Exploring Linguistic and Cultural Dimensions of Sign Language and Identity in the Context of Conflict, Migration, and the Geo-Politics of the 21st Century

Exploring Linguistic and Cultural Dimensions of Sign Language and Identity in the Context of Conflict, Migration, and the Geo-Politics of the 21st Century

Enow Parris Cecilia Bechem

Department of Linguistics and African languages, The University of Bamenda

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.9020006

Received: 19 November 2024; Accepted: 25 November 2024; Published: 27 February 2025

ABSTRACT

This study examines the linguistic and cultural dimensions of sign language and identity, highlighting the complex challenges posed by conflict, migration, and geo-politics in today’s global society. We place this study in the framework of a theoretical and practical model (Disability Identity Theory).  Mark Synder (2000) in his theory sheds light on how deaf individuals perceive and embrace their disability as a core aspect of their identity and how it intersects with their experiences and societal attitudes towards their handicap. An ethnographic research design was employed involving long-term engagement with deaf communities. Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used as instruments for data collection allowing for a holistic exploration of sign language and identity within this specific cultural context. 45 participants made up the population of the study. Findings indicate that: 1. Deaf migrants face 4 challenges in maintaining and transmitting sign language during times of conflict. 2. Deaf migrants experience 7 difficulties in asserting their linguistic and cultural identity. 3. There are 4 significant social and psychological implications on their identities, development, and well-being. The study recommends that Governments and Humanitarian organizations should provide support and resources to deaf communities living in conflict zones.

Keywords: Sign language, identity, linguistic dimensions, inclusivity, deaf culture, deaf community.

INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM

In the 21st century, the world has witnessed a significant increase in conflicts, mass migrations, and shifting geo-political landscapes. These global phenomena have profound implications for the identity and experiences of the deaf community and their use of sign language. This study explores the intricate relationship between sign language, identity, and the complex challenges posed by conflict, migration, and geo-politics.

When deaf people migrate, they do not only cross geographical borders, but also cultural and linguistic ones. These borders make it difficult for deaf migrants to adapt. To communicate perfectly in a new language such as sign language warrants competences to integrate in the new society. Expressing personal feelings becomes incredibly challenging when dealing with language barriers.

In today’s global society, diversity and inclusivity are celebrated as essential elements that enrich our understanding of the world.  One such aspect of diversity lies in the richness of cultural expressions, and among them, sign language emerges as a captivating cultural kaleidoscope. This introduction delves into the intricate tapestry of sign language as a vibrant expression of the deaf culture.

Sign language is more than just a tool for communication. It is a unique form of communication that is used by hard of hearing individuals. It serves as their primary mode of expression, allowing them to communicate effectively with others. Sign language plays a crucial role in shaping individual and collective identities within the deaf community.

Sign language provides individuals with a means to express their experiences, perspectives and aspirations.

 Using sign language fosters a sense of pride and empowerment, enabling individuals to embrace their deafness and celebrate their cultural heritage. Integrating sign language into personal and collective identities contributes to the resilience and strength of deaf communities.

This language allows for shared linguistic norms. These practices foster a sense of belonging and unity, reinforcing collective identity that transcends individual experiences.

Examining its linguistic dimensions, we place this unique language as a fully – fledged linguistic system with its own grammar, syntax, and vocabulary. It has the capacity to convey complex ideas, emotions, and concepts, enabling individuals to engage in meaningful conversations in order to express their thoughts and feelings. Sign language distinguishes deaf individuals from speakers of spoken languages. This special linguistic pattern of identity forms a crucial component of their overall personal identity, shaping how they perceive themselves and how others perceive them.

In relation to its cultural dimensions, this prestigious language is deeply intertwined with the cultural experiences and heritage of the deaf community. It serves as a vehicle for cultural preservation, as it carries within it the history, values, and traditions of this vibrant community. Through sign language, cultural narratives are handed down from one generation to another, ensuring the continuity and vitality of deaf culture.

Summarily, sign language is not just a mode of communication; it is a cornerstone of identity for the deaf community. Understanding the significance of this language in the lives of hard of hearing individuals is vital for recognizing the richness of deaf culture and promotes inclusivity. Research into this area of study uncovers insights into the complex relationship between sign language and identity which leads to the development of policies and practices that supports the deaf community. We explore the linguistic and cultural dimensions of sign language with the following objectives.

