17]. SWOT analysis is a structured tool designed to help employees and organizations enhance performance, optimize potential, handle competition, and mitigate risks^[18]. The framework is segmented into four categories: internal strengths, weaknesses, external opportunities, and threats. Strengths are attributes that give the business a competitive edge, whereas weaknesses are areas in which the company may be disadvantaged. Opportunities refer to external opportunities to increase performance, whereas threats are external components that could cause problems for the company. This analysis assists businesses in developing strategies by utilizing strengths, resolving weaknesses, seizing opportunities, and managing risk. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method is a decision-making framework that structures complex options into a systematic hierarchy. This hierarchy consists of multiple levels: at the top is the main objective or goal that needs to be achieved. Below this, criteria that contribute to achieving the objective are identified. These criteria can be further broken down into sub-criteria if needed. At the lowest level are the alternatives or options available for each criterion.

The procedure starts with pairwise comparisons, in which each criterion and option is systematically compared against every other criterion or alternative in terms of their relative value or contribution to the level above them in the hierarchy. Decision-makers assign numerical values to these comparisons using an AHP-developed scale that ranges from 1 (equal importance) to 9 (very significant). These pairwise comparisons are stored in matrices called judgment matrices.

After all pairwise comparisons are performed, AHP assigns weights to each criterion and alternative based on these assessments. These weights indicate the relative significance of each component within the hierarchy. AHP analysis ensures the consistency of these judgments through a consistency check, which helps validate the reliability of the decision-making process. If the judgments are inconsistent, adjustments may be made to improve the accuracy of the results.

After establishing the weights, AHP aggregates the scores to provide a clear ranking or prioritization of alternatives. This enables decision-makers to identify the most suitable option or combination of options that best aligns with achieving the overall objective. AHP is widely utilized in many industries, including business, engineering, healthcare, and environmental management, where complex decisions with multiple criteria and alternatives necessitate a systematic method to assure informed and sensible conclusions. Its ability to quantify qualitative judgments and provide a systematic framework for decision-making makes AHP a powerful tool for tackling complex decision problems effectively.

SWOT-AHP Model

SWOT analysis analyzes strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats but does not assess their importance in decision-making^[19]. To address this, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is integrated into SWOT by structuring it hierarchically and prioritizing elements according to AHP principles ^[20]. This means breaking down SWOT categories into specific criteria and systematically comparing their importance using AHP^[21]. By doing so, AHP enhances SWOT analysis by providing a method to determine the relative significance of factors, thereby improving decision-making processes based on their weighted impact. The AHP integrated into the SWOT framework aims to systematically assess and compare SWOT factors to determine their relative importance. This method involves three key steps:

First, SWOT analysis requires identifying internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats) elements.

Second: Using pairs of comparisons to allocate weight to each SWOT factor.

Third: Using AHP to determine the relative importance of different aspects in each SWOT category. These priorities are then aggregated by multiplying the local weights of factors by their respective group weights, yielding an overall ranking of factor importance to facilitate strategic decision-making.

The SWOT-AHP method combines SWOT analysis with AHP to prioritize factors in strategic planning. Applied to hydroponic farming in Malaysia, it helps identify strengths like technology adoption, weaknesses such as high initial investment, opportunities such as increasing demand for organic produce, and threats like dependency on stable water supply. By pairing these factors and using AHP for precise prioritization, stakeholders can make informed decisions to optimize resources, manage risks, and capitalize on growth opportunities in hydroponic agriculture, ensuring sustainable and profitable outcomes.

Figure 1: Hierarchical Structure of the SWOT-AHP Matrix

CONCLUSION

Implementing remote work in manufacturing represents a complex yet necessary evolution in industrial operations. While the challenges are significant, from the physical nature of manufacturing processes to cybersecurity concerns and cultural adaptation, they are not insurmountable. Success in this transformation requires a balanced approach that acknowledges both the limitations and opportunities of remote work integration. Organizations that successfully navigate these challenges will likely emerge stronger, more resilient, and better positioned for future disruptions. The key to success lies in strategic planning, targeted technology investments, and a commitment to continuous improvement and adaptation. As manufacturing evolves in the digital age, effectively blending remote work capabilities with traditional manufacturing operations will become a crucial competitive advantage. Moreover, the ability to adapt quickly to changing circumstances, such as global disruptions or shifts in consumer demand, will provide a competitive edge in an increasingly dynamic market. This transformation is also an opportunity to reimagine traditional manufacturing workflows, integrate sustainable practices, and optimize resource utilization through digital tools. Companies must remain proactive in building robust training programs, enhancing cybersecurity measures, and fostering a culture that embraces change to capitalize on remote work’s benefits fully.

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