 Research Objectives

The study has the following objectives:

• To examine the impact of conflict on sign language communities, focusing specifically on the linguistic and cultural challenges faced by deaf individuals during times of conflict.
• To identify the challenges and barriers faced by deaf individuals in asserting their linguistic and cultural identity in various social contexts
• To highlight the social and psychological factors that shape the perception of sign language on the identity, development and wellbeing of deaf individuals within diverse geopolitical contexts

These objectives led to the following research questions.

Research Questions

The following research questions serve as guidelines to the study:

RQ1: What are the challenges faced by deaf migrants in maintaining and transmitting sign language during times of conflict

RQ2: What are their experiences, needs, and aspirations in the context of sign language and cultural adaptation

RQ3: What are the social and psychological implications of sign language on the identity   development and wellbeing of deaf individuals within different geopolitical contexts

Significance

The study on the linguistic and cultural dimensions of sign language in the context of conflict, migration, and the geo-politics of the 21st century holds significant importance for various reasons:

Global perspective on sign language recognition

Geopolitical dynamics play a crucial role in determining the recognition and status of sign languages. By examining the political, social, and cultural factors that shape the perception and treatment of sign languages, researchers can contribute to the global discourse on sign recognition, advocacy, and policy development.

 Preservation of linguistic and cultural heritage

Conflict and migration pose threats to the preservation and transmission of sign language within affected communities. Studying the impact of these contexts on sign language, researchers can identify strategies and initiatives to safeguard and promote the linguistic and cultural heritage of deaf communities, ensuring that their rich traditions and identities are preserved.

Social Integration and well-being

Deaf migrants face unique linguistic and cultural challenges when adapting to new environments. Research in this area can shed light on the needs, experiences, and their aspirations, helping to develop programs and support systems that promote their social integration, well-being, and empowerment.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review consists of conceptual, theoretical and empirical framework within which the present study was carried out. The conceptual frame examined concepts that are related to the research topic. The theoretical frame focused on Disability Identity Theory, developed by Mark Snyder in 2000. The empirical frame reviewed previous practical research studies on similar topics.

Conceptual framework

Concepts employed in this study include: Conflict, Migration, and Geo-politics, Identity formation in the context of conflict, Migration and the transformation of sign language and identity, Geo-politics and the influence on sign language and identity.

Definition of concepts

Conflict

Conflict according to John C. Maxwell, is defined as a disagreement or clash between individuals or groups that arises due to differing interests, values, or perspectives. Conflict can manifest in various forms, such as interpersonal conflicts, organizational conflicts, or even conflicts between nations.  Maxwell emphasizes the importance of effectively managing and resolving conflicts to foster healthy relationships and drive positive change.

 Migration

Peter Drucker views migration as the movement of individuals or groups from one geographical location to another, typically driven by various factors such as economic opportunities, political instability, or social conditions.  He highlights the significance of migration in shaping societies, economies, and cultural diversity. He emphasizes the need for societies to embrace and effectively manage migration to harness its potential benefits.

Geo-politics of the 21st century

Stephen Covey explores the geo-politics of the 21st century in the context of global interdependence and interconnectedness. He emphasizes the increasing influence of technology, globalization, and shifting power dynamics among nations. He lays emphasis on the importance of proactive and collaborative approaches to address global challenges and foster sustainable development in this rapidly evolving geo-political landscape.

 Identity formation in the context of conflict

Identity formation is a complex process influenced by various factors, including language, culture, and societal norms. In conflict-ridden regions, the experience of deaf migrants is often overlooked. Exploring the role of sign language in identity formation within the context of conflict, we lay emphasis on the challenges faced by deaf migrants who struggle to maintain their linguistic and cultural heritage amidst the turmoil. During times of conflict, access to education, healthcare, and basic services can be severely limited for deaf individuals. This not only hampers their ability to develop their language and cultural identity but also widens the communication gap between the deaf and hearing populations. Understanding the impact of conflict on sign language communities is crucial for addressing the specific needs and rights of deaf individuals in conflict zones.

Migration and the transformation of sign language and identity

The 21st century has witnessed unprecedented levels of migration, with individuals and communities relocating across borders in search of safety, economic opportunities, and better living conditions. For deaf migrants, the experience of cultural adaptation and integration can be particularly complex.  Language barriers and limited access to sign language interpretation services can isolate deaf persons, hindering their abilities to navigate new environments and establish a sense of belonging. Recognizing the unique challenges faced by deaf migrants and ensuring that their linguistic and cultural needs are met is essential for fostering inclusivity and promoting social integration.

Geo-politics and the influence on sign language and identity

The geo-political landscape of the 21st century is marked by shifting power dynamics, changing borders, and evolving diplomatic relations. These dynamics have far-reaching consequences for sign language communities. Political decisions and policies governing language rights, education and access to services can empower or marginalize the deaf community. By analyzing the geo-political factors that influence the recognition and support of sign language, we can advocate for policies that promote linguistic diversity, cultural preservation, and equal rights for the deaf community.

Theoretical framework

Disability Identity Theory, developed by Mark Snyder in 2000, is a framework that explores how individuals with disabilities come to understand and express their identity in relation to their disability.

The key tenets of Disability Identity Theory include:

Disability as a social construct

The theory posits that disability is not solely a medical condition, but rather a socially constructed phenomenon shaped by cultural norms, societal attitudes, and environmental barriers.

Stages of Disability Identity Development

Snyder outlines a multi-stage process of disability identity development, which includes:

• Awareness of disability: Here, the individual accepts their disability and its impact on their life.
• Acceptance of Disability: The individual accepts their disability as part of their identity.
• Pride in Disability: The individual embraces their disability, finding value and empowerment in it.
• Disability Activism: The individual actively advocates for the rights and inclusion of people with disabilities.

Disability Identity and Empowerment

 The theory emphasizes that the development of a strong, positive disability identity leads to increased self-acceptance, self-advocacy, and empowerment for individuals with disabilities.

Factors Influencing Disability Identity

The theory acknowledges that various factors, such as the type and severity of the disability, age of onset, family and community support, and exposure to disability culture, can shape an individuals’ disability identity development.

Disability identity theory highlights the importance of understanding the complexities of disability identity and the role it plays in the lived experiences and societal inclusion of individuals with disabilities.

 Empirical Framework

Sign language as a visual gestural mode of communication holds a unique position in the realm of cultural identity. It serves as a primary means of communication for hard of hearing individuals, enabling them to connect, express emotions, share stories, and participate fully in their communities. This language encompasses a complex web of cultures, traditions, and customs that contribute to the broader deaf culture.

The cultural kaleidoscope of sign language encompasses various elements that shape the identity and experiences of the deaf community. Linguistically, sign language possesses their own grammatical structures, vocabulary, and dialects that make them distinct from spoken languages. This linguistic diversity reflects the diverse cultural backgrounds and regional influences within the deaf community.

Sign language carries a deep historical significance, bearing witness to the struggles, triumphs, and resilience of the deaf community throughout the years. It serves as a living testament to their collective experiences, preserving cultural heritage and passing it down through generations.

Hence, understanding and appreciating sign language as a cultural kaleidoscope is essential for fostering inclusivity and promoting a society that promotes and values diversity. By recognizing the multifaceted nature of sign language culture, we can create spaces that embrace and amplify the voices and experiences of the deaf community.

Research has demonstrated that sign language acquisition from an early age is crucial for Deaf children’s cognitive, linguistic, and social development (Mayberry, 1993). Early exposure allows Deaf children to have a stronger sense of deaf identity and community belonging compared to those who learn sign language later in life. This early exposure permits children to develop a positive self-image and pride in their identity (Glickman, 1993).

The relationship between sign language and identity is a well-established area of study within the field of deaf studies. This language is not just a means of communication for deaf individuals; it is an integral part of Deaf culture and identity (Padden & Humphries, 1998). The use of sign language has been shown to be a key factor in the development of identity for the deaf which is often in contrast to the dominant hearing culture.

Lane et al. (1996) posits that sign language is linked to the formation of Deaf-centric spaces and the reinforcement of deaf cultural values and norms. Fluent sign language signers often gravitate towards Deaf social networks and communities, which provide a sense of belonging and shared identity that may be lacking in the hearing world.

The relationship between sign language and identity is complex and multifaceted. According to Bat-Chava (2000), some deaf individuals have a hybrid identity, incorporating both deaf and hearing cultural elements. Additionally, the intersection of sign language use with other factors such as race, gender, and socioeconomic status, can further shape an individual’s sense of self and community affiliation.

This literature suggests that sign language is a crucial aspect of Deaf identity and community, with significant implications for deaf individuals’ cognitive, linguistic, and social development. Understanding the nuances of this relationship will inform educational, social, and policy decisions that support the Deaf community and promote their empowerment and self-determination.

 Research gap

There is a research gap in understanding the linguistic and cultural dimensions of sign language within the context of conflict, migration, and the geopolitical landscape of the 21st century. How do sign languages interact with dominant spoken languages in international relations and diplomacy? How do geopolitical factors influence the recognition and status of sign language at national and international level?

Understanding these dynamics contribute to the development of strategies and interventions to support and protect the linguistic and cultural rights of deaf communities in conflict-affected contexts. Examining these questions leads to a better understanding of the political, social, and cultural dynamics that shape the perception and treatment of sign language in diverse geopolitical contexts.

Exploring these areas provides valuable insights into the experiences of deaf individuals and communities, inform policies and interventions, and contribute to the promotion of linguistic and cultural rights within these complex contexts. Investigating the geopolitical dimensions of sign language in the 21st century sheds light on the role of sign language within global power dynamics.

Investigating the experiences of deaf migrants provide insights into the intersection of language, identity, and migration, and inform practices that promote inclusivity and support for deaf individuals in migration processes.

METHODOLOGY

This study employed an Ethnographic research design immersing oneself in the deaf community and participating in their daily lives and activities. This immersion provided a deep understanding of the cultural practices, values, and language use. Ethnographic research involves long-term engagement, participant observation, and interviews, allowing for a holistic exploration of sign language and identity within a specific cultural context. Various materials and methods used in collecting, managing, analyzing and interpreting data throughout the study are discussed. These include the research population, sample and sampling technique, instruments, design, procedure for data collection, and method of analyzing data.

Population of the study

The population of the study was 45 participants. A total number of 20 pupils, 8 teachers, 10 deaf adults from CDEO, 3 policymakers, and 4 researchers with expertise in the field of sign language made up the population of the study. The sample population included individuals from diverse backgrounds, including deaf adults, policymakers, and members of organizations working with deaf communities.  This diversity allows for a broader range of perspectives and experiences to be captured, enhancing the richness and depth of the research findings. Participants provided valuable and relevant data that contributed to a comprehensive understanding of the linguistic and cultural dimensions of sign language and identity in the context of conflict, migration, and geopolitics in the 21st century. The table below presents population of the study.

Table 1: Population of study

Table 1 indicates that 45 participants took part in the study. The reason for this sample is because the researcher intended to work with participants who will provide qualitative and reliable information on the topic under study and sample could be easily managed.

Table 2: Population of participants of Ephatha Institute

A total number of 20 pupils and 8 teachers made up the population of the study in Ephatha Institute (Kumba).

Report of questionnaires administered and returned

25 questionnaires were duly administered, answered and returned to the researcher. Table 3 shows the report of the returns.

Table 3:  Report of questionnaires administered and returned 

Table 3 reveals that 25 questionnaires were distributed to participants. All were answered and returned to the researcher giving a percentage return of 100%.

Sampling Technique

This study employed the stratified sampling technique due to the diverse nature of participants in relation to characteristics such as demographic factors, socio-economic status, and geographic location.  The selected sample consists of individuals who have knowledge and experience related to sign language, identity, conflict, migration, and geopolitics. Stratified sampling is beneficial in terms of accuracy and representativeness which makes it a valuable research technique. The knowledge and insights contribute to a more robust analysis and interpretation of the data, lending credibility to the research findings.

 Research instruments

To gather data for this research, the following instruments were used:

QUESTIONNAIRES

Structured questionnaires were designed to collect quantitative data from the sample population. The questionnaire included multiple – choice questions to assess participants’ knowledge, experiences, and opinions related to sign language, identity, conflict, migration, and geopolitics. These questionnaires were administered in – person with the following questions tailored to guide the research.

Table 4: Questions on the questionnaire that guided our investigation

OBSERVATION  

Observation was employed to gather data on the use of sign language and the cultural expressions within deaf communities. This involved observing sign language interactions and cultural events. Observing sign language interactions in different settings, such as social gatherings, educational institutions, workplaces provided the researcher with firsthand understanding how sign language is used to communicate and express identity. Field notes were taken to capture relevant observations and insights.

 INTERVIEWS

Interviews were carried out with teachers, deaf adults, policymakers and researchers.  In-depth interviews were analyzed through thematic analysis by using interpretive approach of qualitative research. Content analysis approach was used to code answers that focused on key areas of interest. Findings gave rise to broader themes presented on tables.

Data analysis technique

The researcher used a combination of quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques. Data collected through questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics to present the findings. Statistical software package (SPSS) was used to analyze data. Qualitative data collected through interviews and observations were coded and categorized, identifying themes and patterns and interpreting the findings. Three methods were used including thematic analysis, content analysis and grounded theory. Qualitative data analysis software like NVivo or ATLAS assisted in organizing and analyzing the data. Throughout analysis process, rigor was maintained to ensure transparency and adhere to ethical considerations.

FINDINGS

Results of this study are organized in accordance with the research objectives and questions.

RQ1: What are the challenges faced by deaf migrants and communities in maintaining and transmitting their sign language during times of conflicts

Table 5: Challenges faced by deaf migrants and communities in maintaining and transmitting sign language during times of conflict

Findings reveal that deaf migrants face 4 challenges in maintaining and transmitting sign language during times of conflict.

RQ2: What are their experiences, needs, and aspirations in the context of sign language and cultural adaptation

Understanding and addressing these 5 pertinent experiences, aspirations, and needs of deaf migrants in relation to sign language and cultural adaptation requires a comprehensive approach that include advocacy for their rights, support for mental health, access to education and employment opportunities, cultural identity, belonging and language acquisition. By responding to these needs, we foster a more inclusive and supportive environment for deaf migrants in their new cultural contexts.

RQ3: What are the social and psychological implications of sign language on the identity, development, and wellbeing of deaf individuals within different geopolitical contexts

Investigations from the research show that there are 4 significant social and psychological implications on deaf migrants’ identities, development, and well-being within various geopolitical contexts.

Table 6: Social and Psychological implications of sign language on identity, development and wellbeing of deaf individuals

These findings provide a concise overview of the implications of sign language on the identity, development and well-being of deaf migrants. Understanding these implications is crucial for promoting the importance of sign language and its impact on the lives of deaf migrants.

TRAJECTORIES: Mapping the Journeys of Sign Language and Identity in the Context of Conflict, Migration, and the Geo-Politics of the 21st Century

In the fast-paced and interconnected world of the 21st century, sign language and its accompanying cultural identity have been shaped profoundly by the complex forces of conflict, migration, and the ever-evolving geo-political landscape. This section explores the trajectories of sign language and identity within these contexts, shedding light on the transformative journeys undertaken by the deaf community.

Conflict: Navigating the battlegrounds of identity

The upheaval and disruption caused by conflict impacts access to education, language development, and cultural practices, making it imperative to understand how conflict affects the trajectories of sign language and identity. In regions marred by conflict, the deaf community faces unique challenges in preserving their language and cultural identity. We can uncover the resilience and strength that lies within their cultural journey by examining the ways in which the deaf community adapts and preserves amidst adversity.

Migration: Crossing Borders, Bridging cultures

The phenomenon of migration has reshaped the trajectories of sign language and identity, as deaf individuals traverse geographical boundaries in search of refuge, opportunities, and a sense of belonging. The experiences of deaf migrants, grappling with language barriers, cultural adaptation, and the quest for inclusive communities, provide valuable insights into the transformative power of sign language in bridging diverse cultures. Exploring these trajectories help us understand the resilience and adaptability of the deaf community as they navigate new environments and forge connections across linguistic and cultural divides.

Geo-politics: Shifting landscapes, Redefining Sign language and Identity

In the dynamic world of geo-politics, sign language and its associated identity are subject to the influence of changing power dynamics, shifting borders, and evolving diplomatic relations. By tracing the trajectories of sign language within the geo-political contexts, we can analyze the challenges and opportunities faced by deaf individuals in their pursuits of cultural empowerment. Understanding the impact of geo-political factors on the recognition, preservation, and promotion of sign language is vital for advocating their linguistic diversity and cultural rights.

By examining the above trajectories, we gain a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by deaf community, as well as the potential of sign language to bridge divides, foster inclusivity, and redefine cultural identities in an ever-changing world.

CONCLUSION

This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the multifaceted nature of sign language and its role in shaping identities in an ever–changing world. The theme of sign language and identity intersects with the challenges posed by conflict, migration, and the geo-politics of the 21st century.  Migration, whether forced or voluntary, has profound impact on the linguistic and cultural dimensions of sign language and identity.  Deaf individuals who migrate to new countries often encounter different sign language systems, cultural norms and social expectations. This cultural and linguistic shift necessitates a process of adaptation and negotiation, as deaf individuals navigate their way through new linguistic landscapes while attempting to preserve their original identities.

The geo-political landscape of the 21st century plays a crucial role in shaping the experiences of deaf individuals and their communities. Political boundaries, policies, and power dynamics directly impact the availability of resources, access to education, and the recognition of sign language as an official language. Analyzing the geopolitical factors affecting the linguistic and cultural dimensions of sign language and identity, we understand the challenges faced by deaf migrants and advocate for inclusive policies that promote linguistic diversity and cultural preservation.

Understanding the impact of these global phenomena on the deaf community is crucial for promoting inclusivity, preserving cultural heritage, and advocating for the linguistic and cultural rights of the deaf. By recognizing the unique experiences and needs of deaf communities in diverse geo-political contexts, we work towards a more inclusive and equitable society for all.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the social and psychological implications the following recommendations are proposed:

Promote sign language recognition

Governments and policymakers should recognize sign language as an official language and ensure its inclusion in educational curricula. They should ensure that deaf individuals have access to quality education in sign language. Promote the recruitment and training of deaf educators and interpreters to provide effective instruction and support the cognitive and linguistic development of deaf students.

 Raise awareness and promote research

Increase public awareness about the linguistic and cultural dimensions of sign language and identity through educational campaigns, conferences, and publications. We encourage more research in this field to deepen our understanding of the challenges faced by deaf migrants and to develop effective strategies for supporting their linguistic and cultural rights. Communities should raise and foster awareness of deaf culture by encouraging cultural exchange programs, events, and initiatives that celebrate the diversity and richness of deaf culture, fostering inclusivity and challenging negative stereotypes.

Support deaf migrants in conflict zones

Humanitarian organizations and NGOs should provide support and resources to deaf communities living in

conflict zones. Governments and organizations should support research on sign language, deaf culture and the social and psychological wellbeing of the deaf. Encourage innovative technologies that enhances and promote the integration of deaf individuals in all aspects of society.

Advocate for inclusive migration policies

Governments should develop inclusive migration policies that recognize the linguistic and cultural rights of deaf migrants. This includes providing access to sign language interpreters, promoting inclusive education, and ensuring the availability of resources that support the integration of deaf individuals in their new communities.

REFERENCES

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2. Drucker, P. F. (1992). Managing for the Future: The 1990s and Beyond. New York, NY: Truman Talley Books.
3. Mayberry, R. I. (1993). First-language acquisition after childhood differs from second language acquisition: The case of American Sign Language. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 36(6), 1258-1270.
4. Glickman, N. S. (1993). Linguistic and cultural characteristics of deaf communities and their implications for sign language interpreting. In M. Marschark & M. D. Clark (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on deafness PP. 215-240). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
5. Padden, C. A., & Humphries, T. (1998). Deaf in America: Voices from a culture. Harvard University Press.
6. Lane, H., Hoffmeister, R., & Bahan, B. (1996). A journey into the Deaf world. Dawn Sign Press.
7. Bat-Chava, Y. (2000). The interaction of personal and social variables in the adjustment of deaf persons. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 15(3), 311-328.
8. Covey, S. R. (2004). The 8th Habit: From Effectiveness to Greatness. New York, NY: Free Press.

DISCLAIMER

Author hereby declares that no generative AI technologies such as large language models (ChatGPT, COPILOT etc.) and text to image generators have been used during writing or editing of manuscript.

COMPETING INTERESTS

Author has declared that no competing interest exists